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畅销书作家 Josh Kaufman 在演讲中提出了“ 20 小时定律”，并认为 20 小时足以对任何技能上手。 他因著作《 The First 20 Hours：How to Learn Anything Fast 》而为人熟知。
- 中英文演讲稿 - （手指在框内上下滑动即可查看） Hi everyone. Two year ago, my life changed forever. My wife Kelsey and I welcomed our daughter Lela into the world. Now, becoming a parent is an amazing, amazing experience. Your whole world changes overnight. And all of your priorities change immediately – so fast that it makes it really difficult to process sometimes. Now, you also have to learn a tremendous amount about being a parent like, for example, how to dress your child. This was new to me. This is an actual outfit, I thought this was a good idea. And even Lela knows that it’s not a good idea. So there is so much to learn and so much craziness all at once. And to add to the craziness, Kelsey and I both work from home, we’re entrepreneurs, we run our own businesses. So, Kelsey develops courses online for yoga teachers. I’m an author. And so, I’m working from home, Kelsey’s working from home. We have an infant and we’re trying to make sure that everything gets done that needs done. And life is really, really busy. And a couple of weeks into this amazing experience, when the sleep deprivation really kicked in, like around week eight, I had this thought, and it was the same thought that parents across the ages, internationally, everybody has had this thought, which is: I am never going to have free time – ever again. Somebody said it’s true. Yeah, it’s not exactly true, but it feels really, really true in that moment. And this was really disconcerting to me, because one of the things that I enjoy more than anything else is learning new things. Getting curious about something and diving in and fiddling around and learning through trial and error. And eventually becoming pretty good at something. And without this free time, I didn’t know how I was ever going to do that ever again. And so, I’m a big geek, I want to keep learning things, I want to keep growing. And so what I’ve decided to do was, go to the library, and go to the bookstore, and look at what research says about how we learn and how we learn quickly. 10,000 hour rule And I read a bunch of books, I read a bunch of websites. And tried to answer this question, how long does it take to acquire a new skill? You know what I found? 10,000 hours! Anybody ever heard this? It takes 10,000 hours. If you want to learn something new, if you want to be good at it, it’s going to take 10,000 hours to get there. And I read this in book after book, and website after website. And my mental experience of reading all of this stuff was like: No!! I don’t have time! I don’t have 10,000 hours. I am never going to be able to learn anything new. Ever again. But that’s not true. So, 10,000 hours, just to give you a rough order of magnitude, 10,000 hours is a full-time job for five years. That’s a long time. And we’ve all had the experience of learning something new, and it didn’t take us anywhere close to that amount of time, right? So, what’s up? There’s something kind of funky going on here. What the research says and what we expect, and have experiences, they don’t match up. And what I found, here’s the wrinkle: The 10,000 hour rule came out of studies of expert-level performance. There was a professor at Florida State University, his name is K. Anders Ericsson. He is the originator of the 10,00 hour rule. And where that came from is, he studied professional athletes, world class musicians, chess grand masters. All of these ultra competitive folks in ultra-high performing fields and he tried to figure out how long does it take to get to the top of those kinds of fields. And what he found is, the more deliberate practice, the more time that those individuals spend practicing the elements of whatever it is that they do, the more time you spend, the better you get. And the folks at the tippy top of their fields put in around 10,000 hours of practice. Now, we were talking about the game of telephone a little bit earlier. Here’s what happened. An author by the name of Malcolm Gladwell wrote a book in 2007 called “Outliers: The Story of Success“, and the central piece of that book was the 10,000 hour rule. Practice a lot, practice well, and you will do extremely well, you will reach the top of your field. So, the message, what Dr. Ericsson was actually saying is, it takes 10,000 hours to get at the top of an ultra competitive field in a very narrow subject, that’s what that means. But here’s what happened: ever since Outliers came out, immediately came out, reached the top of best seller lists, stayed there for three solid months. All of a sudden the 10,000 hour rule was everywhere. And a society-wide game of telephone started to be played. So this message, it takes 10,000 hours to reach the top of an ultra competitive field, became, it takes 10,000 hours to become an expert at something, which became, it takes 10,000 hours to become good at something, which became, it takes 10,000 hours to learn something. But that last statement, it takes 10,000 hours to learn something, is not true. It’s not true. So, what the research actually says — I spent a lot of time here at the CSU library in the cognitive psychology stacks because I’m a geek. And when you actually look at the studies of skill acquisition, you see over and over a graph like this. Now, researchers, whether they’re studying a motor skill, something you do physically or a mental skill, they like to study things that they can time. Because you can quantify that, right? So, they’ll give research participants a little task, something that requires physical arrangement, or something that requires learning a little mental trick, and they’ll time how long a participant takes to complete the skill. And here’s what this graph says, when you start — so when researchers gave participants a task, it took them a really long time, because it was new and they were horrible. With a little bit of practice, they get better and better and better. And that early part of practice is really, really efficient. People get good at things with just a little bit of practice. Now, what’s interesting to note is that, for skills that we want to learn for ourselves, we don’t care so much about time, right? We just care about how good we are, whatever good happens to mean. Learning Curve So if we relabel performance time to how good you are, the graph flips, and you get this famous and widely known, this is the learning curve. And the story of the learning curve is when you start, you’re grossly incompetent and you know it, right? With a little bit of practice, you get really good, really quick. o that early level of improvement is really fast. And then at a certain point you reach a plateau, and the subsequent games become much harder to get, they take more time to get. Now, my question is, I want that, right? How long does it take from starting something and being grossly incompetent and knowing it to being reasonably good? In hopefully, as short a period of time as possible. So, how long does that take? Here’s what my research says: 20 hours. That’s it. You can go from knowing nothing about any skill that you can think of. Want to learn a language? Want to learn how to draw? Want to learn how to juggle flaming chainsaws? If you put 20 hours of focused deliberate practice into that thing, you will be astounded. Astounded at how good you are. 20 hours is doable, that’s about 45 minutes a day for about a month. Even skipping a couple days, here and there. 20 hours isn’t that hard to accumulate. Now, there’s a method to doing this. Because it’s not like you can just start fiddling around for about 20 hours and expect these massive improvements. There’s a way to practice intelligently. There’s a way to practice efficiently, that will make sure that you invest those 20 hours in the most effective way that you possibly can. And here’s the method, it applies to anything: The first is to deconstruct the skill. Decide exactly what you want to be able to do when you’re done, and then look into the skill and break it down into smaller and smaller pieces. Most of the things that we think of as skills are actually big bundles of skills that require all sorts of different things. The more you can break apart the skill, the more you’re able to decide, what are the parts of this skill that would actually help me get to what I want? And then you can practice those first. And if you practice the most important things first, you’ll be able to improve your performance in the least amount of time possible. The second is, learn enough to self correct. So, get three to five resources about what it is you’re trying to learn. Could be books, could be DVDs, could be courses, could be anything. But don’t use those as a way to procrastinate on practice. I know I do this, right? Get like 20 books about the topic, like, “I’m going to start learning how to program a computer when I complete these 20 books“. No. That’s procrastination. What you want to do is learn just enough that you can actually practice and self correct or self edit as you practice. So the learning becomes a way of getting better at noticing when you’re making a mistake than at doing something a little different. The third is to remove barriers to practice. Distractions, television, internet. All of these things that get in the way of you actually sitting down and doing the work. And the more you’re able to use just a little bit of willpower to remove the distractions that are keeping you from practicing, the more likely you are to actually sit down and practice, right? And the fourth is to practice for at least 20 hours. Now, most skills have what I call a frustration barrier. You know, the grossly-incompetent- and-knowing-it part? That’s really, really frustrating. We don’t like to feel stupid. And feeling stupid is a barrier to us actually sitting down and doing the work. So, by pre-committing to practicing whatever it is that you want to do for at least 20 hours, you will be able to overcome that initial frustration barrier and stick with the practice long enough to actually reap the rewards. That’s it! It’s not rocket science. Four very simple steps that you can use to learn anything. Now, this is easy to talk about in theory, but it’s more fun to talk about in practice. So one of the things that I’ve wanted to learn how to do for a long time is play the ukulele. Has anybody seen Jake Shimabukuro’s TED Talk where he plays the ukulele and makes it sound like — he’s like a ukulele god. It’s amazing. I saw it, I was like, “That is so cool!” It’s such a neat instrument. I would really like to learn how to play. And so I decided that to test this theory I wanted to put 20 hours into practicing ukulele and see where it got. And so the first thing about playing the ukulele is, in order to practice, you have to have one, right? So, I got an ukulele and — My lovely assistant? Thank you sir. I think I need the chord here. It’s not just an ukulele, it’s an electric ukulele. Yeah. So, the first couple hours are just like the first couple hours of anything. You have to get the tools that you are using to practice. You have to make sure they’re available. My ukulele didn’t come with strings attached. I had to figure out how to put those on. Like, that’s kind of important, right? And learning how to tune, learning how to make sure that all of the things that need to be done in order to start practicing get done, right? Now, one of the things when I was ready to actually start practicing was I looked in online databases and songbooks for how to play songs. And they say, okay, ukuleles, you can play more than one string at a time, so you can play chords, that’s cool, you are accompanying yourself, yay you. And when I started looking at songs, I had an ukulele chord book that had like hundreds of chords. Looking at this and “Wow, that’s intimidating”. But when you look at the actual songs, you see the same chords over and over, right? As it turns out, playing the ukulele is kind of like doing anything, there’s a very small set of things that are really important and techniques that you’ll use all the time. And in most songs you’ll use four, maybe five chords, and that’s it, that’s the song. You don’t have to know hundreds, as long as you know the four or the five. So, while I was doing my research, I found a wonderful little medley of pop songs by a band called Axis of Awesome. Somebody knows it. And what Axis of Awesome says is that you can learn, or you can play pretty much any pop song of the past five decades, if you know four chords, and those chords are G, D, Em and C. Four chords pump out every pop song ever, right? So I thought, this is cool! I would like to play every pop song ever. So, that was the first song I decided to learn, and I would like to actually share it with you. Ready? (Music and sings) Just a small town girl, living in a lonely world, she took the midnight train going anywhere. I heard that you settled down, that you found a girl, that you’re married now. Every night in my dreams I see you, I feel you, that is how I know you go on. I won’t hesitate no more, no more. It cannot wait, I’m yours. Because you were amazing, we did amazing things. If I could, then I would, I’d go wherever you will — Can you feel the love tonight. I can’t live with or without you. When I find myself — When I find myself in times of trouble, mother Mary comes to me, Sometimes I feel like I don’t have partner. No woman, no cry. Yeah mama, this surely is a dream. I come from a land down under. Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong. Hey, I just met you, and this is crazy, but here’s my number, so call me Hey sexy lady, op, op, op, op, oppan gangnam style. It’s time to say goodbye. Closing time, every new beginning comes from some other beginning’s end. (Singing and music ends) Thank you, thank you. I love that song. And I have a secret to share with you. So, by playing that song for you, I just hit my twentieth hour of practicing the ukulele. Thank you. And so it’s amazing, pretty much anything that you can think of, what do you want to do. The major barrier to learn something new is not intellectual, it’s not the process of you learning a bunch of little tips or tricks or things. The major barrier is emotional. We’re scared. Feeling stupid doesn’t feel good. In the beginning of learning anything new you feel really stupid. So the major barrier is not intellectual, it’s emotional. But put 20 hours into anything. It doesn’t matter. What do you want to learn? Do you want to learn a language? Want to learn how to cook? Want to learn how to draw? What turns you on? What lights you up? Go out and do that thing. It only takes 20 hours. Have fun. 两年前，我的女儿 Lela 出生后，我的生活彻底改变了。 看着很简单的事，比如给孩子穿衣服，但是这些对于老婆和我来讲都是需要重新学习的事。 我们没有任何自由的时间，但是，有一件事我很担心，我是一个对世界充满好奇的人，并沉湎于学习过程中，但因为孩子的出生，我就再也不会有那样的生活了，哎…… 情人节 分割线 我决定去图书馆，去书店来找各种关于“我们应该怎么学”以及“怎么学得更快”的资料。 我读了好多书，看了好多网站，就是想回答一个问题，如何更快的掌握一门技能。 在我读了一本又一本的书，看了一个又一个的网页之后，就发现了一个学习曲线图（无论身体技能还是精神技能的学习，研究者都希望能量化）。 研究者做了一些实验，找了一些志愿者来参与这个调查，给他们一些身体或心理的任务，让他们学习，看他们需要花多长时间能够完成任务。 最开始，志愿者会需要花很长时间来完成，毕竟这些事对于他们来讲是全新的、陌生的甚至有些难度的，但是经过一些练习之后，他们就会做得越来越好，效率越来越高。 通过一些练习之后，人们就会慢慢变得擅长做这件事，更有意思的一点是，当我们真的喜欢做一个事时，我们是不在乎时间长短的，我们关心的只是我们做得怎么样，有多好，怎么样才算好。 所以，如果给“我做得有多好”这个行为进行图表分析的话，我就得到这个很有名的学习曲线。 最开始，你完全做不好，但通过一些练习之后，你就会越做越快，越做越好，而且提升也很快。但慢慢地你就会到达一个瓶颈期，接下来的任务和目标就会比较难完成，也需要花更多时间。 情人节 分割线 事实上，我想谈的是，想要从菜鸟状态发展到做得还不错，最短需要花多长时间？ 我的调查结果是只需要 20 个小时！ 别惊讶，无论你是想学新语言，想画画，还是想变一个魔术，如果你花了 20 个小时精心刻意地学习某个技能，你自己都会惊讶原来你可以做得这么好！ 每天花 45 分钟，坚持一个月，当然其中也可以偷懒几天，20 个小时就可以轻松累积到了。 情人节 分割线 如果能高效地开始练习，从而掌握某一个技能？我钻研出了四种简单的方法。 分解这个技能 当你要开始学一个技能时，先好好研究下这个技能到底是什么，然后再把它分解成一个一个的小技能。 我们想要学的技能，基本上都是由一捆不同的小技能组成的，我们分解的技能越多，我们就会做得越好！ 分解技能真的很有用，分解完之后，我们先从最重要的小技能开始练习，这样我们就能用最短的时间最好地提升技艺。 学会自我修正 找到 3 到 5 个能用的学习渠道，包括书籍、视频、课程等等。千万别拖延！当我想学习电脑编程时，我就立刻买了 20 本书。 当你在练习过程中，发现问题就立刻改正，或者尝试一种新的方式，通过自己改正或者修正，就会让你的学习效果变得更好。 消除练习中的障碍 像电视、互联网这些容易让人分心的事都在阻挡你学习的进程，你消除这些“阻碍者”的意志越坚决，你越有可能安心地坐下来练习。 至少练习 20 个小时 做任何事情都有个沮丧期，众所周知，完全菜鸟与一知半解的状态都同样会让人沮丧，我们都不喜欢看起来很蠢的自己，而觉得自己很蠢经常是我们好好学习技能的障碍。 所以呢，在学习某一项技能之前可以做一些宣誓，说自己一定会克服最初的沮丧期，并会持续地练习，这真的很有用。 情人节 分割线 任何事情都是说得容易，做着难，不过我却觉得做起来反而更有趣。 我想学乌克丽丽很久了，但一直没有做。看了杰克·岛袋的演讲之后，我感觉他就是“乌克丽丽之神”，我也想尝试一下，花 20 小时检验一下这个理论，看看效果会怎么样。 第一件事就是我需要有一把乌克丽丽，巧妇难为无米之炊，所以，先把设备备齐，然后我开始学习曲调。 我第一件事就是在网上查相关资料与书籍，乌克丽丽是你一次可以不只弹一根弦，也就是说你可以弹和弦。当我拿到一本书的时候，天哪，竟然有几百种和弦，太恐怖了！ 但当我想要演奏一首歌，拿到曲谱的时候，我发现实际上也就只需要那么几种和弦，它们重复来重复去，所以，你不需要一下子学会几百种，只需要先把眼前需要用的那几种练熟了就好，然后我就用乌克丽丽搞掂了这首曲子！ 情人节 分割线 通过学吉他，我发现一个道理，学习新技能的障碍不是智力上的，而是心理上的。 我们都不喜欢那种作为初学者看着自己很蠢的感觉，因为那种感觉真的很不好。所以，当你找到你想要的技能，并找到学习动力时，要学会克服心理上的障碍。那么无论你是学习语言、厨艺还是画画，真的都只需要 20 个小时。 END |
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