|
正文共：5067 字 2 图 预计阅读时间： 10 分钟 0.前言： 探究如何将三维建筑模型与时间维度集成实现4D（3D-CAD+时间）模拟的技术是国外BIM技术在施工管理中应用研究的重要方面。美国斯坦福大学整合设施工程中心CIFE(Center for Integrated Facility Engineering)于1996年首先提出4D理论，并实现了计算机三维模型与施工进度的关联，可在三维环境中对施工顺序进行可视化表现，使各项目参与方更直观地理解施工进度计划，由此拉开了国内外对4D技术研究的序幕。  1. Introduction Collaborative AEC technologies centering around component-based CAD models support architectural and structural perspectives. The construction perspective is often neglected because an important dimension for construction–time–is missing. Construction planners are forced to abstract CAD model building components into schedule models representing time. 围绕着基于构件的CAD模型的AEC（Architecture, Engineering & Construction）协作技术支持建筑和结构视角。而由于建筑时间的重要维度缺失，施工视角则常常被忽略。施工规划人员被迫将CAD模型构件抽象为代表时间的进度模型。 4D-CAD（3D-CAD+time）removes this abstraction by linking a 3D building model and schedule model through associative relationships. Adding time to 3D-CAD models extends the use of CAD tools from the design phase to the construction phase. Although commercial 4D tools exist that allow planners to build 4D models and create graphic simulations of the construction process, these tools lack features to support analysis of these models, easy generation and manipulation of such models, and realistic visualizations of the construction process. 4D-CAD（3D-CAD+时间）根据关联关系，将三维建筑模型和进度模型联系起来，从而消除这种抽象。将时间维度添加进三维建筑模型将CAD工具的使用从设计阶段扩展至施工阶段。尽管目前的商业4D软件允许规划者们建立4D模型并创建施工过程的图形模拟，但这些软件缺乏支持分析这些模型，轻松生成和操纵这些模型以及施工过程可视化的功能。 In work performed at the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) at Stanford University in 1994, Collier and Fisher applied similar techniques to a construction project using a commercial 4D tools. This 4D tool used a batch process to link layers in a 3D-CAD model to construction activities. We refer to this process of associating time (sequenced construction activities) and space (3D-CAD entities) as 4D modeling. The resulting graphic 4D model contains a representation of the building components, the construction activities and their associations and provides the information necessary to generate a 4D movie. On the project in 1994, the 4D movie alerted construction managers to a major space–time conflict restricting access to portions of the site during a 6-month construction period. 在1994年在斯坦福大学综合设施工程中（CIFE）进行的工作中，科利尔和费舍尔采用商用4D工具，将类似的技术应用到了的一个建筑项目中。该4D工具使用批处理将3D-CAD模型中的图层链接到施工活动。我们将这个关联时间（顺序建筑活动）和空间（3D-CAD实体）的过程称为4D建模。生成的几何4D模型包含建筑构件，建筑活动及其关联的表示，并提供生成4D电影所需的信息。在1994年的这个项目中，4D电影告诉施工管理人员在6个月的施工期间出现严重的限制部分场地通道的时空冲突。  Figure 1 4D建模过程（批处理、连接、交互） In another project, a construction company used a choreographed 4D modeling process, where planners manually produced each 4D state with a 3D-CAD tool. This 4D movie effectively communicated to subcontractors a complex sequence of construction. These similar research and industry efforts show the benefits of using 3D-CAD to generate a visual representation of an existing construction schedule. 在另一个项目中，一家建筑公司采用了4D建模流程，规划人员使用3D-CAD工具手动生成每个4D状态。这个4D电影有效地向分包商传达了一个复杂的施工顺序。这些类似的研究和工业努力表明使用3D-CAD生成现有施工进度的可视化表达的好处。 2. A test case example The construction test case is the roof construction of three campus buildings, three to four stories high, with steeply pitched roofs Fig. 2. 施工测试案例是三座校园建筑的屋顶建筑，三到四层高，其陡峭的屋顶如图2所示。  Figure 2 研究案例：屋顶 2.1. Interaction tasks These tasks include building and editing the 4D models to evaluate alternative construction sequences of the roof and identify potential problems. We show that more interactive 4D modeling methods will improve planners’ ability to generate 4D models quickly and that multi-representation of 3D-CAD information will support the collaborative generation of 4D models. 这些任务包括建立和编辑4D模型，以评估屋顶的替代施工顺序并识别潜在问题。 我们展示了更多交互式4D建模方法将提高规划人员快速生成4D模型的能力，并且3D-CAD信息的多重表示将支持4D模型的协同生成。 2.2. Knowledge tasks These These tasks include using the knowledge in the 4D models to perform computer analysis of 4D + x models to adequately understand planning criteria. We demonstrate the need for standard representation of 4D information and for mechanisms to capture semantic relationships between components within a 3D-CAD environment. 这些任务包括使用4D模型中的知识来执行4D + x模型的计算机分析，以充分理解计划标准。 我们演示了4D信息的标准表示和捕获3D-CAD环境中组件之间语义关系的机制。 2.3. Visual tasks These These tasks include the viewing of planning information represented by a 4Dqx model to understand and gain access to planning information. We illustrate how current 4D movies do not realistically visualize the construction process and describe the need for visualizing the results of the 4D analysis in the form of visual annotation and temporary construction components such as scaffolding, and zones or stages of construction. 这些任务包括查看由4D + x模型表示的计划信息，以了解并获取计划信息。我们举例说明目前的4D电影如何不真实地可视化施工过程，并描述了以视觉注释的形式对4D分析结果的可视化需求和临时建筑构件（如脚手架、建筑区域或建筑阶段）的可视化需求。 Representing the construction perspective in a CAD-based environment is an ongoing effort for our 4D-CAD research group at CIFE. We are extending the use of 4D-CAD from a communication tool used by a single contractor on a limited number of pro- jects to a planning tool used by the project team. Overcoming the limitations described in this paper is a step in this direction. In addition to ongoing case studies with industry, our current research includes work in all of the areas discussed above, specified subsequently. 代表CIFE的4D-CAD研究小组正在为基于CAD的环境中展现建筑视角而努力。我们将4D-CAD的使用范围从单一承包商在有限数量的项目中使用的通信工具扩展到项目团队使用的规划工具。克服本文所述的限制是朝这个方向迈出的一步。除了正在进行的行业案例研究之外，我们目前的研究还包括以上讨论的所有领域的工作，以后将进行说明。 For original text, you can go to: https://www./publication/222501124_Generating_evaluating_and_visualizing_construction_schedules_with_CAD_tools 或点击原文获取 翻译：姜哲宇 |
|
|
