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爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

 阴山工作室 2018-08-31
爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 巴黎奥赛美术馆


维基百科

Olympia is a painting by Édouard Manet, first exhibited at the 1865 Paris Salon, which shows a nude woman ("Olympia") lying on a bed being brought flowers by a servant. Olympia was modelled by Victorine Meurent and Olympia's servant by the art model Laure. Olympia's confrontational gaze caused shock and astonishment when the painting was first exhibited because a number of details in the picture identified her as a prostitute. The French government acquired the painting in 1890 after a public subscription organized by Claude Monet. The painting is on display at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
What shocked contemporary audiences was not Olympia's nudity, nor the presence of her fully clothed maid, but her confrontational gaze and a number of details identifying her as a demi-mondaine or prostitute.[1] These include the orchid in her hair, her bracelet, pearl earrings and the oriental shawl on which she lies, symbols of wealth and sensuality. The black ribbon around her neck, in stark contrast with her pale flesh, and her cast-off slipper underline the voluptuous atmosphere. "Olympia" was a name associated with prostitutes in 1860s Paris.


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

The painting is modelled after Titian's Venus of Urbino (1538).[3] Whereas the left hand of Titian's Venus is curled and appears to entice, Olympia's left hand appears to block, which has been interpreted as symbolic of her sexual independence from men and her role as a prostitute, granting or restricting access to her body in return for payment. Manet replaced the little dog (symbol of fidelity) in Titian's painting with a black cat, which traditionally symbolized prostitution. Olympia disdainfully ignores the flowers presented to her by her servant, probably a gift from a client. Some have suggested that she is looking in the direction of the door, as her client barges in unannounced.
The painting deviates from the academic canon in its style, characterized by broad, quick brushstrokes, studio lighting that eliminates mid-tones, large color surfaces and shallow depth. Unlike the smooth idealized nude of Alexandre Cabanel's La naissance de Vénus, also painted in 1863, Olympia is a real woman whose nakedness is emphasized by the harsh lighting.[1] The canvas alone is 51.4 x 74.8 inches, which is rather large for this genre-style painting. Most paintings that were this size depicted historical or mythological events, so the size of the work, among other factors, caused surprise. Finally, Olympia is fairly thin by the artistic standards of the time and her relatively undeveloped body is more girlish than womanly. Charles Baudelaire thought thinness more indecent than fatness.
The model for Olympia, Victorine Meurent, became an accomplished painter in her own right.
In part, the painting was inspired by Titian's Venus of Urbino (c. 1538), which in turn refers to Giorgione's Sleeping Venus (c. 1510). Léonce Bénédite was the first art historian to explicitly acknowledge the similarity to the Venus of Urbino in 1897.[6] There is also some similarity to Francisco Goya's La maja desnuda (c. 1800).


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

弗朗西斯科·戈雅 裸体的玛雅 The Nude Maja 西班牙马德里普拉多博物馆

There were also pictorial precedents for a nude woman, attended by a black servant, such as Ingres' Odalisque with a Slave (1842), Léon Benouville's Esther with Odalisque (1844) and Charles Jalabert's Odalisque (1842).[8] Comparison is also made to Ingres' Grande Odalisque (1814). Unlike other artists, Manet did not depict a goddess or an odalisque but a high-class prostitute waiting for a client.
Though Manet's The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) sparked controversy in 1863, his Olympia stirred an even bigger uproar when it was first exhibited at the 1865 Paris Salon. Conservatives condemned the work as "immoral" and "vulgar."Journalist Antonin Proust later recalled, "If the canvas of the Olympia was not destroyed, it is only because of the precautions that were taken by the administration." The critics and the public condemned the work alike. Even Émile Zola was reduced to disingenuously commenting on the work's formal qualities rather than acknowledging the subject matter, "You wanted a nude, and you chose Olympia, the first that came along".[9] He paid tribute to Manet's honesty, however, "When our artists give us Venuses, they correct nature, they lie. Édouard Manet asked himself why lie, why not tell the truth; he introduced us to Olympia, this fille of our time, whom you meet on the sidewalks."


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

乔尔乔 睡着的维纳斯 Sleeping Venus 德国德累斯顿古代大师画廊

Olympia's Maid
Although originally overlooked, the figure of the maid in the painting, modelled by a woman named Laure, has become a topic of discussion among contemporary scholars. As T. J. Clark recounts of a friend’s disbelief in the revised 1990 version of The Painting of Modern Life: “you’ve written about the white woman on the bed for fifty pages and more, and hardly mentioned the black woman alongside her.” Olympia was created 15 years after slavery had been abolished in France but racist stereotypes had continued. In some cases, the white prostitute in the painting is described using racist language. "References to Blackness thus invaded the image of white Olympia, turning her into the caricatural and grotesque animal that Black people are frequently made to represent in the nineteenth century"
Many critics have applauded Manet in his use of white and black in the painting, an alternative to the tradition of chiaroscuro. Charles Bernheimer has said,
The black maid is not [...] simply a darkly colored counterpart to Olympia's whiteness, but rather an emblem of the dark, threatening, anomalous sexuality lurking just under Olympia's hand. At least, this is the fantasy Manet's servant figure may well have aroused in the male spectator of 1865.
Black feminists have rejected his reading and argue that it is not for artistic convention that Manet included Laure but to create an ideological binary between black and white, good and bad, clean and dirty and "inevitably reformulates the Cartesian perspectival logic that allows whiteness to function as the only subject of consideration".[14] When paired with a lighter skin tone, the Black model stands in as signifier to all of the racial stereotypes of the West.
The Confrontational Gaze and The Oppositional Gaze
In Lorraine O' Grady's essay titled "Olympia's Maid: Reclaiming Black Female Subjectivity",[15] she asserts, "Olympia's maid, like all other 'peripheral Negroes'", is a robot conveniently made to disappear into the background drapery. While the confrontational gaze of Olympia is often referenced as the pinnacle of defiance toward patriarchy, the oppositional gaze of Olympia's maid is ignored; she is part of the background with little to no attention given to the critical role of her presence.
O'Grady points out that we know she represents 'Jezebel and Mammy' "and best of all, she is not a real person...", rather she is object to the objectified and excluded from sexual difference according to Freudian theory.[15] While Olympia looks directly at the viewer, her maid, too, is looking back.[16] In her essay "Mammy, Jezebel, Sapphire and Their Homegirls: Developing an Oppositional Gaze toward the Images of Black Women", Catherine West concludes that by claiming an oppositional gaze we can identify, criticize, resist and transform these and other oppressive images of Black women.
In January 2016, a Luxembourg performance artist, Deborah De Robertis, laid on the floor in front of the painting and mimicked the pose of the subject, and then security guards closed the room and police arrested her.


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部

参考译文

《奥林匹亚》是爱德华·马奈的一幅画,首次在1865年的巴黎沙龙展出,展示了一个躺在床上的裸体女人(“奥林匹亚”),由一名仆人带来鲜花。《奥林匹亚》的艺术模特由维多琳·路易斯·默兰(Victorine Meurent)和她的仆人Laure塑造。当这幅画首次展出时,奥林匹亚的对抗凝视引起了震惊和惊讶,因为画中的一些细节将她确定为妓女。法国政府在1890年举办的公开征集意见后根据克劳德·莫奈的建议收购此画。这幅画藏于巴黎奥赛博物馆。
让当时的观众感到震惊的不是奥林匹亚的裸体,也不是穿着全套仆人服装的女仆的存在,而是她的对抗凝视以及一些细节,将她确定为“demi-monde”(享乐主义生活方式的人)或妓女。其中包括她的头发中的兰花,她的手镯,珍珠耳环和她所在的东方披肩,财富和性感的象征。她脖子上的黑色缎带与苍白的肉体形成了鲜明的对比,她的脱落拖鞋突显出丰满的气息。“奥林匹亚”是巴黎19世纪60年代与妓女有关的名字。
这幅画仿照提香的《乌尔比诺维纳斯》(1538年)。虽然提香的维纳斯的左手弯曲并且似乎有吸引力,但奥林匹亚的左手似乎被阻挡,这被解释为她对男性的性独立和她作为妓女的角色的象征,授予或限制进入她的身体作为回报付款。马奈用一只传统上象征卖淫的黑猫替换了提香画中的小狗(忠贞的象征)。奥林匹亚轻蔑地忽略了她的仆人送给她的鲜花,可能是客户的礼物。一些人建议她正朝着门的方向看,因为她的客户在未经同意的情况下闯入。
这幅画的风格偏离了学院派风格,其特点是宽广、快速的笔触,工作室灯光,消除了中间色调,大的颜色表面和浅深度。与亚历山大·卡巴内尔(Alexandre Cabanel,1823-1889)的《维纳斯的诞生》(La naissancedeVénus,也是1863年绘制的)的流畅理想化裸体不同,奥林匹亚是一个真正的女人,她的裸体被严酷的灯光所强调。仅画布就为51.4 x 74.8英寸,这对于这种类型风格的绘画来说相当大。大多数这种大小的绘画都描绘了历史或神话事件,因此作品的大小以及其他因素引起了惊喜。最后,根据当时的艺术标准,奥林匹亚相当薄弱,她相对不发达的身体比女人更少女。Charles Baudelaire认为瘦弱比肥胖更不雅。
奥林匹亚的模特维多琳·路易斯·默兰(Victorine Meurent)凭借自己的力量成为了一位成功的画家。


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

提香 乌尔比诺的维纳斯 Venus of Urbino 意大利乌菲兹美术馆

绘画的灵感部分地来自提香的《乌尔比诺的维纳斯》(约1538),或者乔尔乔涅的《睡眠维纳斯》(约1510),与弗朗西斯科戈雅的《裸体的玛雅》(La maja desnuda,约1800年)也有一些相似之处。。LéonceBénédite是第一位明确承认1897年与《乌尔比诺维纳斯》相似的艺术史学家。
也有绘画先例的裸体女人,由黑色仆人出席,如安格尔 “ 宫女与从(1842年),莱昂贝努维尔的埃丝特与宫女(1844年)和查尔斯·贾拉贝尔的宫女(1842年)。[8]的比较也被到由安格尔 ' 大宫女(1814)。不像其他的艺术家,马奈没有描绘出一个女神或宫女,但一个高级妓女等待客户。
虽然马奈的草地午餐会(Ledéjeunersurl'herbe)在1863年引发争议,但他的奥林匹亚在1865年巴黎沙龙首次展出时引起了更大的骚动。保守派谴责这项工作是“不道德的”和“粗俗的”。[1]记者安东尼普鲁斯特后来回忆说,“如果奥林匹亚的画布没有被摧毁,那只是因为政府采取了预防措施。” 批评者和公众谴责这项工作。甚至ÉmileZola也被简化为对作品的正式品质进行虚伪评论,而不是承认主题,“你想要裸体,你选择奥林匹亚,[9]他赞扬马奈的诚实,但是,“当我们的艺术家们给我们维纳斯,他们是正确的性质,它们位于马奈问自己为什么撒谎,为什么不说实话。他向我们介绍了奥林匹亚,这并祝我们时间,你在人行道上遇见的人。“ 
奥林匹亚的女仆
虽然最初被忽视了,但是这位名叫劳雷的女人模仿的女仆形象已经成为当代学者讨论的话题。正如TJ Clark在1990年修订版的“现代生活的绘画 ”中所描述的那样,朋友们不相信:“你已经在床上写了五十页以上的白人女子,并且几乎没有提到她旁边的黑人女性。” 奥林匹亚是在法国废除奴隶制15年后创立的,但种族主义的陈规定型观念仍在继续。在某些情况下,绘画中的白人妓女是用种族主义语言描述的。“黑色的参考因此侵入了白色奥林匹亚的形象,将她变成了黑人经常在十九世纪代表的讽刺和怪诞的动物” 
许多评论家都赞扬马奈在绘画中使用白色和黑色,这是对明暗对比传统的替代。查尔斯伯恩海默说过,
这位黑人女仆不仅仅是奥林匹亚白皙的黑暗色彩,而是奥林匹亚手中隐藏的黑暗,威胁,异常性欲的象征。至少,这是幻想马奈的仆人形象很可能在1865年的男性观众中引起。
黑人女权主义者拒绝了他的阅读,并认为Manet包括Laure不是为了艺术惯例而是为了创造一个黑与白,好与坏,清洁与肮脏之间的意识形态二元对立,并“不可避免地重新构建允许白度发挥功能的笛卡尔透视逻辑作为唯一考虑的主题“。当与较浅的肤色配对时,黑色模型作为西方所有种族刻板印象的能指。
对抗凝视和对立凝视
在Lorraine O'Graddy的题为“奥林匹亚的女仆:回收黑人女性主体性”的文章中,她断言,“奥林匹亚的女仆,就像所有其他'周边黑人'一样”,是一个方便地制作成消失在背景窗帘中的机器人。虽然奥林匹亚的对抗凝视经常被认为是对父权制的蔑视的顶峰,但奥林匹亚女仆的对立凝视却被忽视了; 她是背景的一部分,几乎没有注意到她的存在的关键作用。
奥格雷迪指出,我们知道她代表' 耶洗别和妈咪 ',“最重要的是,她不是一个真正的人...”,而是根据弗洛伊德理论,她反对被客体化并被排除在性别差异之外。虽然奥林匹亚直接看着观众,但她的女仆也在回顾。[16]凯瑟琳·韦斯特在她的文章“ Mammy,Jezebel,Sapphire和他们的家庭女孩:对黑人妇女的形象发展一种对立的凝视”中得出结论,通过声称一种对立的凝视,我们可以识别,批评,抵制和改变这些和其他压迫性黑人妇女的图像。
2016年1月,一位卢森堡表演艺术家Deborah De Robertis躺在画面前的地板上,模仿了拍摄对象的姿势,然后保安人员关闭了房间,警察将她逮捕了。


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

相关文章

奥林匹亚 - 1863年

这张桌子引发了丑闻
马奈在1865沙龙展出这幅画
这项工作引起了前所未有的反应
一边伸展,年轻女子并没有完全裸露自己:她戴着一颗宝石,脖子上的一条丝带让它看起来更加赤裸,一双丝绸骡子准备摔倒
一个仆人给她带来了一堆用纸包着的鲜花,也许是在窗帘后面等待顾客的礼物
女人盯着旁观者挑衅的样子,照亮了她的身体,这个房间似乎是悬浮的
奥林匹亚似乎是她那个时代的妓女的代表,她毫不羞耻地表现出来,激起了一个思想社会的内疚感
两年前,维纳斯·德卡瓦内尔的诞生取得了一致的成功,拿破仑三世立即购买:这幅画的淫荡特征并没有因为主题的理想化而受到诽谤。
马奈介绍了一位年轻女性,她的明确和现实的裸体听起来像是一种诱人的罪恶邀请
两个来源:Titian的Venus d'Urbino和Maja desnuda de Goya
1857年,马奈去了佛罗伦萨,他于1854年去过佛罗伦萨。乌尔比诺的金星吸引了他的注意力。马奈制作了这幅画的副本
提香的作品代表了一个温柔而谦虚的女性,在亲密的家庭环境中; 奥林匹亚,她坐在宽容的房子里
Manet用一个有色的仆人取代了16世纪的仆人,他的脸在黑暗的背景下丢失了
Naked Goya Manet本来会借用这个主题的纯度,但奥林匹亚似乎遥远而冰冷
黑猫和彩色女仆的存在是对波德莱尔的Fleurs du Mal的一种参考,马内特欣赏感性的气氛
由于马奈在沙龙侮辱的同时在沙龙展示裸照,这一丑闻更加严重
马奈的声誉被永久摧毁
没有人注意到白色的偏角和对比色调,还有花束的现代性,真正的色彩爆炸
黑猫将值得马奈的“猫画家”的绰号
佐拉写信给马奈“因为你不是广泛的平庸,愚蠢的人会叫你疯了”
马奈将这幅画留在他的工作室直到他去世
在克劳德·莫奈组织的公开订阅后,1890年,该作品将在卢森堡博物馆举办
1907年,奥林匹亚将进入由克列孟梭强加的卢浮宫,这将引起猛烈的反应
Victorine是奥林匹亚的典范
批评者“......他的身体有一个暴露在太平间的尸体的鲜艳色调,它的线条是用煤炭绘制的”
“她有一个像你知道很多年轻女性严重的缺陷。什么奇怪的狂热不同的画更多!如果只是他从Cabanel借来粉扑......”
奥林匹亚是巴黎“横向”的绰号
黑仆人的存在唤起了后宫的乐趣
这种性自由的表达违背了第二帝国所倡导的道德,这种道德理想化了家庭,同时放纵了资产阶级丈夫经常光顾的妓院。
这个形象不是一个被迫维持生计的小女人的形象
奥林匹亚不是作为一个对象,而是作为一个人在他的职业决定他的条件
在1865年的沙龙中,需要两名警卫来保护甘蔗的吹奏
所有绘画中最美丽的交响曲之一
写在时间中“这个不幸的小女人把不愉快的形式包含在轮廓的刚性中,看起来好像用烟灰追踪”
波德莱尔的马奈“像冰雹一样侮辱我
波德莱尔“相信你是第一人放置在这种情况下呢?有比你夏多布里昂和瓦格纳更天才吗?我们虽然有他们的乐趣,他们不会死!”

作品细节


爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

爱德华·马奈代表作《奥林匹亚》(Olympia,巴黎奥赛美术馆)

爱德华·马奈 奥林匹亚 Olympia 局部细节

画家简介

爱德华·马奈(Édouard Manet,1832-1883),法国19世纪著名画家,19世纪印象主义的领袖和奠基人之一。出生在巴黎一个富有的法官家庭,青年时当过海员,后进入学院派画家库图尔画室学习。1863年在落选者沙龙中展出的《草地上的午餐》一画引起了世所罕见的轰动,不论是题材还是表现方法都与当时占统治地位的学院派原则相悖。1865年展出的另一件作品《奥林匹亚》同样以其离经叛道的艺术形式掀起了一场轩然大波,争论使得马奈名声大振,一批年轻画家聚集在他周围,他们受马奈新颖画风影响,努力探求新的艺术风格与手法,被当时人讽刺为“马奈帮”,这就是后来著名的印象派。马奈以其强烈的绘画敏感性和其典范性的作品,使他所处时代的绘画发生了天翻地覆的变化。
马奈从未参加过印象派的展览,但他深具革新精神的艺术创作态度,却深深影响了莫奈、塞尚、凡高等新兴画家,进而将绘画带入现代主义的道路上。受日本浮世绘及西班牙画风的影响,马奈大胆采用鲜明色彩,舍弃传统绘画的中间色调,将绘画从追求立体空间的传统束缚中解放出来,朝二维的平面创作迈出革命性的一大步。他被认为是印象主义画派的奠基人,很早就被后来的印象派画家们视为大师。
马奈是欧洲艺术史上一位承上启下的重要画家,他对欧洲绘画的发展有突出贡献,他第一个将印象主义的光和色彩带进了人物画,开创了印象主义画风。他的画既有传统绘画坚实的造型,又有印象主义画派明亮、鲜艳、充满光感的色彩。与印象派之排斥黑色不同,马奈十分善于使用黑色的。它像乐队中的定音鼓,使整个画面的色彩响亮醒目而又各得其所。1812年,马奈在巴提约尔街的画室成为青年画家向往和聚会的地方。后来成为印象画派成员的莫奈、德加、雷诺阿等人,经常在此聚会,马奈成为他们心目中的领袖。(阴山工作室根据各大博物馆资料编写)

作品资料

艺术家 ÉdouardManet
标题      Olympia
年代 1863年
材质 布面油画
外形尺寸 130.5厘米×190厘米(51.4英寸×74.8英寸)
签名 左下: ED.MANET 1863
位置 奥赛博物馆,巴黎

相关文献

 "Édouard Manet's Olympia by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker". Smarthistory. Khan Academy. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Clark, T.J. (1999) The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers. Revised edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p.86.
 Millett-Gallant, Ann (2010-08-03). The Disabled Body in Contemporary Art. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 31–. ISBN 9780230109971. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Reff, Theodore. (1976) Manet: Olympia. London: Allen Lane, p. 57. ISBN 0713908076
 "The naked truth" The Guardian, 3 October 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
Reff, p. 48.
 Meyers, Jeffrey. (2004). Impressionist Quartet: The Intimate Genius of Manet and Morisot, Degas and Cassatt, p. 35; Beruete y Moret, Aureliano. (1922). Goya as portrait painter, p. 190.
The Puzzle of Olympia. Phylis A. Floyd, 19th Century Art Worldwide, 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
 Quoted in Honour, H. and J. Fleming, (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 708. ISBN 9781856695848
Andersen, Frits (2004). Karen-Margarethe Simonsen; Marianne Ping Huang; Mads Rosendahl Thomsen, eds. Reinventions of the Novel: Histories and Aesthetics of a Protean Genre. Rodopi. p. 79. ISBN 9789042008434.
Clark, T. J. (1984). The Painting of Modern Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691009032.
Lathers, Maria (2013). Dictionary of Artists' Models. London: Routledge. pp. 315–316.
Bernheimer, Charles (1989). "Manet's Olympia: The Figuration of Scandal". Poetics Today. 10: 255–277.
 Brown, Timothy Paul (2001). "Black Radical Feminism and the Reclamation of Identity". Third Text. 55: 43–50.
a b O'Grady, Lorraine. "Olympia's Maid: Reclaiming Black Female Subjectivity". The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader. pp. 174–187.
hooks, bell. "The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectator". The Feminism and Visual Cultural Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003: Amelia Jones. pp. 94–105.
West, Carolyn M (2008-01-01). "Mammy, Jezebel, Sapphire and their homegirls: Developing an "oppositional gaze" toward the images of Black women".
"An artist has been arrested (again) for a nude stunt in a Paris gallery". 18 January 2016.
"Yasumasa Morimura, Portrait (Futago)".
"Mark Shipway, "Somms Recreating Old Masters: Series 1"".

阴山工作室

本文图片及英文资料均来自巴黎奥赛美术馆官方网站和维基百科,局部细节图片及中文资料系阴山工作室所加。某些英文单词中的分割线和中文被大写拼音替代的词是为了规避网站非法字符审核。参考译文由Google翻译插件自动生成,或有疏谬在所难免。


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