《装卸时间与滞期费》的装卸时间条款-连载（十）

《装卸时间与滞期费》第6版

Laytime Clauses 装卸时间条款

Saturdays and other incomplete days

星期六及其他各种非整日

2.80 Where a vessel is destined to load or discharge at a port where weekend work is not the norm, the charter may provide for time not to count from, say, 17 00 on Friday or after mid-day on Saturday until, say, 08 00 on Monday.  If the effect of such a clause is to make Friday, Saturday and possibly Monday, days where the working period is shorter than usual, then how weather interruptions should be calculated where laytime is in weather working days is a question of some complexity. No difficulty will normally arise with regard to Sunday,  since that is not a working day. Although what follows relates particularly to Saturdays, the same principles will apply to other days on which there is reduced working. 

2.80如果某个港口规定在正常情况下，周末并不进行工作，而某船舶恰巧被指定要在该港装货或者卸货，在这种情况下，租船合同就可以这样规定，比方说，从星期五的1700时或者从星期六的中午之后一直到星期一的0800时的这段时间不予计算。如果这类条款的作用是要使星期五、星期六或许还有星期一得到利用，尽管其工作时间比平常日子要短，那么当装卸时间是根据良好天气工作日的条件来计算时，应如何计算因天气原因而引起的作业中断是一个相当复杂的问题。关于星期日，一般并不会产生什么难题，因为它并不是工作日。虽然所遵循的那些原则是专门涉及星期六的，但是这些原则对于那些被缩短了工作时间的日子也同样适用。

2.81 In the absence of a special clause, Saturday presents no problems since it is a normal working day and the method of calculating interruptions previously described will apply. As Viscount Radcliffe said in the Reardon Smith case:  

The only thing that matters in this case is, I think, that Saturday was not a holiday at the Port of Vancouver and the possibilities of working were not affected by bad weather. If so, Saturday counts among the lay days that are imputed to the charterers and it counts as a whole day, since the parties have made no stipulation for charging fine working days by any more meticulous scale. 

2.81在没有任何特殊条款规定的情况下，关于星期六并不会产生什么问题，因为它是一个正常的工作日，因而可以适用前面提及的计算中断作业时间的方法。正如Radcliffe子爵在Reardon Smith案中说过的那样：

我认为，在这个案子中唯一至关重要的事情就是，在温哥华港星期六本来就不是节假日，而且从事作业的可能性当时也并不受恶劣天气的影响。如果是那样的话，星期六应算作记在承租人帐上的装卸天数中的一天，并且应记为一整天，因为当事双方并没有规定更精细的标准来规范良好天气工作日。 

2.82 It is therefore clear that, in these circumstances, even if there is a reduced working period on Saturday, unless the parties are held to have provided to the contrary, the full weekday period will be used against which to proportion any weather interruption. 

2.82因此，很显然，在这些情况下，即使在星期六的工作时间被缩短了，除非当事双方被判定为已经作过与之相反的规定，否则每一周平时工作日的全部时间都将被使用，以此来确定任何因天气原因而使作业中断的时间在其中所占的比例。 

2.83 There seem to be three possible ways in which weather interruptions on Saturdays can be dealt with where the charter provides for time not to count after a specified time. 

2.83如果租船合同规定在某一指定时间之后的时间不予计算，那么，关于如何处理在星期六所发生的因天气原因而使作业中断的问题，大概有三种处理的方法。

Method A 方法A

2.84 This involves treating the Saturday exception clause literally so that if, for instance, it provides for ‘‘time not to count after 12 00’’, then the maximum period that can be debited against charterers is the 12 hours up to 12 00. From this maximum must be deducted an appropriate allowance for any time lost by bad weather. This is calculated on the same basis as interruptions on weekdays, so that if the full weekday working period is 12 hours and one hour is lost by adverse weather on Saturday morning, then this is geared up to represent an interruption of two hours (the proportion that one hour bears to 12 hours applied to 24 hours). This is then credited to charterers so that, instead of 12 hours counting, only ten hours are debited against the laytime allowed. 

2.84这种方法涉及到按照字义来处理星期六除外的条款。例如，条款规定‘1200时之后的时间不予计算’，那么能够记到承租人帐上的时间最多是到1200时为止的12个小时。从这段最长的时间内必须对应因恶劣天气而损失的时间扣去适当的允许值。这是按照每周正常工作日发生作业中断的同样原理进行计算的，因此，如果一个完整工作日的工作时间是12个小时，而在星期六的上午由于不利的天气损失了一个小时，那么这就实际上增加表示为2个小时的中断（按1小时对12小时的比例关系适用于24小时）。于是可将这2个小时记入承租人一方，因此记入所允许使用的装卸时间的时间仅仅是10个小时(12小时工作时间减去2小时中断=10)，而不能算成12个小时。

Method B

方法B

2.85 Using the same times as in Method A, and assuming that Saturday working commences at 08 00, Method B involves interpreting the Saturday clause as meaning that the working period on Saturdays is between 08 00 and 12 00 when time ceases to count. On the basis that one hour lost due to adverse weather represents 1/4 of the hours available for work, charterers should be debited with 3/4 of a day against the laytime allowed, i.e. 18 hours. 

2.85 与在方法A中使用的时间相同，并且假定星期六的工作从0800时开始，方法B所涉及的是将星期六的条款解释为在星期六的工作时间是0800时到1200时，从1200时起时间便停止计算。根据这一原则，如果由于不利天气的影响而损失了 1个小时，那么这就相当于可用于工作的小时数的1/4，因此应当记入承租人帐上的允许使用的装卸时间是一天的3/4时间，也就是18个小时。 

Method C

方法C

2.86 This is in effect a cross between the other two methods. In this the Saturday clause is again given a literal meaning so that the maximum that can be debited against charterers is 12 hours. If one hour is lost due to adverse weather then, since 1/4 of the working period has been lost, this is then applied not to 24 hours, but to the 12 hours of the day that could count, reducing it by three hours to give nine hours debited against laytime. 

2.86这实际上是一种介于上述两种方法之间的一种方法。在这种方法中，星期六的条款同样被陚予了一种字面含义的解释，因此可以记入承租人帐上的时间最多是12个小时。如果由于不利天气的影响损失了 1个小时，那么因为已经损失了1/4的工作时间(上午4个小时中的1小时)，所以就不能再将这1/4用于24小时，而应该将其适用于本来可以计算为一天单位的12小时，这样一天就被减少了 3个小时而只将9个小时记为装卸时间。

2.87 Needless to say, in each case it is only interruptions during working hours that can count. 

2.87无需多说，在以上的每一种情况下，只有在工作时间之内发生的中断才能予以计算。

2.88 Method A might be justified by reference to that part of Viscount Radcliffe’s speech in the Reardon Smith case  where he says: 

But in my opinion the basic calculation in such cases should be determined by ascertaining what part of the calendar day was used, if loading was actually being done, or could reasonably have been used, if there was in fact no loading. The proportion which this bears to the working hours of the ship while in the particular port is the proportion of the calendar day which should be charged to the shipper. 

This seems to suggest that whatever is determined as the hours of work for the particular ship at that time should be applied to each day regardless of the actual hours worked. 

2.88 按照Raddiffe子爵在Reardon Smith—案中所阐述的部分判决意见，方法A或许是证明正当合法的。他说：

但是依我之见，在这类案件中，如果实际上真正地进行了装货作业，或者事实上并未装货，但本来可以合理地被利用，则其基本的计算应该是通过弄清楚该日历日的多少部分被使用来加以确定。当船舶在特定港口时，这部分使用的时间占该船工作时间的比例，也就是应该由托运人承担的日历日的比例。

这似乎是在建议，对于特定具体的船舶，无论在当时作为工作时间确定为多少，都应该适用针对每一天来具体确定，而不管实际工作的时间是多少。

2.89 Method B might be justified, again in the words of Viscount Radcliffe,  as a stipulation charging fine working days by a more meticulous scale, notwithstanding that the meaning given to the Saturday clause is perhaps not the most obvious one. 

2.89还是根据Radcliff子爵所说的，作为一种以更为精细的尺度来计算良好天气工作日的规定，方法B或许是也是正当而合法的，尽管賦予星期六条款的含义很可能并不是非常明显的。 

2.90 Method C is harder to justify as a matter of law. However, Methods A and B can and sometimes do produce somewhat illogical answers. For instance, applying Method A if all the Saturday working period is lost, charterers are still charged four hours against laytime. With Method B, if no time is lost then charterers are charged a full day and the Saturday clause is apparently given no effect. Method C avoids both these pitfalls giving answers of 12 hours laytime used where no time was lost and no time used where all the working period was lost. Despite its doubtful parentage, Method C would seem to give the right result but would have to be justified by saying that in providing a Saturday clause (or other reduced period) the parties agreed to a special definition of a weather working day for that day. This comes perilously close to the Rubystone formula. 

2.90在法律上要证明方法C是正当的将会很难。但是，方法A和方法B有时却可能会产生有些不合乎逻辑的答案。比如，运用方法A，如果星期六的全部工作时间都被损失掉了，承租人仍然要承担4个小时的装卸时间。按照方法B，如果没有损失任何时间，承租人则要承担一整天的时间，于是星期六的条款显然就会变成没有效果了。方法C避免了上述两种方法的那些缺陷，所给予的答案是：如果没有损失任何时间，便使用了12个小时的装卸时间；若全部的工作时间都被损失掉了，则没有使用任何时间。尽管对其成因来历存有疑虑，然而方法C似乎提供了一个正确的结果，但它必须是只有这样说，即在所规定的星期六条款(或者其他被缩短了的工作时间）中当事双方应就该日的良好天气工作日的特殊定义达成一致，该方法才是正当的。这就相当危险地接近于Rubystone准则了。