在复合句中，修饰名词或代词，或者修饰主句的某一部分甚至整个主句的从句，叫定语从句。它的作用等于形容词。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般都要放在先行词之后。 例如： Never trust a friend who deserts you at a pinch.（Aesop）在紧急时刻舍弃你的朋友不可信赖。 在上句中，who deserts you at a pinch是定语从句，修饰先行词a friend，置于先行词之后。带定语从句的复合句由两个简单句合并而成。合并的条件是两个简单句都有共同的名词部分。合并后，共同的名词部分的概念在从句中用关系代词（that, which, who, whose）或关系副词（when, where, why）表示。 引导定语从句的关系词在从句中：可作主语、宾语和定语。有： who（指人，在从句中作主语、表语）； whom（指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略）； which（指事物，在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略）； that（指人或事物，在从句中作主语或宾语；作宾语时可省略）； whose（指人或事物，在从句中作定语）。 关系代词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，作从句的一个成分。例如： The bough that bears most, hangs lowest.（Thomas Fuller）【关系代词在从句作主语】果实累累的枝头垂得最低。 He that has done nothing has known nothing.（Thomas Carlyle）无所事事的人一无所知。 The one who sells goods to foreigner may be called an exporter．销售商品给外国人的人可称为出口商。 The man who doesn't recognize a fool when he sees one is one himself.（B.Grucian）看见傻瓜而认不出来的人，他自己也是傻瓜。 Compounds are substances which consist of various elements．化合物是由各种元素构成的物质。 Semi-conductor is a new kind of material which has found a wide use in electronic industry．半导体是一种在电子工业上得到广泛应用的新材料。 All whom I met at the Fair were diligent at their work.【关系代词在从句中作宾语】我在交易会遇到的一切人工作很勤奋。 Most of the light（which）we get is from the sun．我们获得的大部分光线来自太阳。 His youth did return, for all this was only a dream which he had on New Year's night.（John Ruskin）青春真的回来了，因为所发生的一切只不过是他在除夕所做的一场梦。 We have done too many other things that our fathers never did.（D.L.Steward）我们已经做了很多父辈从未做到的事情。 Her brother is a scientist whose name is well known all over the country.【关系代词在从句中作定语】 她的兄弟是个全国知名的科学家。 He is a man whose word is as good as his bond．他是个说话算数的人。 I know the man whose left leg was amputated．我认识这个左腿被截断了的人。 This is the department whose responsibility is to make shipping arrangements．这是负责装运安排的部门。 whom, which和that在定语从句中用作宾语时，特别是在口语中往往可省略。例如： The man（whom）she wants to see has gone．她想看到的人走了。 The machine tools（which / that）your plant makes are of wide use．你们工厂生产的机床用途广泛。 Buses and planes go because of the fuels（which / that）they burn.汽车和飞机能够开动是由于燃烧燃料。 |
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