八、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级 1、分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。 原级,即原形。比较级,表示“较......”或“更......一些”。最高级,表示“最......”. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 2、规则变化: (1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。 a)直接加er,est :如:high higher highest b)以不发音的字母e结尾的词,在词尾加-r或-st.如:late later latest。 c)以重读闭音节结尾的词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,要双写该辅音字母,再加er,est:如:big bigger biggest d)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 先把y改为i再加上er,或est. 如:easy easier easiest (2)多音节词和部分双音节词,在原级前加more / most. 如:beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 规则变化 3、不规则变化: 不规则变化 4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法: (1)原级:讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是:●主语+系动词+(very/too/so/quite/rather…) +形容词原形 或 主语+ 谓语动词 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 副词原级 如:He is very old now.(他现在很老了) They ran quite fast.(它们跑得相当快) The weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟) I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐) ★表示两者之间没有差别(即两者在某方面相同)时,使用句型: ●A+ 系动词/谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + B+其它 如:He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋) Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢) They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多) ★表示一方在某方面不如(比不上)另一方时,使用句型: ●A+ 系动词/谓语动词(否定式) + as / so + 形容词/副词原级 + as + B+其它 如:He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋) Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢) They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如农民多) (2) 比较级句型:★讲述两者有差异,前者在某方面超过后者时,用比较级。基本句型: ●A+系动词/谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+B+其它 如:A modern train is much faster than a car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了) This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多) ★讲述两者有差异,前者不及后者时,可用用比较级。句型是: ●A+ 系动词/谓语动词 + less+ (多音节形/副)比较级 + than + B +…. 如:I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学难) Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗?) (3)最高级句型:讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是: ●主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词/副词最高级 +in / of …. 如:The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(长江是中国最长的河流) He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高) 4、关于比较等级的重要注释: 1、在“比较级+than”的句型中,当than前后所使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词代替后面的动词。该助动词也可省略。如: You know more about yourself than I (do).你比我了解你自己。 2、形容词最高级前面一般要加定冠词the,副词最高级前的the可以省略。如: Who sings (the) most beautifully of the three?三个人当中谁唱得最好? 3、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词;如果是连系动词,则后面用形容词。如: This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的) This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的) 4、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如: The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了) 5、“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。如: The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好) The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,进步就越大) 6、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/a little/even/still修饰, 而表示数量的more之前还可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等词。如: It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了) Would you like some more coffee?(你还要些咖啡吗? He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃) 修饰词 7、more than / less than分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,more than=over; less than=under.如: I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在纽约生活了四个多月) 8、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,作主语时,谓语要用单数形式。如: One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了) 9、“Which / Who+动词+形/副,....or...?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如: Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多?) Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(猪、马、象哪个最重?) 10、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the;含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三个或三个以上事物的词时,用最高级。如: --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗?一个都不喜欢) --Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜欢哪个?全部。) 11、表示倍数的比较有如下几种句型: Our school is three times larger than yours.我们学校比你们学校大三倍。 Our school is four times as large as yours.我们学校是你们学校的四倍大。 Our school is four times the size of yours. (同上) 12、表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。 |
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