日本车站：小设计中的大智慧 作者：Allan Richarz 译者：王乐颖 校对：茱芋芹 编辑：李林治 The Amazing Psychology of Japanese Train Stations 日本车站：小设计中的大智慧 本文选自 The Browser | 取经号原创翻译 关注 取经号，回复关键词“外刊” 获取《经济学人》等原版外刊获得方法 It is a scene that plays out each weekday morning across Tokyo. Suit-clad office workers, gaggles of schoolchildren, and other travelers gamely wend their way through the city’s sprawling rail stations. 每个工作日早晨，东京都会出现这样的一幕：身着西装的白领、闹闹哄哄的学生以及其他的旅行者们勇敢地穿梭于蛛网似的铁轨站中。
To the casual observer, it is chaos; commuters packed shoulder-to-shoulder amid the constant clatter of arriving and departing trains. But a closer look reveals something more beneath the surface: A station may be packed, yet commuters move smoothly along concourses and platforms. Platforms are a whirl of noisy activity, yet trains maintain remarkable on-time performance. Indeed, the staggering punctuality of the Japanese rail system occasionally becomes the focus of international headlines—as on May 11, when West Japan Railways issued a florid apology after one of its commuter trains left the station 25 seconds early. 不仔细看，只觉得这幅场景一片混乱。身处于到达和离站列车持续的喧嚣声中，乘客们一个挤着一个。但如果你仔细观察，又会发现隐藏在混乱表面下的秩序：虽然车站挤满了人，但乘客能够在大厅和月台间顺畅地移动；虽然月台充斥着嘈杂混乱的事项，但是列车能完美地准点到达。事实上，日本列车系统这种令人惊叹的准点时不时会成为国际头条——正如5月11日，西日本旅客铁道公司就因为列车提早离站25秒而郑重道歉。 Tokyo is home to the world’s busiest train stations, with the capital’s rail operators handling a combined 13 billion passenger trips annually. Ridership of that volume requires a deft blend of engineering, planning, and psychology. Beneath the bustle, unobtrusive features are designed to unconsciously manipulate passenger behavior, via light, sound, and other means. Japan’s boundless creativity in this realm reflects the deep consideration given to public transportation in the country. 东京有着全世界最忙碌的火车站。东京的火车公司每年经手的乘客总共有130亿人次。如此大规模的数量需要工程、规划、心理学三方面精妙的配合。隐藏在忙碌表象下，一些不引人注目的设计，通过灯光、声音以及其他的形式，被用于潜在控制乘客的行为。日本在这个领域上无止境的创造力正反映了国家对公共交通深层的思考。
Rail stations, whether in Japan or elsewhere, are also great places to see “nudge theory” at work. Pioneered by behavioral economist Richard Thaler, who was awarded the 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize for his work, and Harvard Law School professor Cass Sunstein, the theory posits that gentle nudges can subtly influence people towards decisions in their own (or society’s) best interests, such as signing up for private pension schemes or organ donation. In the U.K., there’s a government office devoted to the idea, the Behavioural Insights Team (or “nudge unit”), and their work often shows up in the transit realm. 不论在日本还是其他国家，火车站都是观察“助推理论”的极佳场所。“助推理论”的倡导者是2017年诺贝尔经济学奖得主理查德·塞勒以及哈佛法学院教授凯斯·桑斯坦。该理论提出轻轻的推动力可以在不知不觉中引导人们做出对他们自身（或社会）利益最大的选择——例如签署私人养老金计划或器官捐赠。在英国，有一个名叫“行为洞察团队”（或“助推小组”）的政府部门专门致力于研究这个理论。他们的成果就常常出现在交通运输领域当中。
In 2016, for instance, London Underground operator Transport for London partnered with the behavioral science department at the London School of Economics to develop ways of encouraging riders to queue on both sides of station escalators as a means of increasing their capacity in the capital’s Holborn Station. Among other measures, simple hand and footprints were also painted on each side of the “up” escalators. In Australia, researchers conducted an experiment with lighted directional arrows on signposts to improve flows of departing passengers. Using a camera system designed to recognize and distinguish brisk-walking businesspeople from dawdling tourists, for example—green arrows would flash to direct commuters in an efficient route towards the exit. 比如说在2016年，运营伦敦地铁的伦敦交通局与伦敦经济政治学院的行为科学系合作开发鼓励了让乘客在车站两侧自动扶梯排队的机制，希望由此来增加首都霍本站的容纳量。其中的一个做法就是在向上扶梯的每侧都印上简单的手印和脚印。在澳大利亚，研究者试验在路标上加入发光箭头来改善出发的客流。例如，在监控设备识别快步的商务人士和慢悠悠的旅客之后，通过闪烁的绿色箭头将乘客引导通向出口的快速通道。
When it comes to passenger manipulation, what sets the stations of Japan apart from their counterparts is both the ingenuity behind their nudges and the imperceptible manner in which they are implemented. Japan’s nudges reflect a higher order of thinking. The orderliness of society is taken as a given—Japanese commuters know how to queue on an escalator and can easily navigate the confusing, but wide-open, spaces of Tokyo’s rail stations without assistance. This allows rail operators to instead focus on deeper psychological manipulation. 而在操控乘客的问题上，使日本车站脱颖而出的是它助推方式的独创性和隐蔽性。日本的助推体现了高层次的思维。首先，社会的秩序性是被默认存在的：日本乘客知道如何在扶梯上列队，也可以轻易地在无帮助的情况下在复杂但开阔的东京火车站中识别方向。这种秩序性允许铁路运营商进而考虑更深层的心理学操作。 The ultimate in mood lighting 情绪照明的运用 Japan has one of the highest suicide rates among OECD nations, and often, those taking their own lives do so by leaping from station platforms into the path of oncoming trains, with Japan averaging one such instance each day. It is a brutal, disruptive end that can also wreak havoc across the transit system. 日本是经合组织成员国中自杀率最高的国家之一。同时，日本每天平均就有一人通过纵身跳下月台的方式来结束生命。这种残忍的、引起混乱的方式同样会使运输系统陷入混乱。
To address the issue, stations across Tokyo and the rest of Japan installed chest-high barriers as a means of preventing suicide attempts. But platform barriers are expensive, and about 70 percent of Japan's largest and most-travelled stations do not have the platform space or structural strength to accommodate them. While there are hopes to have platform barriers installed in all 243 of Tokyo’s train stations by 2032 (at a cost of $4.7 billion), rail operators in the interim have come up alternative approaches. 为了解决这个问题，东京各站以及日本其他车站都设置了齐胸高的栏杆来防止自杀。但是月台栏杆的成本很高，而且日本70%规模及流量最大的车站并没有足够的站台空间或者结构强度来支撑那样的栏杆。除了希望到2032年东京全部243个火车站都能安装月台栏杆（总花费47亿美金）以外，火车运行商在此期间也采取了其他措施。
Standing at either end of a platform in Tokyo’s labyrinthine Shinjuku Station, one might detect a small square LED panel emitting a pleasant, deep-blue glow. Nestled among vending machines and safety posters, the panel might be dismissed as a bug zapper. But these simple blue panels are designed to save lives. 站在像迷宫一样的东京新宿站月台的任何一端，你都可能发现一个正方形的小LED板发出一种令人舒适的深蓝色亮光。这些紧挨着自动贩卖机或者安全海报的LED板可能会被错看成驱虫装置，但火车运营商正是利用这些简单的蓝色光板来拯救自杀者。
Operating on the theory that exposure to blue light has a calming effect on one’s mood, rail stations in Japan began installing these LED panels as a suicide-prevention measure in 2009. They are strategically located at the ends of each platform—typically the most-isolated and least-trafficked area, and accordingly, the point from which most platform jumps occur. Some stations, such as Shin-Koiwa Station in Tokyo, bolster their LED regime with colored roof panels, allowing blue-tinted sunlight to filter down on to platforms. 基于蓝光照射可以安定情绪的理论，日本火车站从2009年开始使用这些LED光板预防自杀。它们被刻意放置在每个月台的尽头——也就是那些典型的最封闭、人流最少、也是最常发生跳轨自杀事件的区域。例如东京新小岩站等车站也会使用有颜色的顶板来增强效果，这些顶板能让偏蓝的阳光照射到整个月台。
It is an approach that has proven to be surprisingly effective. According to a study by researchers at the University of Tokyo published in the Journal of Affective Disorders in 2013, data analyzed over a 10-year period shows an 84 percent decline in the number of suicide attempts at stations where blue lights are installed. A subsequent study revealed no corresponding increase in suicide attempts at neighboring stations lacking such lights. 这项措施被证明意外地有效。根据东京大学研究员2013年发表在《情感障碍杂志》上的文章，超过10年的数据分析显示，自从安装蓝光灯之后火车站自杀率降低了84%。随后的一项研究表明，附近没有安装类似LED灯的车站中的自杀率也并没有对应地增加。
The idea has been picked up in the U.K.: Several stations in England now emulate the Japanese approach, with blue LED light panels on station platforms. 现在，一些英国车站也学习日本在月台上安装了蓝色的LED灯。
A song for a more peaceful departure 更加平静的离站通知音 Commuting during rush hour in Japan is not for the faint of heart. The trains are jam-packed at as much as 200 percent capacity during the height of rush hour, and razor-thin connection times to transfer from one train to another leave little margin for error. Compounding the stressful nature of the commute in years past was the nerve-grating tone—a harsh buzzer used to signal a train’s imminent departure. The departing train buzzer was punctuated by sharp blasts of station attendants’ whistles, as harried salarymen raced down stairs and across platforms to beat the train’s closing doors. 在日本高峰期坐车相当考验心脏的承受力。在高峰期最繁忙的时候，火车的乘坐率可以达到乘客上限的200%。并且，换乘转车之间短短的间隙导致乘客在换车时只有很小的容错率。在过去几年中，加剧通勤紧张感的还有让人神经紧绷的声音——火车即将离站时的刺耳鸣笛声。当白领匆忙冲下楼梯、穿过站台、赶着关门前上车时，站台管理员尖锐的哨声加剧了鸣笛声的刺耳。
To calm this stressful audio environment, in 1989 the major rail operator JR East commissioned Yamaha and composer Hiroaki Ide to create hassha melodies—short, ear-pleasing jingles to replace the traditional departure buzzer. 为了缓解这种让人紧张的声音环境，日本主要的火车运营商JR东委托雅马哈和作曲家祐昭井出创造了hassha旋律（注：hassha日文意思为发车）。这种短暂、舒适的音乐被用于替代传统火车离站时的鸣笛声。
Also known as departure or train melodies, hassha tunes are brief, calming and distinct; their aim is to notify commuters of a train’s imminent departure without inducing anxiety. To that end, most melodies are composed to an optimal length of 7 seconds, owing to research showing that shorter-duration melodies work best at reducing passenger stress and rushing incidents, as well as taking into account the time needed for a train to arrive and depart. 也被称为离站旋律或火车旋律的hassha曲调简洁、平静且特别。它的目的是在不增加焦虑感的情况下通知乘客火车即将离站。为了达到此目的，大多数旋律被设计在7秒的理想长度。研究显示，比较简短的旋律在降低乘客压力以及避免意外时最为有效，同时也考虑到了到达和出发所需的时间。
The tunes feature whimsical titles like “Seaside Boulevard” and range from the wistful to the jaunty. Most stations have their own melodies, forming de facto theme songs that become part of a station’s identity. Tokyo’s Ebisu Station, for example, is known for its departure melody—a short, stylized version of the theme from The Third Man. 这些曲调会起类似“海滨大道”这样奇妙的名字。曲风跨度也大，从忧伤到轻快的风格都有。大多车站都有他们自己的旋律。通过建立一种和场景融合的主题曲，离站音乐也成为了车站身份象征的一部分。例如东京的惠比寿站，就因为它的离站音乐而出名——那是从《第三人》改编而来的简短特别的旋律。
As more stations have added melodies over the years, the original thesis has proven correct. A study conducted in October 2008 at Tokyo Station, for instance, found a 25 percent reduction in the number of passenger injuries attributable to rushing after the introduction of hassha melodies on certain platforms. 随着更多的车站使用这些旋律，原始的理论也被证明是正确的。例如，2008年10月在东京站进行的研究发现，在一些月台开始使用hassha旋律之后，由于匆忙而导致的乘客受伤人次降低了25%。
The use of these jingles is not without controversy, however. Shortly after their introduction, residents living near open-air rail stations, weary of hearing endless repetitions of the same jingles all day, complained of noise pollution. 不过，这些音乐的使用也并非毫无争议。投入使用后的不久，住在开放式火车站周边的居民就由于全天无休止地听着这样重复的声音而投诉噪音污染。
Teenager-be-gone绕路而行的青少年Despite, or perhaps because of, its reputation as a remarkably safe country, Japan is nonetheless vigilant in combatting youth delinquency. Train stations are particularly sensitive in that regard, since large congregations of young people pass through stations at all hours of the day. 尽管，也可能是因为，作为以安全著称的国家，日本在打击少年犯罪上非常积极。而由于全天都有大批年轻人经过车站，车站也在这方面特别敏感。
To address the Japanese fear of loitering and vandalism by young riders, some train stations deploy ultrasonic deterrents—small, unobtrusive devices that emit a high-frequency tone. The particular frequency used—17 kilohertz*—can generally only be heard by those under the age of 25. (Older people can’t detect such frequencies, thanks to the age-related hearing loss known as presbycusis.) These devices—the brainchild of a Welsh inventor and also used to fend off loitering teens in the U.S. and Europe—have been enthusiastically adopted in Japan. 为了解决日本人对年轻乘客游荡和破坏公物的担忧，一些车站部署了超声波震慑装备——小型、不起眼、但可以释放高频音调的设备。该设备使用的特殊频率——17kHz——一般只有25岁以下的人可以听到。（由于老年性耳聋导致的听觉损伤，年长的人们不会感知那么高的音频）。这些由威尔士发明家创造的设备不仅在美国和欧洲被用于阻止游荡的青年，也在日本收到了极大的欢迎。
Standing outside one of Tokyo Station’s numerous exits on a recent summer day, it was easy to see the effectiveness of this deterrent in action. Weary salarymen and aged obaachan passed under the sonic deterrent without changing pace. Among uniform-clad students, however, the reactions were evident—a suddenly quickened pace, a look of confusion or discomfort, and often a cry of urusai! (Loud!) None appeared to connect the noise to the deterrents placed almost flush in the ceiling panels above. 在近几年的夏天，站在东京站的任何一个出口，你就会轻易地察觉这种震慑装备的有效性。倦怠的白领以及上了年纪的老人在穿过声波震慑装置时不会改变步调。而穿着制服的学生们反应则尤为明显——突然加快的步伐，困惑或不安的表情，常常还伴随着“吵死了！”的叫声。没有人想到噪音是来源于那些安装在天花板附近的仪器。
Pointing the best way forward指向更好的前方Rail employees are not exempt from the behavioral hacks of their employers. Perhaps most famously, Japanese train conductors, drivers, and platform attendants are mandated to use the “point and call” method—called shisa kanko—in executing tasks. By physically pointing at an object, and then verbalizing one’s intended action, a greater portion of the brain is engaged, providing improved situational awareness and accuracy. Studies have repeatedly shown that this technique reduces human error by as much as 85 percent. Pointing-and-calling is now a major workplace safety feature in industries throughout Japan. 车站员工也不能幸免于雇主的行为操控。最有名的或许就是日本火车引导员、司机以及站台人员在执行任务时一定要使用的名叫“指差确认”的方法。通过用手指着物件，然后说出自己要进行的动作，这个方法更积极地调动大脑并提升员工对环境的关注度和动作的准确性。研究多次证明这项规定使人工错误降低了高达85%。指差确认现在已经是全日本工厂中确保安全的主要措施。 So, why don’t train workers everywhere do this? Like so many aspects of Japanese transit culture, shisa kanko has proved resistant to export (though pointing-and-calling has been adopted in modified form by New York City’s transit authority). In this, as in so many things, Japan’s rail system stands largely alone. 那么，为什么不让所有地方的火车工作人员执行这项措施呢？正如日本运输文化的很多方面，向外推广“指差确认”的方法困难重重（尽管纽约的运输系统正在使用这个方法的变体）。就这项规定而言（当然还有其他很多事项），日本铁道系统独树一帜。 #访问取经号官网# 网站域名qujinghao.com,即“取经号”的全拼 #读译交流# |
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来自： alayavijnana > 《生活时尚》
