20 EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CATALYSTSCatalysis is the chemical process of acceleration or retardation of chemical reaction, from the addition of a substance or element, either simple or compound that alters reaction times without affecting the nature of the final product thereof and, in addition, without losing its own mass in the process, which does happen with the reagents.催化是化学反应加速或迟缓的化学过程，从添加一种物质或元素，简单或化合物，改变反应时间，而不影响其最终产品的性质，此外，不会在这个过程中失去自己的质量，这确实发生在试剂上。 This element is called a catalyst . Each chemical reaction has a suitable catalyst, which can accelerate, magnify or enhance ( positive catalyst ), or on the contrary slow down, diminish and weaken ( negative catalyst ) its process. The latter is often referred to as inhibitors.这种元素称为催化剂。每个化学反应都有一个合适的催化剂，可以加速、放大或增强（正向催化剂），或者相反地减慢、减少和削弱（负催化剂）其过程。后者通常被称为抑制剂。
Examples of a positive catalyst正催化剂的例子Temperature . Most chemical reactions can be accelerated without altering their products, only by increasing the temperature of the reaction medium. For this reason the decomposition of matter occurs more rapidly in the tropics. 温度。大多数化学反应可以在不改变其产品的情况下加速，只有通过提高反应介质的温度。因此，物质的分解在热带地区发生得更快。 The enzymes . Segregated naturally by the body of living beings, enzymes play an important catalytic role, accelerating vital processes that, if occurring on their own, would require temperatures often incompatible with life. (see: digestive enzymes ) 酶。酶被生物的身体自然地隔离，起着重要的催化作用，加速了重要的过程，如果它们本身发生，需要的温度往往与生命不相容。（参见：消化酶） Palladium catalysts . For cars that use unleaded gasoline, conduits with palladium or platinum in small particles adhere to the exhaust of cars, can catalyze the process of attenuation of carbon monoxide and other toxic gases of combustion, allowing to reduce them to less dangerous substances in record time.铂催化剂。对于使用无铅汽油的汽车，小颗粒中含有铂金或铂的导管会附着在汽车的排气量上，可以催化一氧化碳和其他有毒燃烧气体的衰减过程，使其减少危险。物质在记录的时间 Derivatives of fluorine . Accelerate the decomposition of ozone (O 3 ? O + O 2 ) in oxygen, a reaction that is usually slow. There is the problem of aerosols and refrigerants that release CFCs into the atmosphere: they catalyze in this sense the ozone layer.氟衍生物。加速氧气中臭氧的分解（O 3 O + O 2），这种反应通常很慢。气溶胶和制冷剂会向大气中释放氟氯化碳：它们从这个意义上说会催化臭氧层。 Magnesium dioxide (MnO 2 ). A frequent catalyst in the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide or hydrogen peroxide (2H 2 O 2 ? 2H 2 O + O 2 ) in water and oxygen.二氧化镁 （MnO 2 ）。一种在水和氧气中分解过氧化氢或过氧化氢（2H 2 O 2 = 2H = O 2）的频繁催化剂。 Nickel . Used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, to obtain margarine, since this metal accelerates the process of obtaining saturated lipids.镍。用于植物油的氢化，以获得人造黄油，因为这种金属加速了获得饱和脂质的过程。 Silver . Polycrystalline and nanoporous silver are effective accelerators of carbon dioxide reduction processes (CO 2 ) through electrocatalysis.银。多晶和纳米多孔银是通过电催化实现二氧化碳减排过程（CO2）的有效加速器。 Aluminum Chloride . Used in the petrochemical industry to expedite the obtaining of synthetic resins or lubricants, without altering the delicate nature of hydrocarbons in question, since it has acidic and basic properties at the same time (amphoteric substance).氯化铝 .用于石化工业，以加快合成树脂或润滑剂的获取，而不改变相关碳氢化合物的微妙性质，因为它同时具有酸性和基本特性（异体物质）。 The iron . It is used as a catalyst in the Haber-Bosch process to obtain ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen. 铁。它用作哈伯-博什工艺中的催化剂，从氢和氮中获取氨。 紫外线。紫外线与特定的催化剂一起组成了光催化：由紫外线光能激活的催化剂加速化学反应。 UV light . Ultraviolet light, together with a specific catalyst , composes the photocatalysis: the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst activated by the ultraviolet light energy.紫外线。紫外线与特定的催化剂一起组成了光催化：由紫外线光能激活的催化剂加速化学反应。
Examples of negative catalyst负催化剂示例1.Temperature . Just as the increase in temperature accelerates chemical processes , the decrease in retards them. This is the principle of refrigeration, for example, which prolongs the life of food by keeping it at a low temperature.温度。正如温度的升高加速了化学过程，减缓它们。例如，这是制冷原理，它通过将食物保持在低温中延长其寿命 2.Citric acid . Acid from lemon and other citrus fruits slows down the oxidation process of organic matter .柠檬酸。柠檬和其他柑橘类水果中的酸减缓了有机物的氧化过程
3.Enzyme inhibitors . Biological substances that are coupled to enzymes and reduce their activity, to stop chemical or biological processes. They are often used to fight pathogenic microorganisms , inhibiting some key process for their reproduction.酶抑制剂。与酶耦合并减少其活性的生物物质，以阻止化学或生物过程。它们常被用来对抗致病微生物，抑制一些关键的繁殖过程。 氯酸钾。用于蓝色工艺，其中磁铁矿钢被涂覆，以减缓或阻碍其腐蚀过程。
4.Potassium chlorate . Used in blueing processes, in which the magnetite steel is coated to slow or impede its corrosion process.氯酸钾。用于蓝色工艺，其中磁铁矿钢被涂覆，以减缓或阻碍其腐蚀过程。 5.Sorbic acid . Natural preservative used in the food industry to slow down the decomposition of food. 索比酸.天然防腐剂用于食品工业，以减缓食品的分解。 四乙基铅。在已经绝迹的含铅汽油中，这种物质被用作抗爆，即防止其过早爆炸。
6.Tetraethyl lead . In the already extinct leaded gasoline, this substance was used as an anti-knock, that is, to prevent its premature explosion. 7.Propanoic acid . A colorless, corrosive liquid with an acrid odor, is propitious to preserve the feed, food and pharmaceutical products, as it is a potent antifungal and inhibitor of mold growth.丙酸。无色腐蚀性液体具有刺鼻的气味，有利于保护饲料、食品和药品，因为它是一种有效的抗真菌和抑制霉菌生长的抑制剂。 8.Sulfur and derivatives . These compounds act as inhibitors of the positive catalysis of pulverized platinum or nickel in hydrogenation reactions. The appearance of sulfur stops the effect and returns to its normal reaction speed.硫磺和衍生物。这些化合物在氢化反应中作为粉碎铂或镍阳性催化的抑制剂。硫的出现会停止效果，并恢复到正常反应速度。 9.Hydric acid (or prussic) . Of very high toxicity, its effect on animals or humans interrupts the process of numerous metalloenzymes, thus preventing cellular respiration and producing death in a few minutes.水酸（或普鲁士） .毒性极高，对动物或人类的影响会中断许多金属酶的过程，从而在几分钟内防止细胞呼吸并造成死亡。 Vapor of mercury, phosphorus or arsenic . These substances completely cancel out the action of platinum asbestos in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, acting as a powerful inhibitor.汞、磷或砷的蒸汽。这些物质完全抵消了铂石棉在硫酸制造中的作用，作为强大的抑制剂。
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