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欢迎来到思辨训练营作业解析环节，我是班主任Shining。由魏新月老师主讲的思辨训练营第一期打卡已经结束。我们看到了很多特别棒的作业。今天讨论的是第四期的作业。未来还会继续讨论余下的四期作业。 第四期的作业题目是：在辩题“THW ban home-schooling”（本院将禁止“家庭教育”）一题中，就论点“Home-schooling is bad for children’s communication skills”建立自己的完整论据。 我们知道，如果没有论据的支撑，你的观点很多时候就会变成一个空洞的assertion，也就是我们所说的缺乏证明的断言。 assertion类的论点也就是往往带有偏见甚至歧视性的断言，或者是人云亦云、缺乏证据和思考的结论。打个比方说，我们最初在辩论中常会听到的论点：女生学不好数学是因为逻辑思维能力比较差、发展中国家的犯罪率比发达国家高因为那里的人素质更低、选美大赛的目的是用来取悦男性观众…… 诸如此类的论点往往就是assertion。他们是缺乏数据或者事实证明的，往往存在很多错误，容易被反驳。 怎样才能给出一个高质量的论据呢？首先介绍几个小方法： 每次在develop一个argument之前问自己三个问题：HOW ? WHY ? So WHAT？这是怎么样的？为什么是这样的？这样之后，所以呢？（会带来什么结果或后果） 一般来说，普通的辩题正反方能够想到的论点总体来说都是有限的，而这些观点，很多时候是common sense，一般人都能想到一个大概。所以新手也不用担心，因为很多时候论点大家都能想到，但怎么把它们develop完整，证明prove得详细有依据，就要考验功力了。所以，普通辩手和优秀辩手的区别，不是在于谁想到的论点更加画风清奇，而是谁把观点解释explain、仔细阐述elaborate得更好。 当然，存在世界级的杰出辩手（debate dinosaur）可以用出乎意料的speech赢得整个比赛。我们经常说一个speech非常的convincing和 properly present，往往是由于对于论点的论证，令人信服并且印象深刻。而不是充满循环论证或者meaningless的车轱辘子话。 所以，重要的不是绞尽脑汁想与众不同的观点，而是怎么样把一个最基本的论点解释清楚。 比如我们来论证，为什么吸烟是有害的？ 1） 根据数据Statistics 数据证明吸烟的人会比一般人的寿命短20年。 The average smoker who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day has a life-expectancy which is 20 years shorter than those who do not smoke. 2) 根据经验Empirical Evidence 香烟中的化学物质可能导致癌症。 Every cigarette contains multiple carcinogens which are chemicals which cause cancer. 3) 举例去论证Examples to illustrate 香烟中含有焦油，相同的成分我们用来铺路；香烟中有砷，也被用于制作老鼠药。 Cigarettes contain Tar,the same substance which we use to pave our roads.They contain traces of Arsenic, which is used as rat poison. 4) 去形容情景Descriptive narratives 每吸一口烟就给身体带入有毒物质，会堵塞人们的肺部和心脏，并且通过血液循环扩散到你的全身。所谓愉悦的感觉很多时候是你的身体受到攻击的一种标志，整个系统会被损坏。 Every puff of the cigarette introduces alien and toxic particles into your body. The smoke particles clog up your lungs and heart, the toxins enter your bloodstream and spread across your body. The pleasurable feeling gained from smoking is actually a sign that your body is in shock, as it struggles to cope with the thousands of foreign and unnatural chemicals which plague your system. 所以最终解释的目标是给一个具体的描述，那么裁判才可以知道具体的情况，到底会发生什么，这种感觉好像ta看了一部纪录片一样。很多时候辩手不需要用太多华丽的语言去达到这个程度，而是KISS，也就是 keep it simple，keep it stupid. 不要过于追求语言的繁复和精美，简洁明了的用词有时候效果会更好。 以前有个培训师跟我说过：请把每个裁判当作一个五岁的小朋友去讲解和说服，不要觉得很多东西是不证自明的。因为人类都是懒惰的。比赛场上更多的裁判因为疲劳、乏味等问题，因此对辩手的要求更高。 继续说下去，当然，去回答HOW很多时候需要给出描述，而去回答为什么WHY需要我们清晰的逻辑和详细的解释。 描述HOW往往基于事实和实践中的观察（fact claims），但它们有时候是不足够的。因为我们不能用事实去争辩，去说明因为存在，所以这个事情是正确／错误的。并且事实往往带有争议，甚至是不真实的数据（撒谎／故意无视，这些都是不应该出现的），也就是你的对手和裁判可能都不会这么认为或者同意这个观点。特殊的情况，孤证不能成立，因为我可以举出更多数量的反例。 回答为什么WHY的时候，也很有可能出现你的对手根本不同意的情况，毕竟辩题一定是有两个对立面的。比如刚才的例子，去证明“吸烟为什么是有害的”很多时候并不那么有效，因为大家都知道吸烟是有害的（共识）。 所以我们应该怎么建立有意义的问题呢？ 先从没有争议的陈述开始：吸烟是会让人上瘾的。所以，问“为什么会让人上瘾”，比起“如何让人上瘾”，并没有更加的有意义。而更加有意义的问题是：它让人上瘾的这个特质是否需要颁布一个禁烟令去禁止这种特质的发生。因为我们会想到，生活中有更多的东西也会令人上瘾，比如糖分、咖啡、零食等等。 所以，相比较去问为什么吸烟令人上瘾，更有价值的讨论是，令人上瘾的特质是否如此严重以至于我们要禁止掉整个吸烟的权利。因为反方显然会说吸烟的危害没有严重至此。 有很多问题在最开始就可以自问自答： 为什么上瘾性是一个这么严重的问题甚至要开始禁烟？Why is addiction to smoking such a great problem that it warrants a ban? 为什么吸烟的危害不能被控制甚至消除？Why can’t the harms of smoking be meaningfully regulated? 为什么不能通过各方同意的手段却觉得是否能抽烟？？Why can’t smokers exercise meaningful consent over whether to smoke? 为什么吸烟的危害严重到了让社会不能接受的地步？Why are the harms of smoking unacceptable to a society? 所以，让一切问题变得有意义的就是第三步，SO WHAT?也可以解释成，为什么那么重要呢？为什么与这个辩题如此相关（relevant）？涉及到哪些相关方（stakeholder）？这些影响有多大（important）？让大家行动起来的目的是什么（impact）？ 以吸烟为例，我们已经证明了为什么吸烟有害并且令人上瘾，但是这又如何呢？这些影响有多大？对于政府来说，减少的寿命、越来越多的吸烟者带来的——政府医疗的压力、因为肺癌等疾病丧失的劳动力，可能会给经济造成严重的影响。 每一步的论证，其实都在prove our burden。 政府有责任满足公民的合理需求，让他们生活得安全和幸福。但是吸烟给这些造成了威胁，当然长久来看（in the long run），也危害了经济发展的持续和稳定。 就我们作业的题目而言，家庭教育也就是和正常上学相对的，在个体单位家庭里面接受教育。 除了how－why－sowhat这种最基础的结构，当然也有其它类型，比如truth＋importance或者 mechanism＋impact 举个例子，从truth＋importance来说。 truth：家庭教育的缺点时不能让孩子在学校的大环境中学习，没法自己去和数量较多的同学、老师沟通，与同龄人等发生矛盾时，他们不知道如何自己解决矛盾，如何平和与人相处；家庭教育也让孩子与社会环境的接触变得更少，孩子们很难自己走出去独立生活甚至自理，未来长大的时候，当他们和社会上形形色色的人沟通、合作时，都会因此受到影响；家庭教育最大的问题在于没有同龄人一同成长，没有团队合作意识的培养，很容易将自己作为整个事物的中心。如何用沟通表达自己的想法和意见，遇到不同意见甚至相反意见时怎么办？这些孩子们只通过课本的学习，很多时候是很难学会的。 importance: 沟通能力得不到培养，孩子将来步入社会，升学、求职，工作中与上级同级下级沟通都会存在一定困难，这将会让他们在精神上自己觉得难以融入社会，缺少很近的社交圈，在物质上的经济机会、工作机会、学习机会等因此受害。心理上，往往会导致两种行为模式：过度地以自我为中心，听不进别人的意见；自我封闭，不愿意走出自己的小圈子。导致的结果都是相似的，也就是很难与人合作，融入社会往往会导致困难。社会未来的发展很多时候在于未来的青年人，所以我们才认为教育重要，所以才会有义务教育之类的规定，如果这样的教育会存在很多隐患，对未来社会的发展不利，那么自然政府应该禁止这样的行为。（正方观点） 怎么样，听完这些举例和方法，大家是豁然开朗，还是更加的一头雾水呢？没关系，这需要我们很多很多的练习。 此文Alfred亦有贡献 第四期我们一共收到了16份作业，以下是精选作业： 学员@Joycelyn: When children choose to be homeschooled instead of going to school, their communication skills will worsen students communication skill. Students will have less time to communicate with their friends, such as discussing homework, projects or even chatting with their friends. Yet if they choose to study in school instead, they will talk with more people such as different teachers and a variety of students from different grade levels. They will also learn and know about people from all over the world, and different ways that people act to things, in order for them to know how to say the same thing with the same meaning in a more kinder way that people understand. Thus explains my reasons to support that homeschooling is bad for children's communication skills. 评价： Good reasoning! Next time maybe also spend a bit time comparing how on the other side people who are homeschooled will be lacking communication skills - like they mostly communicate with their parents everyday while they parents pour most attention to them, so when they actually start to communicate with other peers they are easily frustrated, etc. 学员@吳必森 First one, compared to those who study at school, children who receive home-schooling get less chances to talk and get along with so many other kids as the former students could do. Scond. It’s also hard to know some other kid in their community since they don’t have too many connections or they barely know each other. For example, Zuckerberg got the idea of inventing Facebook after he talked with his friends. If he was home-schooled he perhaps wouldn’t know how to communicate with those friends. 评价： Good one, very clear in structure! Love the fact that you used an interesting evidence too. 学员@Z.Lilly Statement: Home-schooling is bad for children's communication skills. Explain: When children choose to study at home instead of at school, their communication times with others will be declined. If they study at school, it is more likely for them to communicate with others, such as discussing about a question in their homework, about how to study more efficiently, about how they spend their weekend or even about how to help one person go out of his trouble time, which is a process for these students to improve their communication skills. However, if they choose to study at home, they almost never have their classmates to communicate because they usually stay with themselves that they may don't know how to communicate well with others, which includes how to build a good talk structure and how they can have a nice talk, which can be overcome simply by communicating more with others. Illustration: A study conducted by 21st century educational research institution confirmed that there are 51.6% parents showed their children's communication skills actually weakened after whose children are home-schooling ones. 评价： Fantastic job really! :) Very clear structure and very convincing example - you’ve done a good research job. 学员@荷生 S: Home-schooling is bad for children's communication skills. Ex: Children who stay at home obviously lack the oppotunity to contact peers and other adults(teachers). Thus they will practice much less interpersonal interaction, which is not good for their future life. They will not know there are different types of people and we should treat them a little differently. They will not know how to compromise with others when people have disagreement. I: In China, we have news that some children did home-schooling and became very young undergraduate student, but it is reported they experienced bad at interacting with classmates. 评价： Awesome job! On the evidence side, maybe state clearer how exactly did those young uni students experience bad interactions? Like they don’t like friends? They acted improperly in public? And was that all because they are home schooled? 学员@Camillio Martinez Home-schooling is bad for children’s communication skills. Definition: Home-school means parents teaching their children at home instead of going to school. One of disadvantages of teaching children at home may cause negative effects on their social skills, especially communication skills. Here, our government states regardless of being teaching by online course or kids’ parents, our next generation will finally lose confidence and self-esteem if they receive home-schooling only. And I will illustrate two points to explain it. Firstly, when parents devote their time on children at home, it means that the time kids spend in school will be diminished. Kids may have less time to communicate with their teachers and peers, have less opportunities to share things happening in the growth process and have less platforms to express their opinions, which indicate that they cannot interact with outside world effectively. Under this situation, they will have no room to share their own ideas and release their emotion, eventually making they feel stressed and anxious. Even if they can talk to their parents and peers on the internet, they can hardly get timely feedback, interaction and fidelity. Secondly, the courses school providing are more appropriate for kids to how to communicate and socialize. Because teachers are undergone specialized training and familiar with the adolescent’s emotions and minds. They know how to tackle with difficulties kids will meet on the process of socialization. They can design class activities to motive then together and make every lesson lively and stimulating to engage them in to teamwork. Thus the platform school can provide may inspire children to cooperate and generally develop ties of relationship and communication. In contrast, some parents may be unfamiliar with kids’ development of mental growth and cannot copy with various situations. 评价： Textbook like structure! Good job! My questions on your arguments are: what if the parents teach their children full-time at home - in which they can provide timely feedback to kids - and they get to be trained professionally to teach at home - would this erase your concerns? 学员@hong Home-schooling ,also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home. Firstly, home education is usually conducted by a parent or tutor or online teacher. So, there is only limited people can talk with the child. Because,there are no classmates and few of teachers. But, in school, the children have many chance to communicate with classmates and teachers. Secondly, discussions is important for children's communication skills. If a child receive education in home , there is no chance for him to discuss with classmates. Thirdly, many activities (speech, game and so on)in school can benefit children's courage .And, courage is the most important thing for communication skills. 评价： All good! Just one small question: what if the students can get trained in terms of speech etc. at home by their parents? 学员@Jimmy Statement: Home-schooling is bad for children’s communication skills. I. Home-schooling fails to offer kids environment requiring social interaction with kids of different characteristics. Children should be allowed to see other people they like or dislike and then learn to deal with them. Bad kids brought them sadness as well as growth. II. Home-schooling is lacking in opportunities to participate in team works. For team work, corporative skills are trained and better communication is required to achieve common goals. 评价： Fantastic job! Love your points, really nuances and well analyzed. 学员@Yoyo Wu More parents are now choosing to homeschool instead of sending their children to public or private schools. But actually did it really good for children’s education? I would like to give several points to opposite this idea. Firstly, schools are communities that not only emphasize collective learning but also encourage children to learn about corporation and team concept in sports and extra form of curriculums. It’s kind of public health that helps children develop their social ability through different kinds of teamwork in schools. Children would get fewer opportunities to interact with the same-age children with a variety of personalities. Therefore, it’s easy for they to develop a selfishness consciousness. Interacting with other children who may be taught different belief systems and come from different social-economic statuses and religious or ethnic backgrounds prepare students for their future, where the potential of having to deal with someone who is different is almost inevitable. Secondly, we believe that that there are unique benefits to receiving an education outside of the home that that they make school an absolute necessity that every child should partake in. The only way to truly hold the child's interests as a priority is to to prepare them for the society that they will soon inherit; homeschooling attempts to construct a world for the child that often does not match reality. Finally, we believe that homeschooling will make children get loss of opportunity. Public schools provide kinds of resources for children to discover their talents that homeschooling can’t do. Although parents are generally aware of what their child is capable of, their assessments are not always accurate. It may due to children’s reactions in different environments will be different and in the home environment will limit their development. Sometimes they just need a mentor to help them find their potential talents during different interactions. Home environment is so limited that children is easy to get tired and rentless about the situation and argue with parents. Above all, homeschooling wouldn’t be a good choice to children’s personal development due to the limited environment, limited interactions with different people with different skills, which will make children lose opportunities that they suppose to experience in public schools. 评价： I like how you went really detailed about children’s psychology, that’s very important! Great job, very persuasive! 扫码订阅思辨训练营，我在训练营等你。 作者简介 |
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