内容摘要
(一)定义有间接引语,势必先有直接引语。 所谓直接引语(Direct Speech),指的是直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“ ”标出。 而所谓间接引语(Indirect Speech,或Reported Speech),指的是用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号“ ”标出。 (二)三个原则 直接引语转换为间接引语一直是各类英语考试中的考点,而考生也总是对于其中的转换方法不甚清晰。其实,要想掌握难度也不大,首先要记住的是,直接引语转换为间接引语之后,一般是以宾语从句的形式呈现的。另外,最为关键的是要掌握以下两个原则: 1、时态变化原则 当要把直接引语转化为间接引语时,首先要注意的是主句动词的时态。一般分为以下两种情况: 1)当主句动词采用的是一般现在时时,间接引语中动词的时态保持在直接引语时的时态不变。比如: (1) 直接引语:The worker says to Mary, "I really appreciate your timely help." 间接引语:The worker tells Mary that he really appreciates her timely help. (2) 直接引语:The workers say to my mother, "You have always been so nice to us all." 间接引语:The workers tell my mother she has always been so nice to them all. 2)当主句动词采用的是一般过去时时,直接引语中的动词时态要改为相应的过去时态。具体如何变化可参看下面的表格(表格中的7种时态是在《新概念英语》第一册中先后出现的所有时态,也是最为常用的7种时态): 比如: (1) 直接引语:Jack said to me, "She is such a nice girl.” (一般现在时) 间接引语:Jack told me that she was such a nice girl. (一般过去时) (2) 直接引语:Jack said to her, "You will pass the test." (一般将来时) 间接引语:Jack tolde her that she would pass the test. (过去将来时) (3) 直接引语:Jack said to us, "I have been to Egypt twice." (现在完成时) 间接引语:Jack told us that he had been to Egypt twice. (过去完成时) 2、人称变化原则其实,从以上时态变化原则所给的例句中,已经基本可以总结出直接引语转换为间接引语时,人称应该如何变化了。有人给出了一个很好的巧记口诀——“一随主,二随宾,三不变”。 口诀中所说的“一、二、三”指的是直接引语中的主语是第几人称,而“主、宾、不变”指的是直接引语主句中的主语、宾语或不变。下面我再跟大家详细解释一下。 1)所谓“一随主”,指的是:当直接引语中的主语是第一人称时,转换为间接引语后,其人称要跟直接引语中的主句主语保持一致。如: 直接引语:He said to the princess, "I am a warrior from Spain." 间接引语:He told the princess that he was a warrior from Spain. 2)所谓“二随宾”,指的是:当直接引语中的主语是第二人称时,转换为间接引语后,其人称要跟直接宾语中的主句的谓语动词宾语保持一致。 直接引语:He said to the princess, "You can leave the castle at midnight." 间接引语:He told the princess that she could leave the castle at midnight. 3)所谓“三不变”,指的是:当直接引语中的主语是第三人称时,转换为间接引语后,其人称保持不变,即还是保持直接引语中原来的人称。 直接引语:He said to the princess, "They will come to help soon." 间接引语:He told the princess that they would come to help soon. 【注意】当直接引语中出现了多个人称时,所有人称的变化都分别按照三种情况做相应的变化。如: (1) 直接引语:He said to the princess, "I can escort you home." 间接引语:He told the princess that he could escort her home. (2) 直接引语:He said to the princess, "Your people really appreciate your father's kindness and generosity to the poor." 间接引语:He told the princess that her people really appreciated her father's kindness and generosity to the poor. . 3、句型变化原则所谓句型变化原则,指的是当直接引语转换为间接引语时,要根据直接引语本身的句子种类,选择不同的连接词或作出不同句子结构的变化。具体的变化情况请看下表: 其中,考虑到直接引语中的句子如果是反义疑问句或是感叹句的情况不太常用,也不太常考,所以在此就不加赘述了。 下面我们来看一些上表中的各种情况的例句: (1) 直接引语:My boss said to me yesterday, "You don't need to go to the airport to meet him." (陈述句) 间接引语:My boss told me yesterday (that) I didn't need to go to the airport to meet him. (that连接,可以省略) (2) 直接引语:My boss said to me yesterday, "Can you meet Michelle at the airport?" (一般疑问句) 间接引语:My boss asked me yesterday if/whether I could meet Michelle at the airport. (if/whether连接) (3) 直接引语:My boss said to me yesterday, "Do you want to meet Michelle at the airport or in the office?" (选择疑问句) 间接引语:My boss asked me yesterday if/whether I wanted to meet Michelle at the airport or in the office. (if/whether连接) (4) 直接引语:My boss said to me yesterday, "What colour does Carol like best?" (特殊疑问句) 间接引语:My boss asked me yesterday what colour Carol liked best. (特殊疑问词what连接) (5) 直接引语:My boss said to me yesterday, "Book two tickets to London tomorrow." (肯定祈使句) 间接引语:My boss told me yesterday to book two tickets to London tomorrow. (改为to do) (6) 直接引语:My boss said to me yesterday, "Don't come to work late again." (否定祈使句) 间接引语:My boss told me yesterday not to come to work late again. (改为not to do) (三)注意事项1、直接引语中谓语动词的变化一般来说,如果直接引语中主句的谓语动词是say/said to sb.,而且直接引语是陈述句时,变成间接引语后,一般都要改为tell/told sb.。但是,如果主句谓语动词say/said后面没有接to sb.时,则保持不变。 2、时间状语和地点状语的变化一般来说,直接引语中的时间状语和地点状语也要作相应的变化,前提是要看转述者是在直接引语原地转述,还是异地转述。也就是说,要看转述者是不是彼时彼地直接就进行转述了。如果直接就地转述了,下面表格中的左边的内容保持不变;如果是异地转述,就按照下面表格中右边的内容作相应的变化。 当然,以上表格并未穷尽所有时间和地点状语的变化情况,大家需要根据具体情况酌情作出变化。需要注意的是,如果是具体日期和时刻,是保持不变的。 3、当直接引语是客观事实或真理的时候当直接引语是客观事实或真理时,无论主句的谓语动词采用的是一般现在时还是一般过去时,间接引语的谓语动词还是采用一般现在时。如: 直接引语:The teacher said to the students, "The sun rises from the east and sets in the west." 间接引语:The teacher told the students (that) the sun rises from the east and sets in the west. |
|