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第二十三章 省略句 并列句中的省略及练习题 所属教程:张道真简明英语语法浏览:1058Lisa2015年03月29日随身学 张道真简明英语语法第二十三章省略句(199) .并列句中的省略 1 .并列句如果两个分句有重复处，后面不分就常常省略掉： I work in a factory and my brother on a farm . 我在工厂工作，我弟弟在农场工作。 My room 15 on the second floor and his , on the third . 我的房间在三楼，他的房间在四楼。 He majors in English , and Iin French . 他主修英语，而我主修法语。 Someone has borrowed that look , but Idon t remember who . 有人借了那本书，但我不记得谁借的了。 The fox may grow grey , but never good . 狐狸会变老，却不会变好。(谚) 2 .有时but , and 等连词可引起一个短语，有的词则省略了： We tried to help her , but in vain . 我们想法子帮助式，但没有用。 He did it andquite successfully too at the beginning . 他这样做了，而且开头时还很成功。 We still have our shortcomings , and veryb 心ones too . 我们还有缺点，而且是很大的缺点。 This happened and adodthingtoo , forithepedustorealizeour sh ort comings . 发生了这事，也是好事，因为它帮棵我们明白了我们的缺点。 3 .另外，下面这些句子也可说有词省略： A little further and you will see a sign board ? 再往前走一点，你可以看到一块招牌。(G 。) A few months more and the hydro - - electric station would be providing power . 再过几个月水电站就要供电了。(Wait ) Well , another thing , have you sent out the invitation cards ? 哦，还有一件事，请谏发出去了吗?( Ihave toaskyou ) Now , one more thing , I want to send a package by air mail . 还有一件事，我要寄一个航空包裹。(I have to do . ) Exercises (练习及答案) 练习一：补出下列句子的省略部分 1 . We eat our food with chopsticks and the Europeans with knives and fofks . 1 . eat ( their food ) 2 . The names of the two little ones seemed to be Sabina and Freda ; of the eldest , Stella . 2 . The name ( of the eldest ) seemed to be 3 . The scenery was beautiful , and the acting superb . 3 . was ( superb ) 4 .A: We're bound to win someday . B: Yes , but when ? 4 . ( When ) are we to win 5 . You must stop , and at once , this sort of behaviour . 5 . stop ( at once ) 6 . She never said she was homesick , but she was . 6 . ( was ) homesick 7 . She pretended to be angry , but she was not . 7 . ( was not ) angry 练习二：将下面的英语句子翻译成中文 1. He worked hard but without any success . 1. 他努力工作却没成功。 2. She glanced quickly about , but seeing only the empty room . 2.它快速向周围望了一眼，但只看见一间空屋。 3 . She tried to save it but invain. 3 .私设法救它却没救活。 4 . It's not the red one I wanted but the blue one . 4 .我要的不是红的而是那个蓝色的。 5 . He's hardworking , but not very clever . 5 .他很勤奋，但不很聪明。 6 , The phone rang , but only for a few seconds . 6 .电话铃响了，但只响了几秒钟。 张道真简明英语语法第二十三章省略句(197) 简单句中的省略.在日常对话中常常用到省略句 1. 一是在回答问题时(a ) ，一是在接着别人说话时(b ) : a . When are we due toarrive ?—— In about two hours . 我们什么时候到?—— 大约两个钟头后到。 Will you join us ?—— I should love to . 你愿意和我们一道去吗?—— 我愿意。 H ave you sp oken to him ?—— Not yet . 你给他讲了吗?― 还没有。 b . It looks like a shower .—— Yes , Somewhat . 看起来要卜一阵雨了。—— 是的，有点像。 I went to an exhibition this morning .—— With whom ? 我今天去参观了一个展览。—— 和谁去的? I hope I am not disturbing you too much .—— Certainly not . 我希望我不会过分打扰你。—— 当然不会。 2 ，在陈述自己的意见(a ) ，提出问题或要求(b )或是在感叹句中(c )都可以有字词省略： I'm not feeling Very well today . 今天觉得有点不舒服。 Must have gone to work . 准是上班去了。 Nice day again . 又是一个好天。 b ? nybody against it ? 有人反对吗? Wh at next ? 下一步怎么办? Just a drop more . 再喝一点点。 A good idea !好主意! Stupid !愚蠢! 3 .在日记，书信中也有时有字词省略(a ) ，报纸标题中也常有省略句(b ) : Out with Bill in the morning , A wet day . 早上和毕尔出去，下着雨。 Having a Wonderful time . Marvelous weathe. 玩得很好，天气好极了。 Senator to seek Reelection .参议员争取再次当选。 ------------------------------------------------ Exercises练习及答案： 练习一：给出下列句子中省略的词: 1 . How are you getting on with your work ?—— Pretty well . 1 . (I'm getting on) pretty well 2 . How is the weather ?—— going to clear up . 2 . (It's )going to clear up 3 . Are you tired ?—— Not very . 3 . I'm ( not ) ( very ) tired . 4 . Who's that gentleman ?—— Our neighbor , Mr . White . 4 . (He's )Our neighbor , Mr . White 5 . Would you like this one or that one ?—— Both , please! 5 . (I'll have) Both , please! 6 . Hope you won't mind if I borrow your dictionary for a moment.——Not in the least . 6 . I don't mind ( in the least ) 7 . The play was very touching .—— Yes , and very instructive too . 7 . It was very touching (and very instructive too). 8 . He won't come .—— Why ? 8. Why (won't he come)? 9 . He specializes in anthropology.—— What ? 9 . What (does he specialize in) 练习二：将下列英语省略句翻译成中文 1 . Hope to hear from you soon. 1 .希望不久接到你的信。 2 . Happy New year .—— The same to you . 2 .祝新年快乐。—— 也祝你新年快乐。 3 . No change in the plan until further notice. 3 .另接通知前计划不变。 4 . Sorry to be late . 4 .对不起迟到了。 5 . Had your breakfast? 5 .吃早饭了吗? 6 . Finished your work ?—— Almost . 6 .工作干完了吗?—— 差不多完了。 7 . A pound of butter , please ? 7 .请给我一磅黄油。 8 . Right ?—— Right. 8 .对不对?—— 对。 9 . What a magnificent building! 9 .真漂亮的大楼! 10 . You old ? Not a bit of it ! 10 .你老了?一点不老。 张道真简明英语语法第二十三章省略句(196) .省略句概述 (Elliptical Sentences) ，主要讲了在口语语法中常用省略句的几种情况 1 .英语句子，特别是在口语中，常会有词被省略，这样的句子称为省略句，被省略的部分可以是： l )主语： ( I ) Beg your pardon .请再说一遍。 (It ) Doesn t matter .没关系。 ( Do you ) Want some ? (你)要一点吗? 2 )谓语或谓语的一部分： ( Is there ) Anything you want ?你要什么东西吗? ( Does ) anybody need help ?有人需要帮忙吗? ( Are ) you hungry ?你饿吗? 3 )宾语： Where is George ?—— I don't know . 乔治在哪里?—— 我不知道。 She knows who did it , but she won t tell. 她知道是谁干的，但她不说。 4 )主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分): ( I'm ) Sorry .对不起。 ( Come ) This way , please .请这边来。 ( Are y ou ) T ired ?累了吗? ( Are you ) looking for me ?找我? 5 )不定式、冠词或其他东西： He didn t come , though we had invited him to ( come ) . 他没来，虽然我们邀请了他。 ( The ) Fact is we don't know it ourselves .事实是我们自己也不知道 Shall we be late ?—— I hope ( we shall ) not ( be late ) . 我们会不会迟到?― 我希望不会。 2 .有些句子只含有句子的一部分(如只有谓语或谓语的一部分)，却很难说有什么词省略。这类句子可以称单部句(one member Sentences ) ，如： Thanks a lot .非常感谢。 What of it ?哪又有什么关系。 Away with you !滚开! Hands up !举起手来 ---------------------------------------------------------- 练习及答案： 练习一：补出下列英语省略句中省略的词: 1 . Haven't seen you for ages! 1 . ( I ) Haven't seen you for ages! 2 . Had a good time? 2. ( Have you ) Had a good time? 3 . Looks like rain . 3 . ( It ) Looks like rain. 4 . Got to go now . 4 . ( I've ) Got to go now 5 . Anything I can do for you? 5 . ( Is there ) Anything I can do for you? 6 . What a pity you can't go with us! 6 . What a pity ( it is ) you can't go with us! 7 . Sorry , wrong number. 7 . ( I'm ) Sorry , wrong number. 8 . Got a pen? 8 . ( Have you ) Got a pen? 9 . Did you like the film ?—— Oh , very much . 9 . Did you like the film ?—— Oh , (I like it) very much . 10 . Trouble is we don't have enough tools . 10 . (The) Trouble is we don't have enough tools . 练习二：将下面的省略句翻译成中文 1 . No smoking ( parking / spitting ) . 1 . 禁止吸烟(停车/ 吐痰) 2 . No entry . 2 .不得入内。 3 . Off with the lid . 3 .把盖子揭开。 4 . Out with it. 4 .说出来。 5 . Down with Fascism ! 5 .打倒法西斯主义! 6 . On with your clothes. 6 .把衣服穿上。 7 . Off with your shirt . 7 .把衬衫脱下。 8 . Off to bed with you . 8 .去睡觉去! 9 . Down on your knees ! 9 .跪下! 10 . No bicycle against the wall ! 10 .不得靠墙放自行车。 张道真简明英语语法第第二十二章语序(195).倒装语序(3 ) 1 .表语也可连用系动词提到主语前面，提到句首的表语可以是： l )介词短语： Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard , 靠近村子南头有一座很大的梨园。 2 )形容词： Very imporstant in the farmers life 15 the weather forecast . 农民生活中非常重要的事就是天气预报。 Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered . 最糟糕的是他受的屈辱。 3 )方位词： Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 mu of sandy wasteland . 水库西南有两千亩沙荒地。 Below is a restaurant .下面是一家餐馆。 4 )过去分词(表语): Hidden underground ia a wealth of gold , silver , copper , lead and zinc . 地下埋藏了大量金、银、铜、铅和锌。 2 .有时被动结构中的过去分词(a )和进行时态中的现在分词(b )也可以提前： a . Most frequented by tourists is the Ju yong guan section . 游人最多的是居庸关这一段。 Shown together with these products were models of steel works . 和这些产品一道展出还有钢铁厂的模型。 b . Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen ? 躺在地板上的是一个年约十七岁的男孩。 Standing beside the table was an interpreter ? 站在桌旁的是一位口译人员。 3 .在描写景像时，有时把状语提前，同时把谓语放在主语前面，使句子更生动： Following the roar , out rushed a tiger from among the bushes . 一声吼叫，呼地从丛林中冲出一只老虎。 -------------------------------------------------------- 练习题与答案： 练习一：在下面句子中的复合谓语下划线 1 . Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment. 2 . 0n either side were rows of fruit trees . 4 . Around the lake are farms with 57,000 workers . 5 . Nearby are houses built by th epeasants themselves . 6 . Especially popular are the musical and theatrical groups . 7 . Below is an example of typical business letter . 8 . Here is a difficulty for you to get over . 练习二：将下面倒装句翻译成中文： 1 . Holding the secretary's hand is the peasant's young daughters . 抓着秘书的手的是农民的小女儿。 2 . Visiting Beijing were 300 Japanese students ? 访问北京的是300个日本学生吗? 3 . Participating are experts from 46 countries . 参与的专家来自46个国家。 4 . Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists . 观看演出的几乎都是外国游客。 张道真简明英语语法第二十二章语序(194) .倒装语序(2 ) 1 .以never , little , only , not only , nowhere , hardly , scarcely 等副词引起的句子，常用倒装语序： Never before had I shown it to anyone . 我从来没拿给任何人看过。 Little did I realize what was upsetting him . 我完全没意识到什么让他不高兴。 Only then could the work of reconstruction be seriously begain. 只有那时重建工作才能真正开始。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily ? 不仅他说得比较正确，也说得比较不费劲了。 Hardly had he entered the room when they started to ask him questions . 他刚进屋，他们就开始问他问题。 Scarcely had he gone out when it began to rain ? 他刚一出门就下起雨来。 Nowhere could I see him . 哪儿也见不到他。 No sonner had he gone to sleep than the telephone rang once more . 他刚睡着，电话铃又响了。 2 .当一个句子没有宾语而主语又比较长，常可将状语提到句子前去，有时把谓语又放到主语前面，开始这类句子的多为介词短语： After the banqnet came a firework display in the garden . 在宴会之后，花园里又燃放了烟火。 (比较：A firework display came after the banquet . ) Before them lay miles of undulating moorland . 他们前面是一片高低起伏的荒原。 (比较：Miles of undulating moorland lay before them . ) 有时提前的也可能是一个副词： Thus began the plunder of the country 5 wealth . 就这样开始了对这个国家财富的掠夺。 (比较：Thus the plunder of the country 5 wealth began . ) Soon came a new development that had far reaching effects . 不久有了一个新的发展，埠生了深远的影响。 练习题及答案：在下面倒装句的谓语部分下划线： l . Never had Aladdin seen anyone 50 beautiful. 2 . Little does he care whether we live or die. 3 . Only in this way can the honour of the family be saved. 5 . Hardly had she arrived when she started complaining . 6 . Scarcely was he out of sight when they came . 7 . Nowhere have I seen so many beautiful houses . 8. Not once has she failed to keep her promise . 193 .倒装语序(1 ) 陈述句大多数都是自然语序，只有在少数情况下用倒装顺序，如： 1.由there , here , then 等引起的句顺有时用倒装语序： There have been many such uprisings in our history . 我国历史上发生过好些这样的起义。 Here is China a largest tropical forest . 这离有中国最大的热带森林。 2.由so , neither , nor 等引起的句子后，多用倒装语序： Maxim has told me so, and so has Frank . 马克西姆曾这样告诉我，佛兰釉也曾这样告诉我。 " Imhungry . " " soaml . " “我饿”“我也饿”。 I said no more. Neither did she . 我没再说什么，她也没再说什么。 I can't imagine. 我不能想像。 3.条件从句的it 省略时，句子也常常倒装： Had I been in formed earlier , I could have done something . 要是早点告诉我，我也许能想点办法。 Were she there , she might suppurt the motion . 假如她在那里，她或许会支持这项动议。 Should anyone call , tell him to wait for me here . 万一有人找我，让他在这里等我。 4.某些让步从句，也可能用倒装语序。 Come wha t may , we'll always stand by you . 不管发生什么情筒，我们都将站在你一边。 Say what you will , I won't do that . 不管你怎么说，我也不会这样做。 5.在某些表示祝愿的句子中，也可能有倒装语序： Long live the People's Republic of china ! 中华人民共和国万岁! May you have a safe journey. 祝一路平安。 -------------------------------------------- 练习及答案： 练习一：在下面的谓语部分划线 1 . There has been no rain today . 1 . has been 2 . There sprang from the audience a cry of indignation. 2 . sprang 3 . Here are my replies to your questions. 3 . are 4 . "I like hard chairs . " " So do I . " 4. ( so ) do 5 . I don't know and neither do I care . 5 . ( neither ) do 6 . I didn t see it , and nor did you . 6 . (nor ) did 练习二：在下面的副词子句下划线 1 . Were I Tom , I would refuse . 1 . wereI Tom 2 . Were I in her place, I would think differently . 2 . do … think 3 . Should you require anything , just phone me . 3 . Should you require anything 4 . Had he known you were here , he would have come to see you . 4 . Had he know you were here 5 . Had I known, I would not have done that. 5 . Had I known, 6 . Say what you will, I won't change my mind. 6 . Say what you will 192 .自然语序和倒装语序，主语和谓语有两种顺序，即： 1 )自然语序(Natural order ) ― 即主语在前，谓语在后，这和汉语的顺序大体上是一致的，陈述句、'凉叹句等多数是自然语序： I have a bad pain in my back . 我的背疼得厉害。 Scientists divide animals , plants and rocks into classes . 科学家把动物、植物和岩石分成若干类。 Oh , how my heart beat !啊，我的心跳得这么厉害! What a lot of photographs you'veve got! 你的照片真多! 2 )倒装语序(Inverted order ) ― 即谓语放在主语前面，多数疑问句和一部分陈述句使用这种语序： Here is a registered letter . 这儿有你一封挂号信。 In came a man with a white beard . 忽然进来一个白胡子老头。 倒装语序又可分为两种： 1 )全部倒装(Full Invertion ) ― 即整个谓语放在主语前面： Here come the train .火车来了。 Away went the runner .赛跑的人出发了。 2 )部分倒装(Partial Invension ) ― 只将谓语的一部分放在主语前面： How do you spell that word ?那个字怎样讲? lsn t it wonderful !这多好呀! 疑问句大部分是倒装语序： How are you getting along ?你们相处得怎样? Do you know her telephone number ?你知道她的电话号码吗? 15 she leaving today or tomorrow ?她今天动身还是明天动身? You enjoy your work , don t you ?你喜欢你的工作对吧? 如果主语是由疑问词表示的或修饰的，它就放在谓语前面： Who invented the televi , ion ?电视是谁发明的? Which side won the match ?哪边赛赢了? 在个别情况下，陈述句改为问句(Do you know him ? ) ，这时就用自然语序。 练习及答案：在下面句子中的谓语下划线 1 . There goes the bell . 1 . goes 2 . Down fell a dozen apples . 2 . fell 3 . Round and round flew the plane . 3 . flew 4 . Out sprang the cuckoo ? 4 . Sprang 5 . In the door way stood a man with a gun . 5 . stood 6 . Over the wall came a shower of stones . 6 . came 7 . Where shall we meet ? 7 . Shall … meet 8 . Does she major in English ? 8 . Does … major 第二十一章 独立成分 插入语 所属教程:张道真简明英语语法浏览:376Lisa2015年03月27日随身学 191 .插入语 1 .最常见的插入语是下面这类，可放在句子末尾(a ) ，也可能在句子中间(b ) : a . 插入语放在句子末尾 What will be a good beginning, I hope . 希望这是一个良好的开端。 We'll have to book our tickets in advance, I'm afraid . 我看我们得提前订票。 Her performance was wonderful, don't you think ? 她的演出很出色，你觉得吧? We went there for our honeymoon, you know . 我们到那里是去度蜜月，你知道。 b . 插入语放在句子中间 The play, I think, was both interesting and instructive . 这个戏我觉得既有趣又教咏人。 The trees there, it ssaid, are mostly, over thirty feet tall . 据说那里的树多数都有三丈多高。 The first part, it seems, 15 better written than the other parts . 第一部分似乎比其他部分写得都好。 This, you know, is just my personal opinion . 这你知道只是我的个人看法。 2 .有些词或短词可插在句子(特别是问句)中去，不用逗号隔开： What on earth are you fussing about ? 什么事你这样大惊小怪? I wonder where the devil my slippers are ? 真怪，我的拖鞋到哪里去了? Who hell are you ? 你他妈的是谁? 这种插入语主要用来加重语气，去掉后句子结构仍然是完整的。 3 .另外在下面这类句子中似乎也插入了一个成分： We have been waiting for you for heaven knows how long . (比较：Heavens knows how long we have been waiting for you . ) 我们一劲儿等着，天知道我们等了多久。 不过这种插入的部分不宜拿掉。 -------------------------------------------------------- 练习题及答案： 练习一：在下面句子的插入语下面划线 1 . Your family are quite well, I hope . 1 . I hope 2 . You don't mind my smoking, I suppose . 2 . I suppose 3 . It must cost a good deal to live here, don't you think ? 3 . don't you think 5 . Never trained that way, you see . 5 . you see 6 . Soon this would be behind us, she said . 6 . she said 7 . What's the meaning of all that, he asked . 7 . he asked 8 . Why did she do that, he wondered . 8 . he wondered 9 . I'm not much of a dancer, I'm afraid . 9 . I'm afraid 10 . That, I think, is the only answer for the question . 10 . I think 11 . Your explanation, I'm afaid, isn't very convincing . 11 . I'm afraid 12 . Your mother, I guess will be too busy to do that . 12 . I guess 练习二：在下面句子插入的词下划线: 1 . What on earth do you mean ? 1 . on earth 2 . What the devil happened ? 2 . the devil 3 . What the hell do you want ? 3 . the hell 4 . What, in the name of goodness, does all thismean ? 4 . in the name of goodness 5 . He got the news from nobody knows where . 5 . nobody knows 6 . The temple disappeared no one remembers when . 6 . no one remembers 7 . There were twelve people present, to beprecise . 7 . to beprecise 190 .独立成分的类型，独立成分(the Independent Element )是指与句子其他成分没有语法关系的单词、短语或从句，主要有下面几类： 1. 感叹词(Interjection ) ― 常表示说话人当时的情绪，如惊奇、恐惧、’懊恼，高兴等，也可用来打招呼： 1. Ah!please don t ask me any more ，啊，求你不要再问我了。(痛苦) 2. Ah!So you are back now .啊，你回来了。(高兴) 3. Well, here we are at last !好了，我们到底到了!(快乐) 4. God! Why should you be 50 stubborn !天啦，你怎么这样固执!(不耐) 5. My goodness ! How could you work so fast ! 我的天!你怎么千得这么快!(惊奇) 6. Hello! How are you ? 嘿，你好?(打招呼) 2 .呼语(Direct Address ) ― 是对听话人的直接称呼： 1. Come in and take a seat ，Mr Black. 布莱克先生，进来请坐。 2. Be quiet ，children . 孩子们，安静点。 3. Somebod go and retch a pail of water . 谁去打一桶水来。 4. Xiao yang, what do you have on your mind ? 小扬，你有什么心思? 5.Henry，how are you at languages ? 亨利，你学语言的情况如何? 3 .插入语(Parenthesis ) ― 插在句末或句子中间的成分： 1. What is it, you think? 你认为这是什么呢? 2. This, I think, is the only way out of the difficulty. 这个我想是摆脱困难的唯一办法。 3. What on earth is wrong with you, Jessica?杰希嘉，你怎么回事? 它们一般都用逗号和句子的其他部分隔开。 ------------------------------------------------------- 练习及答案：在下面感叹词下面划线 1. Oh ! It's too late already ! 2. Oh ! I have never heard of such things before! 3. Well, what shall we do next ? 4. Dear me, I didn't know you were so sharp tongued. 5. O Lord ! Cabbage grow that big ? 6. Heavens, I must be pregnant. 7. My goodness, it shot today ! 8. Goodness me! What a dirty dress! 9. Oh, goodness, what's happened ? 10. Lord, what's wrong with her ? 11. How should we answer this question ?Why, that's simple 12. His mother, alas, isn't out of danger yet. 13. Aha, sp that's where she hides her money. 14. Hey, come and look at this ! 15. Oh, hi, Olivia. Come on in ? 16. Ouch ! That hurt ! 17. We've done it ! Hurray ! 答案：1. oh 2. ah 3. well 4. Dear me 5. O Lord 6. Heavens 7. my goodness 8. Goodness me 9. Oh, goodness l0. Lord 11. Why 12 Alas 13. aha 14. Hey 15. Oh, hi 16. Ouch 17. harray |
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