膝的结构-软骨(Cartilage of the Knee)-双语学习

There are many types of cartilage in our body, each with a slightly different function. For instance, the medial and lateral meniscus (discussed below) are made up of fibrocartilage which make them strong and rubbery and able to add additional stability to the knee.  On the other hand, like bones of most joints, the end of the femur and tibia and the undersurface of the patella are covered in hyaline cartilage. Hyaline (also known as articular) cartilage is both flexible and slippery. The flexibility helps it to act as a shock absorber. Articular cartilage is made even more slippery by an oily lubricant made within the joint, called synovial fluid. This allows the two bones to move smoothly on each other without pain. If this articular cartilage wears away, joint movement can become painful and limited (this is known as arthritis). Unfortunately, cartilage has almost no blood supply and is very bad at repairing itself.

人体内的软骨有很多种，每一种都有稍微不同的功能。例如，内侧半月板和外侧半月板(下面讨论)是由纤维软骨组成，纤维软骨使半月板坚固有弹性，能够增加膝关节的稳定性。另一方面，像大多数关节的骨一样，股骨和胫骨的末端以及髌骨的下表面覆盖着透明软骨。透明软骨(也称为关节软骨)既灵活又光滑，它的灵活性帮助它充当减震器。关节软骨被关节内的一种叫做滑膜液的油性润滑剂变得更加光滑，这使得骨与骨之间能够平稳地相互移动而不感到疼痛。如果关节软骨磨损，关节运动就会变得疼痛和受限(这就是关节炎)。不幸的是，软骨几乎没有血液供应，而且非常不善于自我修复。

• Medial Meniscus

  The medial meniscus is a crescent shaped structure that exists on the inside of the knee. It is made of fibrocartilage. It acts as a shock absorber in the knee and adds stability to the knee joint.  It is attached to the tibia as well as to the joint capsule of the knee.

• Lateral Meniscus

  The lateral meniscus sits on the lateral tibial plateau. It is a crescent shaped structure that is also made up of fibrocartilage. It acts as a shock absorber in the knee and adds stability to the knee joint.  It is attached to the joint capsule of the knee as well.  It is somewhat more mobile than the medial meniscus.

内侧半月板

内侧半月板是存在于膝关节内侧的新月形结构。它是由纤维软骨构成的。它在膝关节中起到减震器的作用，增加了膝关节的稳定性。它附着在胫骨和膝关节关节囊上。

外侧半月板

外侧半月板位于胫骨外侧平台。它是一个新月形的结构，也是由纤维软骨构成的。它在膝关节中起到减震器的作用，增加了膝关节的稳定性。它也附着在膝关节的关节囊上。它比内侧半月板更具移动性。

In a healthy knee, the rubbery menisci act as shock absorbers. They both sit on top of the tibia and help to spread the load of the femur over a larger surface area on the tibia. If the menisci are removed (because they are torn, etc.) the underlying articular cartilage sees a heavier load and is at risk of wearing down faster (i.e. development of osteoarthritis)

正常的膝关节，类似橡胶的半月板作为减震器。它们都位于胫骨的顶部，帮助将股骨的负荷分散到胫骨更大的表面积上。如果半月板被移除(如它们被撕裂等)，下方的关节软骨会承受更重的负荷，并有更快磨损的风险(即骨关节炎的发展)。

Additionally, together, the menisci create a shallow socket on the tibia that accommodates the end of the femur. This assists with knee stability.

此外，半月板在胫骨上形成一个浅窝，容纳股骨的末端。这有助于膝的稳定性。

半月板的解剖