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现代统计学奠基人Sir罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(RonaldAylmerFisher)爵士简历(中英6...

 taotao_2016 2019-05-16

现代统计学奠基人Sir罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald AylmerFisher)爵士简历(57k)

目录

A 现代统计学奠基人Sir罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(RonaldAylmer Fisher)爵士简历(27k)

1.个人简历2.主要经历3.贡献成就4.著作列表5.统计学家

B 罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(RonaldAylmer Fisher)简历(中英对照版) (28k)

费舍尔, 罗纳德·艾尔默Fisher, RonaldAylmer

参考文献(1470)


A  现代统计学奠基人Sir罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald Aylmer Fisher)爵士简历(27k)

现代统计学奠基人Sir罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald Aylmer Fisher)爵士简历

|秦陇纪,数据简化DataSimp©20190508Wed

Ronald Aylmer Fisher(18900217-19620729)

罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald Aylmer Fisher)是名英国统计学家演化生物学家遗传学家。他是现代统计学现代演化论的奠基者之一。安德斯·哈尔德称他是一位几乎独自建立现代统计科学的天才理查德·道金斯则认为他是达尔文最伟大的继承者费舍尔建立了以生物统计为基础的遗传学和著名的方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)。他还发明出最大似然估计,并发展出充分性(sufficiency)辅助统计Fisher's线性判别(Fisher's lineardiscriminator)Fisher's资讯(Fisher information)等统计概念。[1]


罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald AylmerFisher)爵士

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher

出生1890217日在英国伦敦

死亡1962729日在澳大利亚阿德莱德

Born: 17 February 1890 in London, England

Died: 29 July 1962 in Adelaide, Australia


罗纳德·艾尔默·费希尔爵士(1890217-1962729)是英国统计学家,进化生物学家,优生学家和遗传学家。他被安德斯·哈尔德描述为几乎一手创造现代统计科学基础的天才,理查德德·道金斯称他为达尔文最伟大的继承者

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was an English statistician, evolutionarybiologist, eugenicist and geneticist. He was described by Anders Hald as 'agenius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modernstatistical science,' and Richard Dawkins described him as 'thegreatest of Darwin's successors'.

1.个人简历

费舍尔R.A.Fisher(18901962),全名罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald Aylmer Fisher),英国国籍,1890217日出生于英国伦敦的东芬奇利(EastFinchley),是七个孩子中最小的一个。父亲乔治·费舍尔,是一位事业有成的艺术品商人,这使得他的童年生活相当顺遂,受到其母亲、三位姐姐与一位哥哥的溺爱。卒于澳洲港口城市阿德莱德Adelaide(澳洲)。他是英国统计遗传学家,现代统计科学的奠基人之一;对达尔文进化论作了基础澄清的工作。[3]

1904年,罗纳德14岁,母亲卡蒂·费舍尔过世,他进入了哈罗中学。18个月后,费舍尔的父亲因几次不明智的交易,而失去了事业。

1906年,罗纳德16岁,正在哈罗公学就读时,在一场称为尼尔德奖章”(Neeld Medal)的论文竞赛中胜出,赢得Neeld奖章。他是一位早成的学生。由于费舍尔的视力很差,当他学习数学的时候,并不使用纸笔等需要动用视觉的方法。例如面对几何学问题的时候,并不将其视觉化,而是以代数操作方式处理。除了数学以外,他也对生物学很感兴趣,尤其是演化论。

1909年,费舍尔19岁,获得奖学金使其能前往剑桥大学冈维尔与凯斯学院就读,学习数学和物理,并主修农业。在剑桥期间,费舍尔学习到了孟德尔遗传学。这个在1860年发表的理论,原本早已被人们忽略了数十年,直到20世纪初,才重新被科学家们发现。

费舍尔感受到生物统计与发展中的各种统计方法具有一种潜力,能够结合不连续的孟德尔定律(例如ABO血型)连续的多基因遗传(例如人类的肤色),以及渐进式的达尔文演化论。此外,由于对统计学的兴趣,费舍尔研读了当时两位著名的统计学家,卡尔·皮尔森(Karl Pearson)威廉姆·戈塞(William Gosset,笔名“Student”)所发表的论文。当时流行的优生学思想也是费舍尔所关注的议题。他将社会人口问题视为包含遗传学与统计学在内的科学。

1911年,费舍尔与当时的一些名人,如经济学家凯恩斯、遗传学家庞尼特(R. C. Punnett),以及工程师霍勒斯·达尔文(Horace Darwin查尔斯·达尔文之子),一起建立了剑桥大学优生学学会(Eugenics Society)[4]这是一个活跃的团体,他们每个月开一次会,并在其他主流优生学组织发表演说。例如法兰西斯·高尔登(Francis Galton)1909年建立的优生学教育学会(Eugenics EducationSociety)

1912年,费舍尔通过了数学学位考试,并于1913年从剑桥大学数学系毕业。

1914年,第一次世界大战爆发。费舍尔和许多英国青年一样,希望能够加入军队、投入沙场。不过因为他严重的视力问题,即使一试再试,依然无法通过健康检查。由于从军不成,接下来6年他便在伦敦市担任统计员,同时也在几所公立学校里教授物理和数学,例如伯克夏(Berkshire)布莱德菲尔德学院(BradfieldCollege)。后随英国数理统计学家J.琼斯进修了一年统计力学。并在19151918发表两篇重要文章,前者探讨相关系数的分布;后者证明遗传上的连续变异,可用许多遵守孟德尔律的基因变异所叠加来解释。他一生在统计和生物的研究兴趣与才华,已经清楚地表现出来。[5]

毕业后几年,他曾到加拿大务农,工作于投资公司投资办工厂,到加拿大某农场管理杂务,还当过私立中学教员。此外,他曾经搭上英国海军的教学舰艇渥彻斯特号”(HMSWorcester)。在英军里担任少校的里奥纳德·达尔文(Leonard Darwin查尔斯·达尔文另一子)与另一位被费舍尔称做古德鲁那(Gudruna)的朋友,是他在这个时期的重要支柱,他们的支持使他得以度过困境。古德鲁那的姊妹艾琳·盖尼斯(Eileen Guinness),经由古德鲁那的介绍与费舍尔相识。

1917年,艾琳与费舍尔结婚,当时她只有17(费舍尔27)。此外,费舍尔也受到自家姊妹们帮助,建立并经营一所称为布莱德菲尔德庄园的农场,在那里他们种植花圃与饲养动物。由于庄园维持生计,使他们在战争时期能够不需要领取政府的食物配给。

第一次世界大战期间,费舍尔开始为期刊《优生学评论》(Eugenic Review)撰写一些复审文章,并在写作期间逐渐加强对遗传学与统计学研究的兴趣。之后他自愿为此期刊进行所有复审工作。除此之外,费舍尔也在里奥纳德·达尔文的雇用下,从事暂时性工作。同时在这段期间,他也发表了许多与生物统计相关的论文,包括《孟德尔遗传假定下的亲戚之间的相关性》(The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition ofMendelian Inheritance)。这篇论文在1916年完成,并在1918年发表,它同时建立了以生物统计为基础的遗传学,以及著名的统计学方差分析(analysis of varianceANOVA)。除了建立统计方法,这篇论文也显示一些具有连续性变异的遗传特征,可以符合孟德尔遗传定律。在此以前,两者被科学家认为是互相违抗。

1918年战争结束之后,皮尔森曾邀请他进入当时著名的高尔登实验室(GaltonLaboratory),但是由于费舍尔认为自己与皮尔森之间的竞争关系是一种职业障碍,因此,放弃了这个机会

1919年,费舍尔拒绝在皮尔逊(K. Pearson)手下工作,选择进入一所名为罗萨姆斯泰德试验站(RothamstedExperimental Station)的农业试验所,在那里任职工作了14。这间农业试验所位于英格兰赫特福德郡(Hertfordshire)的哈平登(Harpenden)。费舍尔除了在其中担任一名统计员之外,所长约翰·罗素(John Russell)也让他设立了一个统计实验室。

在实验活动中,费舍尔不断收集田间肥料、雨量、遗传、土质、细菌、管理试验、气候条件、收获量等资料。与孟德尔修道院的后花园的条件相比,实验的环境更不易控制。引起实验结果差异的因素主要有两个:一是在田间实验中,土质、光照等客观条件不同;二是实验方法不同。由于这两个因素往往同时起作用,因此,如何从总差异中分解出这两个因素各自的影响,以及如何测定它们,是费舍尔所面临的问题。经过多年的努力及深入研究,对长达66年之久的资料加以整理、归纳、提取信息。

1923年,费舍尔陆续发表了关于在农业实验中控制误差的论文,首次提出了方差分析、随机区组、拉丁方等控制、分解和测定实验误差的方法,并且将成果写成一系列题为《收成变异之研究》(Studies in CropVariation)的论文。他的全盛时期也在这时候开始。接下来几年,费舍尔开始构想新的统计方法,如实验设计法(design of experiments)

1925年,他的第一本书出版,书名为《研究者的统计方法》(Statistical Methods for Research Workers)

1933年,因著作《天择的遗传理论》,费舍尔在生物统计和遗传学研究方面成绩卓著,而被聘为伦敦大学优生学高尔顿讲座教授,从事RH血型的研究,因此离开了罗萨姆斯泰德。

1935年,费舍尔完成了在科学实验理论和方法上具有划时代意义的一本书《实验设计》(The Design of Experiments),并出版。这本书被认为开创了科学发展的新时代,因为此前的科学实验对方法设计讨论甚少,实验的过程随机,结果自然就存在很大偶然性。要是实验结果只是一堆杂乱无章的数据,那就无法得出可靠结论,真正对增长知识做出贡献。这本书的结论在今天看来已经成了常识:科学家的实验工作应从建立有效的数学模型开始。

《实验设计》(The Design of Experiments)第二章,费舍尔提到剑桥午后的品茶和那位美丽的女士,也是统计学里一个相当著名的实验——女士品茶实验”(the lady tasting tea test)

那是20世纪20年代后期的某个晴朗的夏日,午后三点三刻,一群在剑桥大学里的学者又凑在一起喝下午茶。一位女士坚称:加茶入奶和加奶入茶,味道很不一样。这一没有科学依据的说法当即遭到一群男学者嗤之以鼻。但费舍尔显得非常兴奋,并为这位女士解围,说让我们来检定这个命题吧。说着,在众学者的帮助下,他开始进行实验。实验的内容很简单,无非是给这位女士品尝用不同方法准备出来的茶,让她分辨出泡茶的方法,设计这个实验却并不像看起来那么容易。

当时,费舍尔设计了各种可能的实验方法,来测试美丽女士能否分辨出不同的茶。问题是,如果美丽女士只是哗众取宠而没有真本领分辨出不同的茶,那么拿一杯茶给她品尝,她也有50%的机会猜出这杯茶的调制方法;如果给她两杯茶,她还是有猜出的可能;如果给她两杯调制方法不同的茶,她可能一次全部猜错或全部猜对。如果美丽女士有真本事,确实能够分辨调制方法不同的茶,但她还有可能弄错,或是茶水和牛奶没有混合好,或茶水温度不够影响了味道,或她喝了很多杯以后感觉已经不太灵敏。总之,品了十杯茶,有可能会弄错一杯。在书里,费舍尔讨论了各种可能结果,描述了该准备多少杯茶,依照什么顺序拿给她,然后根据她回答的正确与否,计算出各种结果的概率。费舍尔端给女士第一杯茶,她尝了一口,然后说出这杯茶是先放茶水后加的牛奶,还是先放牛奶后加的茶水。费舍尔录下她的说法,再送上第二杯,……最终那位女士分辨出每一杯茶(正如哲人所说,女人是感性动物,男人是理性动物。如果感性动物与理性动物联起手来,科学的天空将更加美丽)

女士品茶实验”(the lady tasting tea test)当时在场的另一位统计学教授·史密斯(Hugh Smith)在另一本书里说了:她全部分辨对了!

《研究者的统计方法》《实验设计》这两本书为实验设计法奠定了基础,并被多次翻译与再版。除了新的统计方法,费舍尔也将先前的方差分析研究进行补强与修饰,因而发明出最大似然估计,并发展出充分性(sufficiency)辅助统计费舍尔线性判别(Fisher's linear discriminator)费舍尔资讯(Fisher information)等统计概念。

19431957年,费舍尔回剑桥大学任剑桥大学遗传学巴尔福尔讲座教授。

1952年受封爵士(Sir)

1956年,任剑桥冈维尔科尼斯学院院长。1956年,出版统计方法与科学推论》,最后三年,则在澳洲为国协科技研究组织(CSTRO)工作,并卒于任上。[6]

1959年退休,后去澳大利亚,在那里度过了他最后的三年。1962年,病逝。

2.主要经历

费舍尔(R AFisher)的父母是律师的女儿凯蒂·希思(KatieHeath)和伦敦圣詹姆斯国王街的拍卖商罗宾逊和费舍尔之乔治·费舍尔(GeorgeFisher)。凯蒂和乔治有七个孩子,四个男孩和三个女孩。在1876杰弗里(GeorgeFisher)出生和1877伊夫林(GeorgeFisher)出生后,他们给随后一年出生的第三个孩子起名艾伦(Alan)。但艾伦在很小的时候就去世了,凯蒂便迷信了,决定从那时起他们所有孩子的名字里都会有一个“y”罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(RonaldAylmer Fisher)是双胞胎中的第二个,但年长的双胞胎也出生了(still-born,注:水平有限,此处翻译不准,原文如下)[7]

R A Fisher's parents were KatieHeath, the daughter of a solicitor, and George Fisher, of Robinson and Fisher afirm of auctioneers in King Street, St James, London. Katie and George hadseven children, four boys and three girls. After the birth of Geoffrey in 1876and Evelyn in 1877, they named their third child, who was born the followingyear, Alan. He died at a very young age and Katie, being superstitious, decidedthat all their children from that time on would have a 'y' in theirname. Ronald Aylmer Fisher was the second of twins, but the older twin wasstill-born.

1904年,罗纳德进入了哈罗,但对于这个十四岁的男孩来说,这是一个艰难的时期,因为他的母亲在那一年死于急性腹膜炎。尽管如此,他还是擅长于哈罗在1906年的一场数学论文比赛中赢得了Neeld奖章。费舍尔获得了剑桥CaiusGonville学院的80英镑奖学金,这是他父亲失去财产以来为学习提供资金所必需的。190910月,他在剑桥大学预科。

虽然他在剑桥学习数学和天文学,但他也对生物学感兴趣。在他作为本科生的第二年,他开始咨询大学的高级成员,了解成立剑桥大学优生学会的可能性。他在1912年的数学三重奏中以优异的成绩毕业。然而,他的导师认为他本可以做得更好,写作[3]

......如果他坚持使用绳索他会成为一流的数学家,但他不会。

获得了沃拉斯顿的学生资格,他继续在斯特拉顿的剑桥大学学习错误理论,阅读艾里的手册错误理论。费舍尔对错误理论的兴趣最终导致他调查统计问题。

In 1904 Ronald entered Harrow, but thiswas a difficult time for the fourteen year old boy, for his mother died in thatyear of acute peritonitis. Despite this, he excelled at Harrow winning theNeeld Medal in 1906 in a mathematical essay competition open to the wholeschool. Fisher was awarded a £80 scholarship from Caius and Gonville College,Cambridge, which was necessary to finance his studies since his father had losthis fortune. In October 1909 he matriculated at Cambridge.

Although he studied mathematics andastronomy at Cambridge, he was also interested in biology. In his second yearas an undergraduate he began consulting senior members of the university aboutthe possibility of forming a Cambridge University Eugenics Society. Hegraduated with distinction in the mathematical tripos of 1912. His tutor,however, believed he could have done better, writing [3]:-

...if he had stuck to the ropes he would have made a first class mathematician,but he would not.

Awardeda Wollaston studentship, he continued his studies at Cambridge under Strattonon the theory of errors reading Airy'smanual the Theory of Errors. It was Fisher's interest in the theory oferrors that eventually led him to investigate statistical problems.

离开剑桥后,费舍尔无法获得经济支持,并在加拿大的一个农场工作了几个月。他回到伦敦,担任商业和通用投资公司(Mercantileand General Investment Company)统计员。1914年战争爆发时,他热情地试图入伍,已经在剑桥训练军官训练团。他的医学测试显示他在所有方面都是A1,除了他的视力,被评为C5,所以他被拒绝了。1915年至1919年间,他成为数学和物理教师,在橄榄球和其他类似学校任教。

After leaving Cambridge, Fisher had nomeans of financial support and worked for a few months on a farm in Canada. Hereturned to London, taking up a post as a statistician in the Mercantile andGeneral Investment Company. When war broke out in 1914 he enthusiasticallytried to enlist in the army, having already trained in the Officers' TrainingCorps while at Cambridge. His medical test showed him A1 on all aspects excepthis eyesight, which was rated C5, so he was rejected. He became a teacher ofmathematics and physics, teaching at Rugby and other similar schools between1915 and 1919.

对优生学的兴趣以及他在加拿大农场工作的经历使费舍尔有兴趣创建自己的农场。在这些计划中,他受到了大学朋友的妻子Gudruna的鼓励,这导致他遇到了Gudruna的妹妹RuthEileen Gratton GuinnessRuthEileenGudruna的父亲HenryGratton Guinness博士在他们年轻时去世了,只有十六岁的RuthEileen知道她的母亲不会赞成她这么年轻的结婚。结果,费舍尔于1917426日,在露丝艾琳17岁生日后的几天,在秘密的婚礼仪式上与露丝艾琳结婚。他们有两个儿子和七个女儿,其中一个在婴儿期死亡。

费舍尔于1919年放弃了成为一名数学老师,同时获得了两个职位。KarlPearsonGalton实验室担任首席统计师一职,并在Rothamsted农业实验站担任统计员职务。这是英国最古老的农业研究机构,成立于1837年,研究营养和土壤类型对植物肥力的影响,并呼吁Fisher对农业的兴趣。他接受了Rothamsted的职位,在统计学方面做了很多贡献,特别是实验的设计和分析,以及遗传学。

在那里,他通过引入随机化的概念和方差分析来研究实验的设计,这些方法现在在全世界范围内使用。费舍尔的想法是将实验安排为一组分区的子实验,这些实验在应用一种或多种因素或处理方面彼此不同。设计子实验的方式是通过统计分析将结果的差异归因于不同因素或因素组合。这是在现有方法中的显着进步,该方法在实验中一次仅改变一个因素,这是相对低效的程序。

The interest in eugenics, and hisexperiences working on the Canadian farm, made Fisher interested in starting afarm of his own. In these plans he was encouraged by Gudruna, the wife of acollege friend, and this led to him meeting Ruth Eileen Gratton Guinness,Gudruna's younger sister. Ruth Eileen and Gudruna's father, Dr Henry GrattonGuinness, had died when they were young and Ruth Eileen, only sixteen years ofage, knew that her mother would not approve of her marrying so young. As aresult Fisher married Ruth Eileen at a secret wedding ceremony without hermother's knowledge, on 26 April 1917, only days after Ruth Eileen's 17thbirthday. They had two sons and seven daughters, one of whom died in infancy.

Fisher gave up being a mathematics teacherin 1919 when he was offered two posts simultaneously. KarlPearson offered him the post of chiefstatistician at the Galtonlaboratories and he was also offered the post of statistician at the RothamstedAgricultural Experiment Station. This was the oldest agricultural researchinstitute in the United Kingdom, established in 1837 to study the effects ofnutrition and soil types on plant fertility, and it appealed to Fisher'sinterest in farming. He accepted the post at Rothamsted where he made manycontributions both to statistics, in particular the design and analysis ofexperiments, and to genetics.

There he studied the design of experimentsby introducing the concept of randomisation and the analysis of variance,procedures now used throughout the world. Fisher's idea was to arrange anexperiment as a set of partitioned sub-experiments that differ from each otherin having one or several factors or treatments applied to them. The sub-experimentswere designed in such a way as to permit differences in their outcome to beattributed to the different factors or combinations of factors by means ofstatistical analysis. This was a notable advance over the existing approach ofvarying only one factor at a time in an experiment, which was a relativelyinefficient procedure.

1921年,他介绍了可能性的概念。参数的可能性与数据的概率成比例,并且它给出了通常具有单个最大值的函数,他称之为最大似然。1922年,他给出了统计学的新定义。他声称,其目的是减少数据,他发现了三个基本问题。这些是:

1) 数据来源的人口类型的规范;

2) 估计;和

3) 分配。

In 1921 he introduced the concept oflikelihood. The likelihood of a parameter is proportional to the probability ofthe data and it gives a function which usually has a single maximum value,which he called the maximum likelihood. In 1922 he gave a new definition ofstatistics. Its purpose was, he claimed, the reduction of data, and he identifiedthree fundamental problems. These are:

i.          specification of the kind of populationthat the data came from;

ii.        estimation; and

iii.       distribution.

费舍尔出版了许多重要文本;特别是研究工作者的统计方法(1925)延续了许多版本,并延续了他的一生。这是他在Rothamsted开发的实验设计和分析方法手册。Fisher做出的贡献包括开发适用于小样本的方法,如Gosset的方法,以及发现许多样本统计数据的精确分布。Fisher发表了实验设计(1935)和统计表(1947)。他的书[3]

......革命性的农业研究;因为他们描述了现在全世界使用的方法,用于评估小样本实验的结果,以及为了最小化由于土壤的不均匀性和生物材料的不可避免的不规则性引起的干扰。

Fisher published anumber of important texts; in particular Statistical Methods for ResearchWorkers (1925) ran to many editions which he extended throughout his life.It was a handbook for the methods for the design and analysis of experimentswhich he had developed at Rothamsted. The contributions Fisher made includedthe development of methods suitable for small samples, like those of Gosset, and the discovery ofthe precise distributions of many sample statistics. Fisher published Thedesign of experiments (1935) and Statistical tables (1947). Hisbooks [3]:-

... revolutionizedagricultural research; for they described the methods, now used the world over,for evaluating the results of small sample experiments and for so laying ourexperimental trials as to minimise the disturbances due to heterogeneity ofsoils and the unavoidable irregularity of biological material.

在农业实验站,他曾用小鼠,蜗牛和家禽进行育种实验,他获得的结果导致了他在自然选择的遗传理论”(1930)中发表的关于基因优势和适应性的理论。

这项关于自然选择的研究使费舍尔质疑文明社会中弱势和相对不育的人比强壮的健康个体获得优势的方式。他认为,改善人类的最适合的方法的自然生存是由特别有益于不太适应的因素人为地改变的。他强烈主张采取措施应对这一趋势,他建议家庭津贴应与收入成比例,以支持适应社会的健康成员。正如人们所料,这项政策非常不受欢迎,他找不到支持者。

Whileat the Agricultural Experiment Station he had conducted breeding experimentswith mice, snails and poultry, and the results he obtained led to theoriesabout gene dominance and fitness which he published in The Genetical Theoryof Natural Selection (1930).

This work on natural selection led Fisherto question the way that in civilised societies weak and relatively infertilepeople obtained advantages over strong healthy individuals. He felt that thenatural survival of the fittest method of improving the human race was beingartificially changed by factors that specifically benefited the less welladapted. A strong advocate of measures to counter this trend, he proposed thatfamily allowances should be proportional to income to support the well-adaptedhealthy members of society. As one might expect, this policy was very unpopularand he found few supporters.

1933年,KarlPearson退休,担任Galton大学学院优生学教授,Fisher被任命为主席,担任其继任者。事实上,这个职位被分成两部分,KarlPearson的儿子EgonPearson也被任命为一名主席。费舍尔担任这个职位已有十年,1943年被任命为剑桥大学的亚瑟·巴尔弗遗传学教授。然而,在此之前,他在1939年战争爆发时离开伦敦,在哈彭登寻找临时住所。他于1957年从剑桥主席退休,但继续在那里履行职责两年,直到他的继任者被任命为止。然后他搬到了阿德莱德大学,在那里他继续研究他生命的最后三年。

1933年,费舍尔接替皮尔森因为这两人长期存在争执,这一事实有一定的讽刺意味。争议始于1917年,当时Pearson发表了一篇论文,声称费舍尔在1915年写的一篇论文中未能将可能性与反概率区分开来。尽管现阶段费舍尔刚刚开始他的职业生涯,但他对Pearson发表的一篇文章感到愤怒。这篇文章批评了他的结果而没有告诉他他即将这样做。而且,他不接受皮尔逊的批评,觉得他是正确的。

In 1933 KarlPearson retired as GaltonProfessor of eugenics at University College and Fisher was appointed to thechair as his successor. In fact the post was split in two, with KarlPearson's son EgonPearson also being appointed to a chair. Fisherheld this post for ten years, being appointed as Arthur Balfour professor ofgenetics at the University of Cambridge in 1943. Before this, however, he hadmoved away from London when war broke out in 1939, finding temporaryaccommodation at Harpenden. He retired from his Cambridge chair in 1957 butcontinued to carry out his duties there for another two years until hissuccessor could be appointed. He then moved to the University of Adelaide wherehe continued his research for the final three years of his life.

There was a certain irony in the fact thatFisher succeeded Pearson in1933 for the two had a long running dispute. The dispute began in 1917 when Pearson publisheda paper claiming that Fisher had failed to distinguish likelihood from inverseprobability in a paper he wrote in 1915. Although at this stage Fisher was onlystarting out on his career, he felt angry that Pearson hadpublished an article which was critical of his results without telling him thathe was about to do so. Moreover, he did not accept Pearson'scriticism, feeling that he was correct.

事实上,争斗的原因并不像通常给出的那样简单。标准的解释是费舍尔变得痛苦,因为他的论文遭到了严重的不公正,他的论文被那些不懂生物学的数学家和不懂数学的生物学家所拒绝。让我们举一个例子来说明实际上这是一种过度简化。1918年,费舍尔提交了他非常重要的论文关于孟德尔遗传假设的亲属与皇家学会之间的相互关系。两名裁判,R CPunnettPearson被任命并在报纸上报道。然而,两位裁判都没有拒绝该文件,他们都只是表达了保留意见,并明确表示该文件的某些方面是他们无权判断的。如果费舍尔撤回了这份文件并将其提交给了爱丁堡皇家学会的交易,并被接受。费舍尔的小说创意需要时间才能被接受,这并不奇怪。

然而,当Pearson利用他作为Biometrika编辑的位置攻击Fisher1922年的论文中使用卡方测试时,这种不和变得痛苦。然而,皮尔森走得更远,声称费舍尔通过广泛发布错误结果而对统计数据造成损害。皇家统计学会随后拒绝公布费舍尔的论文,并辞去了该协会的抗议。当然费舍尔也抓住一切机会攻击皮尔森,可以说每个人都对另一个人表现出仇恨。即使Pearson1936年去世后,费舍尔继续对他进行攻击,这使得大学学院的气氛非常困难,Pearson的儿子EgonPearson也在那里举行了一把椅子。

In fact the reasons for the feud were notnearly as simple as those usually given. The standard explanation is thatFisher became bitter because he suffered serious injustice having his papersrejected by mathematicians who did not understand biology and biologists whodid not understand mathematics. Let us take an example to show that in factthis is an over-simplification. In 1918 Fisher submitted his very importantpaper On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelianinheritance to the Royal Society. Two referees, RC Punnett and Pearson, wereappointed and reported on the paper. Neither referee rejected the paper,however, they both merely expressed reservations and stated clearly that therewere aspects of the paper that they were not competent to judge. In the eventFisher withdrew the paper and submitted it to the Transactions of the RoyalSociety of Edinburgh where it was accepted. It is not surprising thatFisher's novel ideas took time to become accepted.

The feud became bitter, however, when Pearson usedhis position as editor of Biometrika to attack Fisher's use of thechi-squared test in a 1922 paper. Pearson wentmuch further, however, and claimed that Fisher had done a disservice tostatistics by widely publishing erroneous results. The Royal Statistical Society thenrefused to publish Fisher's papers and he resigned from the Society in protest.Of course Fisher also took every opportunity to attack Pearson, andit would be fair to say that each showed hatred towards the other. Even after Pearson diedin 1936, Fisher continued his attack on him, which made the atmosphere inUniversity College a very difficult one with Pearson's son EgonPearson also holding a chair there.

费舍尔于1929年当选为皇家学会会员,1938年获得该协会皇家奖章,并于1948年获得该协会的达尔文奖章: -

......认识到他对自然选择理论的杰出贡献,其基因复合体的概念和支配地位的演变。

然后,在1955年,他被授予皇家学会的科普利奖章: -

......表彰他为发展量化广泛的生物学领域的统计学理论和应用做出的众多杰出贡献。

他于1934年当选为美国艺术与科学学院,1941年入选美国哲学学会,1948年入选国际血液学会,1948年入选美国国家科学院,1960年入选德国自然科学学会Leopoldina。各种机构授予他荣誉学位,包括哈佛大学(1936),加尔各答大学(1938),伦敦大学(1946),格拉斯哥大学(1947),阿德莱德大学(1959),利兹大学(1961),和印度统计研究所(1962)。他于1952年被封为爵士。

Fisherwas elected a Fellow of the RoyalSocietyin 1929, was awarded the Royal Medal of the Society in 1938, and was awardedthe Darwin Medal of the Society in 1948:-

... in recognition ofhis distinguished contributions to the theory of natural selection, the conceptof its gene complex and the evolution of dominance.

Then, in 1955, he wasawarded the Copley Medal of the RoyalSociety:-

... in recognition ofhis numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory andapplication of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology.

He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1934, the AmericanPhilosophical Society in 1941, the International Society of Haematology in1948, the National Academy of Sciences of the United States in 1948, and the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina in 1960. Variousinstitutions awarded him an honorary degree including Harvard University(1936), University of Calcutta (1938), University of London (1946), Universityof Glasgow (1947), University of Adelaide (1959), University of Leeds (1961), andthe Indian Statistical Institute (1962). He was knighted in 1952.

Fisher的特征在[3]中描述如下: -

他具有巨大的魅力和友谊的温暖。但他也是受害者,正如他自己所承认的那样,是一种无法控制的脾气;当他看到它真正充满激情时,他对科学真理的热爱,对于那些他认为犯了传播错误罪的人来说,他是一个不可动摇的敌人。

他也有其他优点和缺点[3] -

作为一个具有穿透力的思想家,费舍尔很出色但他的着作对很多读者来说都很难。实际上,他的一些教导已经被其他能够简化表达的人的书籍最有效地传达。作为一名讲师,费舍尔对普通学生来说太难了;他的课程会迅速消失,直到只有两三名能够坚持步伐的学生仍然是着迷的门徒。他作为管理员也不是特别成功;他也许没有意识到普通人的局限性。但凭借他广泛的兴趣和敏锐的思想,他是一个最具刺激性和同情心的会话主义者。

Fisher'scharacter is described in [3] as follows:-

He was capable oftremendous charm, and warmth in friendship. But he also was the victim, as he himselfrecognised, of an uncontrollable temper; and his devotion to scientific truth ashe saw it being literally passionate, he was an implacable enemy of those whomhe judged guilty of propagating error.

He had other strengthsand weaknesses too [3]:-

As a penetrating thinkerFisher was outstanding; but his writings are difficult for many readers.Indeed, some of his teachings have been most effectively conveyed by the booksof others who have been able to simplify their expression. As a lecturer also,Fisher was too difficult for the average student; his classes would rapidlyfall away until only two or three students who could stand the pace remained asfascinated disciples. Nor was he particularly successful as an administrator;he perhaps failed to appreciate the limitations of the ordinary man. But withhis wide interests and penetrating mind he was a most stimulating and sympatheticconversationalist.

3.贡献成就

3.1 主要贡献

费舍尔给出了许多现代统计学中重要的基本概念,从而使数理统计学发展成为一门成熟的广泛应用的学科,这在很大程度上要归功于英国统计学家费舍尔的工作,使他成为当时统计学界的中心人物。费舍尔也是一些有重要理论和应用价值的统计分支和方法的开创者。他对数理统计学的贡献,内容涉及估计理论、假设检验、实验设计和方差分析等重要领域。如①用亲属间的相关说明了连续变异的性状可以用孟德尔定律来解释,从而解决了遗传学中孟德尔学派和生物统计学派的论争。②论证了方差分析的原理和方法,并应用于试验设计,阐明了最大似然性方法以及随机化、重复性和统计控制的理论,指出自由度作为检查K.皮尔逊制定的统计表格的显着性。此外,还阐明了各种相关系数的抽样分布,亦进行过显着性测验研究。③他提出的一些数学原理和方法对人类遗传学、进化论和数量遗传学的基本概念以及农业、医学方面的试验均有很大影响。例如遗传力的概念就是在他提出的可将性状分解为加性效应、非加性(显性)效应和环境效应的理论基础上建立起来的。

3.2 主要成就

在洛桑(Rothamsted)农业实验场,费舍尔负责植物播殖实验的设计,希望透过尽量少的时间、成本与工作量,得到尽量多的有用资讯;另外是要整理该实验场60年来累积的实验资料。费舍尔在这里发展他的变异数分析理论,研究假说测试,并且提出实验设计的随机化原则,使得科学试验可以同时进行多参数之检测,并减少样本偏差。

研究工作者统计方法Statistical Methods for ResearchWorkers(SMRW)

作者:Sir Ronald A.Fisher,出版社: Oliver & Boyd,出版年:1970-06,定价: GBP 2.00,装帧:PaperbackISBN: 9780050021705。内容简介:“统计方法研究工作者是统计学家R.A.费舍尔在1925年写的统计学经典着作。有些人认为它是20世纪最具影响力的统计方法之一。

Statistical Methods for ResearchWorkers is a classic 1925 book on statistics by the statistician R.A. Fisher.It is considered by some to be one of the 20th century's most influential bookson statistical methods.

目录

序言Prefaces

简介Introduction

1.图表Diagrams

2.分配Distributions

3.适合度,独立性和同质性的测试;用表χ2Tests of Goodness of Fit, Independence and Homogeneity; with table of χ2

4.均值,均值差和回归系数的重要性检验Tests of Significance of Means,Difference of Means, and Regression Coefficients

5.相关系数The Correlation Coefficient

6.组内相关性和方差分析Intraclass Correlations and theAnalysis of Variance

7.方差分析的进一步应用Furthern Applications of theAnalysis of Variance

8.用于数据和方法索引的来源SOURCES USED FOR DATA AND METHODSINDEX

1928年第二版增加第9章:统计估计原则。Inthe second edition of 1928 a chapter 9 was added: The Principles of StatisticalEstimation.

我知道我很固执,我只是找不到理由让自己去妥协。四年,R.A.Fisher是总结,也可能是开端。[6]

他在1925所著《研究工作者的统计方法》影响力超过半世纪,遍及全世界。而在洛桑的工作结晶,同时也表现在为达尔文演化论澄清迷雾的巨著《天择的遗传理论》(1930)中,说明孟德尔的遗传定律与达尔文的理论并不像当时部份学者认为的互相矛盾,而是相辅相成的。并且认为演化的驱力主要来自选择的因素远重于突变的因素。这本着作将统计分析的方法带入演化论的研究。为解释现代生物学的核心理论打下坚实的基础。[7]

4.著作列表

4.1 著作列表

费舍尔一生发表的学术论文有300多篇,其中294篇代表作收集在《费舍尔论文集》Fisher's CollectedPapers (Bennett, 1971 - 1974)中。他还发表了许多经典著作。

《研究人员用的统计方法》(Statistical Methods for ResearchWorkers)1925

《实验设计》(The Design ofExperiments)1935

《统计表》(耶茨合着)(1938)

《统计方法与科学推断》(Statistical Methods andScientific Inference)1956

《科学研究的统计方法》

《育种理论》1949

《根据孟德尔遗传方式的亲属间的相关》

《自然选择的遗传理论》(The Genetical Theory ofNatural Selection)1930

《近交的理论》

《统计方法和科学推理》(1956)

《生物学、农业和医学研究的统计表》

费歇尔还是一位很好的师长,培养了一大批优秀学生,形成了一个实力雄厚的学派,其中既有专长纯数学的学者。他在进化遗传学上是一个极端的选择论者,认为中立性状很难存在。他一生在统计生物学中的功绩是十分突出的。由于费歇尔的成就,他曾多次获得英国和许多国家的荣誉,1952年还被授予爵士称号1959年去澳大利亚,在联邦科学和工业研究组织的数学统计部做研究工作。[8]


4.2 参考文献清单(13本书/文章)

一些报价(3)

R Fisher的海报

出生在同一个国家的数学家

MacTutor中的附加材料

1.R Fisher的序言:科学家的生活

2.费舍尔统计方法导论

3.R A Fisher:统计史

4.讣告:《泰晤士报》

5.不列颠群岛数学地名录中的多个条目

Listof References (13 books/articles)

SomeQuotations (3)

A Poster of R A Fisherhttp://www-history.mcs./Posters2/Fisher.html

Mathematiciansborn in the same country http://www-history.mcs./Countries/England.html

Additional Materialin MacTutor

1.       Prefaceto R A Fisher: the life of a scientisthttp://www-history.mcs./Extras/Fisher_Life.html

2.       RA Fisher's Introduction to Statistical Methodshttp://www-history.mcs./Extras/Fisher_Statistical_Methods.html

3.       RA Fisher: History of Statisticshttp://www-history.mcs./Extras/Fisher_Statistics_History.html

4.       Obituary:The Timeshttp://www-history.mcs./Obits/Fisher.html

5.       Multiple entries in TheMathematical Gazetteer of the British Isleshttp://www-history.mcs./Gaz/Fisher.html

R A  Fisher荣获的荣誉

Honours  awarded to R A Fisher

(单击以下以获得这种荣誉的方式)

(Click below for those honoured in  this way)

1.

皇家学会会员

Fellow  of the Royal Society

1929

http://www-history.mcs./Honours/FRS.html

2.

皇家学会皇家勋章

Royal  Society Royal Medal

1938

http://www-history.mcs./Honours/RoyalMedal.html

3.

皇家统计学会盖伊金奖

RSS  Guy Medal in Gold

1946

http://www-history.mcs./Honours/RSSGuyGold.html

4.

皇家学会科普利奖章

Royal  Society Copley Medal

1955

http://www-history.mcs./Honours/CopleyMedal.html

5.

热门传记列表

Popular  biographies list

Number 85

http://www-history.mcs./Miscellaneous/Popular.html

MacTutor中的交叉引用

1.年表:1920年至1930

Cross-references in MacTutor

1. Chronology: 1920 to 1930 http://www-history.mcs./Chronology/1920_1930.html#1921


4.3 其他网站

1.科学传记词典

2.国家传记词典

3.大英百科全书(EncyclopaediaBritannica)

JAldrich

5.明尼苏达大学

6.Lloyd Allison

7.科勒

8. NNDB

9.数学家谱项目

10.MathSciNet作者简介

11.zbMATH条目

Other Websites

1.        Dictionary of ScientificBiography http://www-history.mcs./Biographies/%3ca

2.        Dictionary of NationalBiography http://www-history.mcs./Biographies/%3ca

3.        Encyclopaedia Britannica http://www./biography/Ronald-Aylmer-Fisher

4.        JAldrich http://www.economics./staff/aldrich/fisherguide/rafreader.htm

5.        Universityof Minnesota http://www.mrs./~sungurea/introstat/history/w98/RAFisher.html

6.        LloydAllison http://www.csse./~lloyd/tildeImages/People/Fisher.RA/

7.        HKohler http://www./quant/kohler/stat/biographical_sketches/bio13.1.html

8.        NNDB http://www./people/763/000196175/

9.        Mathematical GenealogyProject http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu./id.php?id=46924

10.    MathSciNet Authorprofile http://www./mathscinet/MRAuthorID/243354

11.    zbMATH entry https:///authors/?q=ai:fisher.ronald-aylmer


主要指数Main Index

http://www-history.mcs./index.html

传记索引Biographies index

http://www-history.mcs./BiogIndex.html

JOC/EFR©200310

JOC/EFR © October 2003

版权信息Copyright information

http://www-history.mcs./Miscellaneous/Copyright0.html

数学与统计学院

https://www./maths/

苏格兰圣安德鲁斯大学

School of Mathematics and Statistics

University of St Andrews, Scotland


5.统计学家

国内外著名统计学家Jacob BernoulliLaplacePierre-SimonmarquisdeThomas Robert MalthusCarl Friedrich GaussSiméon Denis PoissonFrancis GaltonKarl PearsonWilliam Sealey GossetRonald Aylmer FisherFrank WilcoxonCharles Edward SpearmanMaurice George KendallMilton FriedmanPaul MeierPrasanta Chandra MahalanobisHenry Berthold MannMartin Bradbury WilkC.R.RaoAndrey Nikolaevich KolmogorovEgon Sharpe PearsonHarold HotellingJ.Frank YatesSmirnoveJerzy NeymanWilliam Feller薛仲三郭祖超陈希孺方开泰田口玄一马寅初等,都对统计学做出了巨大贡献[9] (9. R.A.Fisher. [EB/OL],baidubaike, https://baike.baidu.com/item/R.A.Fisher, 2018-08-11, visit date:2019-05-08.)


B  罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(RonaldAylmer Fisher)简历(中英对照版) (28k)

(注:资料来自网文[1-9],相应部分源图文©权归原作者所有。)


参考文献(1470)

1. Fisher, Ronald Aylmer. Encyclopedia ofMathematics. URL:http://www./index.php?title=Fisher,_Ronald_Aylmer&oldid=39201

2,8,10. Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher. [EB/OL],http://www-history.mcs./Biographies/Fisher.html

3. 原网页无法访问. Ronald Fisher——现代统计科学的奠基人之一. [EB/OL], 西北农林科技大学, http://eol./eol/homepage/common/opencourse/onlinepreview.jsp?countadd=1&lid=12622&resid=4026,visit date: 2019-05-08.

4,5,7. 丁鹏. 因果推断简介之三:R. A. Fisher J. Neyman 的分歧. [EB/OL], 统计之都, http:///2012/03/causality3-fisher-and-neyman/,2012-03-30, 引用日期: 2016-12-01, visit date: 2019-05-08.

6. lovepooh. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. [EB/OL], douban,https://book.douban.com/subject/5039828/, 2011-03-14, visit date: 2019-05-08.

8. J J O'Connor, E F Robertson. R.A.Fisher.[EB/OL], wikipedia, http://zh./wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA, visit date: 2019-05-08.

9. R.A.Fisher. [EB/OL], baidubaike, https://baike.baidu.com/item/R.A.Fisher,visit date: 2019-05-08.

11. https://en./wiki/Ronald_Fisher,https://en./wiki/Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher

12. 课程概况>统计学家的故事>Ronald Aylmer Fisher, 中医研究设计及统计学. Ronald Aylmer Fisher. [EB/OL], 上海中医药大学. http://cc./G2S/Template/View.aspx?courseId=112&topMenuId=113414&action=view&type=&name=&menuType=1&curfolid=119268,, visit date: 2019-05-08.

简介:现代统计学奠基人Sir罗纳德·艾尔默·费舍尔(Ronald AylmerFisher)爵士简历。作者:秦陇纪。素材:数学/维基/百度/百科/豆瓣/数据简化社区NC非商业授权/秦陇纪微信群聊公众号,参考文献附引文出处。下载:本文58k3319PDF资料,公号输入栏发送RA费舍尔或文末阅读原文获取链接;关注数据简化DataSimp菜单栏文章分类。版权:公开资料©版权归原作者,科普文章仅供学习研究,请勿用于商业非法目的。数据简化社区保留对应权利,若有投稿合作、转载授权/侵权/版权、原文/引文/译注/出处不明或遗漏等问题,请给公号留言或邮件咨询QinDragon2010@qq.com转载:请写明并保留作者、出处、时间等信息:如此文出自:©数据简化DataSimp,作者:秦陇纪,时间:20190508Wed©2010-2019数据简化DataSimp等字样。

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