公式301 先行词+介词+关系代词+定语从句 ● The house in which I used to live has becomea garden.我过去住的房子已经变成了一个花园。 公式302 先行词,+which/who/whom/whose/when/where+定语从句非限制性 定语从句用逗号与主句分开,that不能引导非限制性定语从句,who一般不能替代whom。 ● Between the two parts of the concert is aninterval, when the audience can buy ice-cream.音乐会的两部分中间有间歇,这时候,观众可以去买冰激凌。 公式303 (先行词,+)as引导的定语从句 ● He made a long speech, as we expected.正如我们所预料的一样,他的演讲很长。 公式304 时间状语从句: 主句+when/while/as引导的时间状语从句 when/while/as意为“当……时候”。 ● Mary made coffee while her guests werefinishing their meal.客人们快吃完饭的时候,玛丽煮了咖啡。 公式305 时间状语从句: 主句+as soonas/directly/immediately等引导的时间状语从句 引导词意为“一……就……”。 ● I recognized her immediately I saw her.我一见到她,就认出了她。 公式306 时间状语从句: 主句+before/after引导的时间状语从句 ● I went to bed after I finished my homework.做完作业后,我就上床睡觉了。 公式307 时间状语从句: 主句+since引导的时间状语从句 ● Mary has been in Shanghai since she left Beijing.玛丽自从离开北京后就一直在上海。 公式308 时间状语从句: 主句+till/until引导的时间状语从句 ● I will stay here until you come back.我会一直待在这里直到你回来。 公式309 原因状语从句:主句+because/as/since引导的原因状语从句 ● As all the seats were full, he had to standup.由于所有的位子都满了,他只好站着。 because, since, as的区别 公式310 地点状语从句:主句+where/wherever引导的地点状语从句 ● You cango wherever you like these days.这些天你可以去你想去的地方。 公式311 让步状语从句:疑问词-ever引导的让步状语从句 ● To show our respect, we usually have to takeour gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.为了表示我们的尊重,不论要跟谁握手,我们通常都要摘掉手套。 公式312 引导让步状语从句时,疑问词-ever可与“no matter+疑问词”互换。 ● Wherever/No matter where you go, I will bewith you.无论你去哪儿,我都和你一起。 公式313 让步状语从句:主句+(al)though/as/while/eventhough/even if引导的让步状语从句 ● Tim is in good shape physically even thoughhe doesn’t get much exercise.即使不做太多锻炼,蒂姆还是保持了很好的体形。 公式314 条件状语从句:主句+if/unless/aslong as引导的条件状语从句 ● Let’s go out for awalk unless you are too tired.如果你不是太累的话,我们出去散一会步吧。 公式315 条件状语从句:主句+so/such...+that+结果状语从句 ● He worked so hard that he got ill.他工作那么努力,结果病倒了。 公式316 目的状语从句:主句+so that/inorder that/in case引导的目的状语从句 ● I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up withme.为了能让你赶上我,我会慢慢跑。 公式317 比较状语从句:主句+than引导的比较状语从句 ● The weather was worse than I had expected.天气比我预料的还要糟。 公式318 比较状语从句:主句+as引导的比较状语从句 ● French is as familiar to him as English.他对法语就像对英语一样熟悉。 公式319 方式状语从句:主句+as引导的方式状语从句 as if/as though引导的方式状语从句 ● You ought to do as Paul tells you.你应该按照保罗吩咐你的去做。 公式320 当as if引导的方式状语从句表示与事实相反的情况时,从句常用虚拟语气。 ● She closed her eyes as though she was verytired.她闭上了眼睛,好像是很累了。 公式321 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法: If...did/were..., 主语+would/should/could/mightdo...表示与现在事实相反的假设。 从句用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。 ● If you were the manager, we would not be sotired.如果你是经理,我们就不会这么累了。 公式322 If...had done...,主语+would/should/could/mighthave done...表示与过去事实相反的假设。 从句用过去完成时,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。 ● If we had taken the other road, we might havearrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话,或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。(陕西) 公式323 If...did/were todo/should do...,主语+would/should/could/might do...表示与将来事实相反的假设。 从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“wereto+动词原形”,主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。 ● If it were fine tomorrow, I would goshopping.如果明天天气好,我就去购物。 公式324 If...had done..., 主语+would do... ● If he had set out earlier, he would be homenow.如果他早点出发的话,他现在就已经到家了。 公式325 If...should do..., 主语+would have done... ● If she shouldleave, I would have heard about it.如果她要走,我早就应该听说了。 公式326 Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语 主句if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时,可将if省略,而将should, were, had提前,构成倒装。、 ● Were I you(=If I were you), I would go.如果我是你,我就去。 公式327 With/Without/Butfor+名词,主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语... 句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with, without, otherwise, but for等来表示的。 ● Without the greenhouse effect, the earthwould be about thirtythree degrees Celsius cooler than it is.如果没有温室效应,地球的温度将比现在的温度低大约33摄氏度。 公式328 主句+as if+(从句)主语+did/had done...as if引导的从句 常用虚拟语气,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。 ● She acted as if she had been the hostessyesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。 公式329 主句+so that+(从句)主语+should/could/might do... so that意为“为了”,它引导的从句表示目的。 ● He took a taxi to the station so that heshould not miss the train.为了不错过火车,他乘出租车去火车站。 公式330 主句+lest+从句(主语+(should) do...) lest意为“唯恐”,它引导的从句表示目的。 ● They spoke in whispers lest they (should) be heard.他们低声说话,唯恐被别人听见。 公式331 ...wish (that)+主语+did/had done/would do... wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反;用过去将来时表示与将来事实相反。 ● I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.我希望北京全年都是秋天。 公式332 ...suggest/recommend/insist等+(that)+主语+(should)do... ● I suggest that we (should) set off at once.我建议我们立刻出发。 公式333 ...would rather+主语+did/had done... would rather后的从句用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。 ● I would rather you hadn’t told him.我宁愿你没有告诉他。 公式334 It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that+主语+(should)do... ● It is strange that the girl (should) be sorude.那个女孩那么无礼,这真奇怪。 公式335 ...suggestion/advice/demand等+that+主语(+should)do... 在表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气。 ● My suggestion is that we (should) get startedsoon.我的建议是我们应该尽快出发。 公式336 It is (high/about)time that+主语+did/should do... ● It is high time that you went to school.早就到了你该去上学的时间了。 公式337 if only+主语+did/had done... 用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。 ● If only I had another chance.要是我再有一次机会就好了。 公式338 不可数名词/单数可数名词+单数谓语 ● Still water runs deep.静水流深。 公式339 动名词/不定式/主语从句+单数谓语 ● Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。 公式340 时间/距离/价值/重量等+单数谓语 表示时间、距离、重量等的复数名词常作为一个整体看待,作主语时谓语动词需用单数。 ● A thousand miles is a very long distance.1,000英里是一段很长的距离。 公式341 more than one/many a(n)+单数名词+单数谓语 a(n)+单数名词+and a half+单数谓语意为“不止一个……/许多……”;“一个半……”。 ● More than one person here is going to find a new job.这里不止一个人准备找新工作。 公式342 the number of+复数名词+单数谓语 ● As you can see, the number of cars on ourroads keeps rising these days.正如你看到的那样,如今公路上汽车的数量一直在增长。(全国Ⅱ) 公式343 a number of+复数名词+复数谓语 ● A number of willbe graduatesare voluntarily going to work in the West of China.许多即将毕业的大学生打算自愿到中国西部工作。 公式344 each/every...(and each/every...)+单数谓语 ● Every person in my family has been given agift.我们家每个人都得到了一份礼物。 公式345 some-, any-, every-,no-构成的复合不定代词+单数谓语 ● If anyone knows the truth of the accident,please tell the police.如果有人知道事故的真相,请告诉警察。 公式346 冠词+名词+and+名词+单数谓语 两个并列的名词 表示一个人或一种事物,此时第一个名词前用冠词,第二个名词前不用冠词。 ● A knife and fork is on the table.餐桌上有一副刀叉。 公式347 news/physics/maths/politics/theUnited States/James等+单数谓语 这些名词虽然以-s结尾,但属于专有名词或不可数名词。 ● The news concerns your younger brother.这消息与你弟弟有关。 公式348 one of+复数名词+单数谓语 ● One of my goodfriends has been abroad for eleven years.我的一个好朋友已经在国外待了11年了。 公式349 复数主语+复数谓语 ● All the students in our class arehardworking.我们班所有的学生学习都很用功。 公式350 glasses/trousers/pants/shoes等+复数谓语 主语是以成对形式出现的名词,谓语动词用复数。 ● My blue trousers have worn out.我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。 如果这类名词前用pair of等单位名词修饰,谓语动词的数要与单位名词的数保持一致。 公式351 people/police/cattle等+复数谓语 people, police,cattle是只表示复数意义的集体名词,作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 ● Many people were present at the meeting.许多人出席了会议。 公式352 ... and.../both...and...+复数谓语 意为“……和……都”,表示复数意义,谓语动词用复数。 ● New York and Boston are American cities.纽约和波士顿都是美国的城市。 公式353 主语+with/togetherwith/except/but/like/as well as...+谓语 ● The mother along with her two children goes to the park everyweekend.那位母亲和她的两个孩子每个周末都要去公园。 公式354 class/family/group/team等+单数谓语/复数谓语 ● The class is the best one in the grade.这个班是年级中最好的。 ● The whole class are listening to the teachercarefully.全班同学都在认真地听老师讲课。 该类集体名词作主语,侧重整体时,谓语动词用单数; 当表示多个这样的整体时,也可以有自己的复数形式。侧重整体中的个体成员时,谓语动词用复数。 公式355 some/any/all/therest/分数/百分数等+of+单数名词/不可数名词+单数谓语 ● Some of the money was spent on clothes.一些钱花在了衣服上。 公式356 some/any/all/therest/分数/百分数等+of+复数名词+复数谓语 ● All of the people have gone.所有的人都走了。 公式357 one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语 ● Zhang Ning is one of the students who werepraised at the meeting.张宁是会议上受表扬的学生之一。 公式358 only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语 ● He is the only one of players in our schoolwho has taken the first prize.他是我们学校唯一一位获得一等奖的选手。 公式359 ...or.../either...or.../neither...nor.../notonly...but (also)...+谓语动词 谓语动词的单复数形式取决于与之最靠近的名词或代词。 ● No food or water is allowed to be taken with.不准带食物和水。 公式360 There be... be动词的单复数形式取决于与之最靠近的名词或代词。 ● There are four chairs and two tables in theroom.房间里有四把椅子和两张桌子。 公式361 There be肯定句式:There (+助动词/情态动词)+be+主语... be动词前可用情态动词,也可用助动词构成各种时态。 ● There is a lot of meat on the plate.盘子里有很多肉。 ● There will be more serious air pollution ifpeople use more and more cars.如果人们越来越多地使用汽车,那么空气污染将会更加严重。 公式362 There be否定句式: There+助动词/情态动词+not+be ● There isn’t a telephone in the room.房间里没有电话。 公式363 There be否定句式: There+be+not/no+主语... ● There will not be any football match thisweekend.这个周末没有任何足球比赛。 公式364 There be的一般疑问句式:Be动词+there ● —Are there anymagazines on the shelf?书架上有杂志吗? 公式365 There be的一般疑问句式:助动词/情态动词+there+be(+any)+主语...? ● Has there been an accident?出过事故吗? 公式366 There be的特殊疑问句式:特殊疑问词(+名词)+be动词+there...? ● How many people are there in your family?你家有几口人? 公式367 There be的特殊疑问句式:特殊疑问词(+名词)+助动词/情态动词+there+be...? ● What did there use to be?那里过去有什么? 公式368 There+stand/lie/live等+主语... There be句式中的be动词可用动词stand,lie, live等替换。 ● There stands a temple on the top of themountain.山顶上有一座庙。 公式369 There seems(seemed)/appears(appeared)to be+主语... ● There seems to be a lack of communication.看起来是缺乏沟通。 公式370 强调句:Itis/was...that/who... 被强调部分是指人的名词时,用who或that皆可,其他情况皆用that。 ● It was Jack and Mary that/who met with afunnylooking man yesterday.昨天是杰克和玛丽遇见了一个样子滑稽可笑的男人。 公式371 强调句的一般疑问句式:Is/Was it...that/who...? ● Is it your brother who works in that company?是你哥哥在那家公司工作吗? 公式372 强调句的特殊疑问句式:特殊疑问词+is/wasit that...? ● Why was it that he cried yesterday?他昨天究竟为什么哭? 公式373 倒装: No/Never/Hardly/Seldom/Little等+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语... 表示否定意义的词置于句首时,句子用部分倒装。 ● We laugh at jokes, but seldom do we thinkabout how they work.我们听到笑话会笑,但是从来没想过笑话是怎样让我们发笑的。 公式374 倒装:So...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...+that... 在so... that...句式中,so...部分置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。 ● So fast does light travel that we can hardlyimagine its speed.光速很快,我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 公式375 倒装:Only+状语+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语... only强调状语置于句首时,句子/主句用部分倒装。 ● Only if you eat the correct foods will you beable to keep fit and stay healthy.只有合理膳食才会保持身体健康。 公式376 倒装:Not until...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语... 时间状语not until...置于句首时,句子/主句用部分倒装。 ● Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the familywas for him.直到离开家他才开始明白家庭对于他是多么重要。 公式377 倒装:Not only...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...but also... not only...置于句首时,其所在的分句用部分倒装。 ● Not only does he do well in his lessons, buthe often helps others with their lessons.他不但自己学习好,还经常帮助别人学习。 公式378 倒装:Hardly had+主语...+when... No sooner had+主语...+than....hardly,no sooner 置于句首时,hardly, no sooner所在的句子用部分倒装。 ● Hardly had he uttered the words when shebegan laughing. 他刚一开口说话,她就笑了。 公式379 倒装:So/Neither/Nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语 表示前面所说的情况也适合另外一者或一者也具备另外一种情况,意为“也(不)”。前面是否定句时用neither/nor,前面是肯定句时用so;动词的形式与前面的句子一致。 ● Jane comes from Canada. So does Mary.简来自加拿大,玛丽也是。 公式380 倒装:up/down/away/infront of...+谓语动词+主语 ● Up wentthe rocket.火箭升上了天。 公式381 倒装: 分词短语+be动词+主语 ● Seated in the front were the guests.坐在前排的是客人。 公式382 倒装:Here/There/Now+谓语动词+主语 ● Here comes the bus!公共汽车来了! 公式383 省略:I’dlike/love/be glad/be happy to ● —Would you like tojoin me for a quick lunch before class?你愿意课前与我一起吃顿简单的午饭吗? —I’d like to, but Ipromised Nancy to go out with her.我愿意,可是我已经答应跟南希一起出去了。 公式384 if/when/while/unless/as+分词 ● The flowers his friend gave him will dieunless watered every day.除非天天浇水,否则朋友送他的花就会死掉。 公式385 as...aspossible/sb.can 表示“尽可能……”。 ● Please come as soon as possible you can.请尽量早来。 公式386 if necessary/possible/any/ever表示“如果有必要/可能/有/曾……”。 ● —Have you got anyparticular plans for the coming holiday?对即将来临的假期你有特别的计划了吗? —Yes, if possible, I’mgoing to visit some homes for the old in the city.是的,如果可能的话,我将去这个城市的几处老年之家看看。 公式387 Why (not) do...?why (not)后一般跟动词原形,很少出现主语或动作的执行者,含有较强的建议意味。 ● Why not go and ask the teacher for help?为什么不去找老师帮忙? ● Why not relax and enjoy the fresh air?为什么不休息一下,呼吸点新鲜空气呢? 公式388 主语+do/does/did do替代谓语,有人称和时态的变化。 ● John spoke German as fluently as Mary didwhen they studied in middle school.中学时,约翰的德语说得跟玛丽一样流利。 公式389 主语+do/does/did+so 该结构表示同一人所做的、前面刚提到过的同一动作,so指代刚提到过的想法、行动、品质、情况等。 ● The teacher asked him to hand in hiscomposition at once and he did so.老师让他立刻交上作文,他就这么做了。 公式390 主语+do/does/did+that/it替代前面刚刚提到的动作,但动词do的主语与前面所提到的句子的主语不同。 ● —Do you know whobroke the window?你知道是谁打破的窗户吗? —I heard John did that.我听说是约翰做的。 公式391 ...that+间接引语 直接引语为陈述句时,间接引语应为that引导的宾语从句,引述动词主要有say,tell, repeat, explain, think等。 ● He said to me, “I have left my bookin your room.”→He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书落在我的房间里了。 公式392 ...if/whether+间接引语 直接引语为一般疑问句或反意疑问句时,间接引语应为if/whether引导的宾语从句,且倒装语序变为陈述语序。 ● “Do you like Beckham?” she said tome.→She asked me if/whether I liked Beckham.她问我是否喜欢贝克汉姆。 公式393 ...whether...or+间接引语 直接引语为选择疑问句时,间接引语应为whether... or...引导的宾语从句,倒装语序变为陈述语序。 ● I asked him, “Will you stay athome or go to school?”→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to school.我问他是待在家里还是去上学。 公式394 ...特殊疑问词+间接引语 直接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语应为由原疑问词引导的宾语从句,倒装语序变为陈述语序。 ● He asked, “Where do you live?”→He asked mewhere I lived.他问我住在哪里。 公式395 ...ask/tell/beg等+宾语+to do 直接引语为祈使句时,间接引语应为不定式短语,如果祈使句为否定式,还要在不定式前加not。 ● The teacher said to the students, “Be quiet,please.”→The teacher asked the students to be quiet.老师要求学生们保持安静。 公式396 ...what/how/that+间接引语 直接引语为感叹句时,间接引语应为how, what, that等引导的宾语从句。 ● She said, “What a lovely day itis!”→She said what a lovely day it was./She said that it was a lovelyday.她说天气很好。 公式397 “一随主”原则该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时,直接引语中的第一人称代词要按引述动词的主语的人称变化。 ● She said, “I saw him lastnight.”→She said she had seen him the night before.她说她前一天晚上看见过他。 公式398 “二随宾”原则该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时,直接引语中的第二人称代词要按引述动词的宾语的人称变化。 ● He said to Kate, “How is yoursister now?”→He asked Kate how her sister was then.他问凯特她妹妹那时怎么样了。 公式399 “第三人称不更新”原则该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时,直接引语中的第三人称代词一般不需要变化。 ● Mr Smith said, “Jack is a goodworkmate.”→Mr Smith said that Jack was a good workmate.史密斯先生说杰克是个不错的同事。 公式400 主语+did+that+主语+did/had done... 引述动词用了过去时态,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态要相应地变为过去的某种时态。 ● “I never get up before 8 a.m. on Sundays,” he said.→He said that he never got up before 8 a.m. onSundays.他说他星期天上午从未在8点之前起床。 |
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来自: wuming0717 > 《高中以上英语》