The Six Tastes of Ayurveda 阿育吠陀之六味

From Yoga Life Summer 2017

摘自悉瓦南达《瑜伽生活》杂志2017年夏季刊

翻译/校对：Ambika/Jayanti/Sivani

阿育吠陀之六味

心如其食，印度的谚语如是说。我们的生活是由饮食塑造。在许多古老的瑜伽典籍中，都指导我们要恰当地照料我们的饮食：

As is the food, so is the mind, so goes in the Hindi proverb. Our lives are shaped by our diet. In many of the ancient scriptures of yoga we are directed to take proper care of our diet:

应避免以下不健康的食品：不新鲜或重新加热，非常干或非常酸的食物；还有很难消化的食物....《哈他瑜伽之光》1.60

The following unhealthy food items should be avoided: stale and reheated, very dry and very sour food; also food that is very difficult to digest.... Hatha Yoga Pradipika 1.60

那些提升生命力、纯度、力量、健康、喜悦和欢快的食物，多味又醇厚，实在又怡人，对悦性的人来说是宝贵的。《薄伽梵歌》第十七章第九9句

The foods which increase life, purity, strength, health, joy and cheerfulness, which are savory and oleaginous, substantial and agreeable, are dear to the sattvic people, Bhagavad Gita XVII.9

在印度古医学的阿育吠陀中，达到饮食均衡的一种方法是通过六种味道。每种味道（Rasa，梵文）都会影响身心，只有当所有六种味道都存在时，一顿膳食才被认为是营养完全并且令人满足的。Rasa有许多其他的含义—精华、热情、果汁等等，这些全都传达了人生必需的完满感和快乐感；rasa对身心健康有着深远的意义。

In Ayurveda, the ancient medical science of India, one way of accessing a balanced diet is through the six tastes. Each taste (rasa in Sanskrit) affects both the mind and body and a meal is only considered fully nutritional and satisfying when all six tastes are present. Rasa has many additional meanings-essence, enthusiasm, juice, among others-all conveying the sense of fullness and joy necessary for life; rasa has a deep significance for mental and physical health.

甜味 - 碳水化合物，蛋白质，脂肪之中

谷物，大米，所有的甜味剂，乳制品，富含淀粉的蔬菜，甜的水果，香菜，茴香，薄荷，肉豆蔻，龙蒿，香草，罗勒。

生理作用：滋养，构成并强健身体组织; 过度食用则导致肥胖、糖尿病等。

心理作用：舒缓，平静，满足；过度食用则导致没精神和焦虑。

Sweet - in carbohydrates, protein, fats

Grains, rice, all sweeteners, dairy, starchy vegetables, sweet fruits, coriander, fennel, mint, nutmeg, tarragon, vanilla, basil.

Physical effects: Nourishes, builds and strengthens body tissues; in excess causes obesity, diabetes.

Mental effects: Soothing, calming, satisfying; in excess causes lethargy and anxiety.

苦味 - 生物碱或糖苷之中

绿叶蔬菜，绿色和黄色的蔬菜，咖啡，黑巧克力，孜然，莳萝，胡芦巴，藏红花，姜黄。

生理作用：清洁和排毒，减少过多的脂肪和水分，抗生素; 过度食用则产生胀气、胃部不适及组织损耗。

心理作用：减少贪食，净化感官和情绪; 过度食用则带来焦虑，恐惧和失眠。

 Bitter - in alkaloids or glycosides

Leafy greens, ， green and yellow vegetables, coffe, dark chocolate, cumin, dill, fenugreek, saffron, turmeric.

Physical effects: Cleanses and detoxifies, reduces fat and water excess, antibiotic; in excess creates gas, upset stomach, tissue depletion.

Mental effects: Diminishes food cravings, clears senses and emotions; in excess anxiety, fear and insomnia.

辣味- 挥发性的油类之中

所有的胡椒，辣椒，大蒜，韭菜，洋葱，萝卜，芥末，豆蔻，丁香，姜。

生理作用：温热身体，刺激新陈代谢和消化，缓解神经痛；过度食用则导致口渴，精液损耗，背痛。

心理作用：打开心灵和感官; 过度食用则导致烦躁，愤怒和不耐烦。

Pungent - in volatile oils

All peppers, chilli, garlic, leek, onion, radish, mustard, cardamom, clovers, ginger.

Physical effects: Warms body, stimulates metabolism and digestion, relieves nerve pain; in excess causes thirst, deletion of reproductive fluid, back pain.

Mental effects: Opens the mind and senses; in excess causes irritability, anger, impatience.

咸味 - 矿物盐之中

芹菜，海产品，天然盐，酱油，无麦酱油。

生理作用：保持矿物质平衡，润滑组织，刺激消化; 过度食用则导致皱纹，秃顶，力量变弱和口渴。

心理作用：热情，镇静神经，停止焦虑; 过度食用则会产生渴求，愤怒，不耐烦和嗜睡。

Salty - in mineral salts

Celery, sea vegetables, natural salts, soy sauce, tamari.

Physical effects: Maintains mineral balance, lubricates tissues, stimulates digestion; in excess causes wrinkles, baldness, loss of strength and thirst.

Mental effects: Enthusiasm, calms nerves, stop anxiety; in excess generates cravings, anger, impatience and lethargy.

涩味 - 单宁酸之中

苹果，梨，石榴，十字花科蔬菜，土豆，扁豆，干豆，茶叶，月桂，葛缕子，香菜，莳萝，茴香，牛至，欧芹，姜黄。

生理作用：净化血液，保持身体糖分，去除水分和脂肪; 过度食用则导致胀气或便秘，心痛和口渴。

心理作用：舒缓焦躁，净化感官和情绪，增加能量; 过度食用则会造成焦虑，恐惧和失眠。

Astringent - in tannins

Apples, pears, pomegranates, cruciferous vegetables, potato, lentils, dry beans, tea, bay, caraway, coriander, dill, fennel, oregano, parsley, turmeric.

Physical effects: Cleanses blood, maintains body sugar levels, dries moisture and fat; in excess causes gas or constipation, heart pain and thirst.

Mental effects: Cools hot-headedness, clears senses and emotions, increases energy; in excess creates anxiety, fear and insomnia.

酸味- 有机酸之中

柑橘类水果，浆果，罗望子，番茄，腌制和发酵食品，酸奶。

生理作用：刺激食欲和消化，增强心脏，解渴; 过度食用会导致力量变弱，发烧和口渴。

心理作用：增强智力活动; 过度食用会产生怨恨，嫉妒，愤怒和不耐烦。

Sour - in organic acids

Citrus fruits, berries, tamarind, tomato, pickled and fermented food, yogurt.

Physical effects: Stimulates appetite and digestion, strengthens heart, relieves thirst; in excess engenders loss of strength, fever and thirst.

Mental effects: Enhances intellectual activity; in excess creates resentment, jealousy, anger and impatience.