前言在英语语法体系中，有一个比较特殊的现象就是用句子来做一个完整句型的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。而这种把完整句子当做名词来使用，并在另一个句子中充当某种成分的现象我们叫名词性从句。 通常，我们在学习英语语法的句子成分时会学到: 句子成分主要有主语、宾语、表语、表语、补语、同位语、状语等，而名词在句子中充当的主要成分是主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同样，当我们把一个句子当做一个名词来使用，并在另一个句子充当以上的成分时，就有了我们常说的四种名词性从句: 即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 问题:哪种句子可以充当名词来使用？我们知道，英语的句子有不同的划分方法。按语法结构可以划分为简单句，、并列句和复合句; 按交际功能可以划分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。 通过我们系统的学习和研究英语语法，我们发现，能够充当名词作用的句子主要有以下两类: 陈述句、疑问句(含一般疑问句和特殊疑问句)。所以，我们还可以这么说，名词性从句就是用以上三种句型在另一个句子里充当另外四种句子成分。 对三种句型作四种成分的理解1，对于陈述句，连接词that是后续添加上去的，那么这时的that在从句中不充当任何成分，而且它也没任何意义，只是起到连接主句和从句的作用。 2，对于一般疑问句，连接词if 和whether也是后续添加上去的，而其目的只是为了保留句子的疑问作用，具有“是否”的含义，即它们是有意义的。这和前面的that是不一样的。但是它们的相同点是，在句子中不充当任何成分。 3，对于特殊疑问句，在这里我们不需要添加任何连词，因为特殊疑问词本身就充当了连词的作用，从而变成了相应的连词。但需要注意的是，在这里我们需要把倒装语序还原成正常的陈述语序。特殊疑问句里的特殊疑问词在句中是充当各种成分的，比如连接代词可以充当主语、宾语或者表语，连接则可以充当状语。 It作形式主语或形式宾语的从句句型在这里，笔者不想过多时间讲解和讨论四大从句的构成、意义和特征，主要想说说含有代词it作形式主语或形式宾语的从句句型。 能引导主语从句的连接词主要有: What、who、that、whether、because，更多的还有以it作形式主语置于句首，而把that从句放在句末的，主要是形式有: 1，It+be+动词+过去分词+that从句 2，It+be动词+形容词+that从句 3，It+be动词+名词短语+that从句 4，It+不及物动词+that从句 5，其他结构 能引导宾语从句的连接词主要有: that、What、which、who、whom、Whose、whatever、whoever、whomever、whichever，含有it的宾语从句后置现象，主要是指“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句”形式，其中，宾语补语为形容词。例句， We believe it true that the human body is also a kind of good conductor. 英美报刊中常用的It开头的套用语经常阅读或浏览英美报刊的朋友，就会发现，西方的刊物或记者在报道事件或人物、分析缘由、推测推理或辩驳理由时经常会用到一些套用语，其目的是为了表明自己的“客观与公正”，有的用不太肯定的第三者的口气进行论述，比如用“有人”、“人们”等; 有的使用“据说”、“据闻”、“据估计”、“据称”等很不确定的字眼来加以推测揣摩; 还有人使用“不可否认的是...”、“老实说”等较为强烈的语气进行辩驳。下面列罗了一些较为常用的写法和用法: It affords no small surprise to find that...对于...令人惊讶不已 It can be safely said that...我们有把握讲… It cannot be denied that...无可否认... It has been calculated that...据估计… It has been found that...已经发现... It has been illustrated that...据说明…，据图示… It has been proved that...已经证明… It has been shown that...有人指出… It has been viewed that...讨论了…，检查了… It has recently been brought home to us that...我们最近痛切感到… It is alleged that...据称... It is announced that...据称…，有人宣称… It is arranged that...已经商定......已做准备 It is asserted that...有人主张… It is assumed that...假设…，假定… It is believed that...人们相信...,大家相信... It is claimed that...据称…，有人宣称… It is considered that...据估计…，人们认为… It is decided that...已经决定… It is declared that...据宣称…，有人宣布… It is demonstrated that...据证实...,已经证明... It is enumerated that...列举出... It is established that...可以认定… It is estimated that...据估计…，有人估计… It is expected that...人们希望...,人们期待... It is found that...据发现…，人们认为… It is generally agreed that...人们通常认为… It is generally recognized that...一般认为...,普遍认为... It is hoped that...希望…，有人希望… It is hypothesized that...假设 It is incontestable that...无可置辩的是… It is learned that...据闻...,据说...,已经查明... It is mentioned that...据说… It is noted that...人们注意到…，有人指出… It is noticed that...人们注意到…，有人指出… It is outlined that...概括地说.. It is pointed out that...人们指出…，有人指出… It is predicted that...据估计…，预计… It is preferred that...有人建议... It is proposed that...有人提出…，提议…，一般认为… It is quite contrary to our expectation....与我们的期望恰巧相反。 It is recommended that...有人推荐…，有人建议 It is regarded that...人们认为. It is reputed that...人们认为…，可以认为. It is said that...据说…，有人说… It is sometimes asked that...人们有时会问... It isstatedthat...据说…，据称…，有人说… It is still to be hoped that...(我们）仍应希望.. It is stressed that...人们强调说… It is striking to note that...特别令人注意的是... It is suggested that...有人建议…，建议… It is supposed that...据推测…，人们猜测…，假定… It is taken that...人们认为…，有人以为… It is thought that...有人认为…，有人以为… It is undeniable that...事实不容否认... It is understood that...不用说…，大家知道… It is universally accepted that...普遍认为......是普遍接受的 It is usually considered that...通常认为… It is weighed that...权衡了...,考虑了... It is well-known that...大家都知道…，众所周知… It leaves little doubt as....关于...是无可怀疑的 It may be argued that...也许有人主张... It may be recalled that...我们还记得… It may be safely said that...可以有把握地说... It should be pointed out that...必须（应该）指出... It was described that...据介绍…，有人介绍说… It was felt that.....人们认为...,有人感觉到... It was first intended that.?最初就有这样的想法… It was noted above that....前面已经指出... It will be said that...有人会说… It will be seen from this that...由此可见...,因此可知... It will be seen that...可见…，可以看出… It must be admitted that...必须承认…，老实说… It must first be known/understood...我们必须首先知道/了解…… 当然，在标明新闻报道的出处或来源时，只能用一些非常含蓄的套用语，比如: According to analysts(分析家)/AP reports(美联社报道)等等。 如果你是英语学习爱好者，或学生，或要考雅思考托福，我想，这些用语也一定会对你有用的。 注: 主要参考书籍张满胜《英语语法新思维》群言出版社 周学艺《美英报刊导读》北京大学出版社 马祖毅《英译汉技巧浅谈》 曲一线《高中英语知识清单》教育科学出版社/首都师范大学出版社 |
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来自： 孟溪ProbeT连山 > 《英语（English)》
