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学术essay写作不同于一般写作，初学者会对学术写作感到很棘手，无从下笔。这篇文章给大家介绍一下学术essay的结构和在每个部分中常见到的词组与句式，使用这些词组或句式可以使academicwriting能力有显著性的提高。 1.INTRODUCTION——简介 简介部分一般回顾一下课题所在的大背景，然后介绍一下本篇essay中的工作内容。 This essay will deal with the following aspects of thequestion... The aim of this essay is ...... 2. GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE ESSAYCONTENT——essay内容综述 论文有可以有严格的分块，下面这些语句用来介绍论文的结构。这部分也在简介中给出。 In order to link.... with ...., the background to ... will bebriefly outlined. The first part of the analysis will examine.... The second part of this analysis will consider... The final level of the analysis consists of... 3. MAKING A POINT——表达观点 表达观点时可以使用下面的句式和关键词。这些语句在全文所有部分都可能用到。 It is clear/ noticeable that... It is necessary/ important/ useful/ interesting/to note/point out/highlight/ emphasise that 4.EMPHASIS MARKERS——强调用语 在表达核心观点或重要想法时，不要用“Ithink”这种模糊不定的句式。下面的三种词性的单词都可以用上。 形容词: main, crucial, important, significant, key,essential 名词: focus, element, concept, theory, aspect, part, idea, point,argument, discussion, debate 动词: to emphasise, to summarise, to focus, tohighlight 示例如下 The key aspect of this argument is The most crucial point made so far It is worth noting that Another relevant point is that 5.INTRODUCING A NEW IDEA——介绍新内容 下面这些用语用在提示读者，下面的内容的中心不再是上段落或者上个句子的内容。使用这些句式会给读者带来更清晰的结构。 Turning now to the question of Bearing in mind the previous points, Having considered (X) With regard to As far as ....... is concerned 6. HEDGING——不明确的表述 有时候你对于一个事件或者一个研究的理论不是非常确定，因为目前并没有一个公认的解释，或者只有你发表了看法。如果不是核心内容，有时对一些情况太多确定并不严谨，因此谨慎地表达你的态度。不需要太多确定的话，可以使用下面的单词来表达你的不确定： CAN MAY COULD MIGHT WILL WOULD SHALL SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST,NEEDN T 示例如下： It could/might be said that .... It seems/appears ... It is generally thought/considered ...... Some/many people think/believe ...... 7.CITING RESEARCH——引用研究 在介绍其他人的研究结果时，使用下面的语句： It has been found that Research has shown that 8. MAKING HYPOTHESES——做假设 在进行理论解释时，经常会用到理论假设，要注意将假设内容向读者阐述清楚。 If, then Assuming that 9.STATING CONDITIONS——阐述情况 Given that Provided that Granted that If it is the case that & then, 10.GIVING EXAMPLES——举例子 For example/instance In this situation/case To illustrate 11. ADDING INFORMATION——附加信息 Again/ besides/ equally important/ in addition/ further/furthermore/ moreover It must also be noted/ remembered that 12. DISCUSSION MARKERS——讨论表述 On the one hand, on the other hand Although it may be true that....however Whilst it is generally agreed that There exists a contradiction between ..... and Those in favour of/ Supporters/Advocates of Those opposed to/ Critics of 13.RE-PHRASING——重新表述 In other words To put it another way That is to say 14. EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE——评价用语 有时需要对自己的研究或者其他文献中的观点，下面的单词将会有很大帮助。 Positive adjectives: remarkable, innovative, complex, interesting,profound, comprehensive, powerful, rigorous, systematic, useful,sensitive, reliable, logical, Negative adjectives: flawed, modest, unsatisfactory, inadequate,limited, restricted Nouns: synthesis, survey, topic, study, review, history, concept,area, theme, overview, analysis, system Verbs: explain, discuss, study, present, describe, bring intofocus, consider, explore, illuminate, introduce, analyse,constitute 示例如下： The UNO has published an interesting survey... It presents a useful concept... However, the study is limited in that... 15. REPEATING——重复 如果不是必须的话，尽量不要重复之前的观点或者示例，这样会显得文章内容很单薄。在必须引用之前的内容时，可以使用下面的语句： To return to an earlier point As noted before/above 16. SUMMING UP——总结 Briefly, we can say/ it can be said that To sum up Hence/therefore/accordingly/ consequently The evidence suggests, therefore In general what this means/ suggests/ indicates is It is clear from the above that 17.CONCLUSION——做结论 To conclude/In conclusion. Reach me：Cattydog |
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