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本期推送的是哈佛大学社会学系2019年春季课程《质化社会分析》的课程大纲。授课教师为Michèle Lamont。 质化方法经常被我们提到。一方面，它看起来“酷酷的”；另一方面，很多人似乎摸不到它的线索……质化方法是不是就是找人聊天，或者说，质化研究真的有方法吗？ 推送这份课程大纲，初心有二。 第一，因为它囊括了大部分质化研究的入门基础文献。当然，这些文献浩如烟海，可以尝试读读你感兴趣的部分； 第二，哪怕用手指在手机上向下划两下，我们也能感受到，在世界一流大学中，一门课程的阅读量有多么大。道理直接而残酷：不管是哪个学科，阅读量都是硬通货。  ① 课程目标 一、《质化社会分析》课程有以下四个目标： （1）为学生提供定性研究的基本训练。这就需要让学生了解概念化、理论、研究设计和提问策略等问题。 （2）让学生理解社会学定性研究中做出重大贡献的领域。这包括对阐释、描述和解释性研究中使用定性方法的反思。 （3）质性研究者与'研究对象'和'信息提供者'的接触比其他研究人员更密切。因此，需要学生理解定性研究的伦理责任。 （4）帮助学生对学术写作进行整体的、批判的思考，并掌握专业的论文演示技巧，以便向同行和公众展示他们的定性研究。  ② 课程用书 Write No Matter What: Advice for Academics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 《无论如何都要写： 给学者的建议》 Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Jensen. Joli. 2017.  Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences: Research in an Age of Info-glut. 《萨尔萨舞般的社会科学： 信息过剩时代的研究》 Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Luker, Kristin. 2010.  Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. 《向陌生人学习： 质性访谈研究的艺术与方法》 New York: Free Press. Weiss, Robert S. 1994.  ③ 每周课程安排与阅读材料  📅第一周 导论：认识论和理论在经验社会学中的作用 必读： Sayer, Andrew. 1992. Method in Social Science (社会科学中的方法). A Realist Approach. London: Routledge. Pp. 11-46. Swedberg Richard. 2016. “Before Theory Comes Theorizing or How to Make Social Science More Interesting.” (理论化在理论之前，或如何让社会科学更加有趣) British Journal of Sociology. 67 (1): 5-22. Cartwright, Nancy. 2007. “Are RCTs the Gold Standard?”(随机对照试验是黄金标准吗？). Bioscience 2: 11-20. 选读： Alford, Robert. 1998. The Craft of Inquiry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1-86. Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1-39. Isaac. Jeffrey C. 2015. “Varieties of Empiricism in Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics. 13 (4): 929-234. Elman, Colin, ed. 2012. “Symposium on Qualitative Research Methods in Political Science.” () The Journal of Politics. 70 (1): PP. 272- 292.  📅第二周 学术生产和学术评价有哪些标准？ 必读: Abend, Gabriel. 2013. “Styles of Causal Thought: An Empirical Investigation.” (因果思维的风格：一项实证调查) American Journal of Sociology. 119 (3): 602-654. Lamont, M. (2008). The Evaluation of Systematic Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences (社会科学中系统定性研究的评估) 141-174. Lamont, Michèle. 2009. How Professors Think (教授如何思考). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 159-201. Gerring, John. 2012. “Mere Description.” (纯粹的描述) British Journal of Political Science, 42: 721- 746. 选读: Lamont, Michèle and Patricia White. 2008. The Evaluation of Systematic Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 23-140. National Science Foundation Sociology Program. 2004. Workshop on Scientific Foundations of Qualitative Research. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 9- 21, 55-58, 71-78, 121-126, and 133-136. 📅第三周： 选择问题/案例/对象和研究策略 必读 Read a few essays from the Sociologica symposium on “How Do Sociologists Discover a Research Topic?” (社会学者如何发现一个研究问题？) https://sociologica./article/view/8428/8240 Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences (萨尔萨舞般的社会科学). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 51-75. Small, Mario Luis. 2009. “How Many Cases Do I Need: On Science and the Logic of Case Selection in Field-Based Research.” (我需要多少案例：论基于田野研究的案例选择的科学和逻辑) Ethnography 10 (1): 5 – 38. Timmermans, Stefan and Iddo Tavory. 2014. Abductive Analysis: Theorizing Qualitative Research (溯因分析：质化研究的理论化). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 1-66. Spillman, Lyn. 2014. “Mixed Methods and the Logic of Qualitative Inference.” (混合方法与质化推理的逻辑) Qualitative Sociology. 37:189-205. 选读 Emigh Rebecca Jean. 1997. “The Power of Negative Thinking: The Use of Negative Case Methodology in the Development of Sociological Theory.” Theory and Society. 26 (5): 649-684. Hannerz, Ulf, 2003. “Being There... and There... and There! Reflections on Multi-Site Ethnography.” Ethnography 4 (2): 201-216. Ragin, Charles and Howard S. Becker (eds). 1992. What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1-15 and 121- 137. Snow, David A. Calvin Morill, and Leon Anderson. 2003. “Elaborating Analytic Ethnography.” Ethnography 4 (2): 181-200. Tope, Daniel, Lindsey Joyce Chamberlain, Martha Crowley, and Randy Hodson. 2005. “The Importance of Being There.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 34 (4): 470- 493. Wagensknecht, Susann and Jessica Pfluger. 2018. Making Cases: On the Processuality of Casing in Social Research.” Zeitschrift für Soziologie. 47(5): 289–305 Yin, Robert. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1-65.  📅第四周： 民族志、田野调查和混合方法研究 必读： Geertz, Clifford. 2001. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.” (深描：走向文化的解释性理论) Pp. 55-75 in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Emerson, Robert. 2001. Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations 2nd Edition. (当代田野研究：视角与规划) Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1-54. Goffman, Erving. 2001. “On Fieldwork.” (论田野工作) Pp. 153-158 in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulation, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Lareau, Annette. 2003. “Appendix--Common Problems in Field Work: A Personal Essay,' (附录——田野工作中的常见问题：一篇基于个体经历的文章) Home Advantage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 187-223 Small, Mario Luis. 2011. “How To Conduct A Mixed Methods Study: Recent Trends In A Rapidly Growing Literature.” (如何进行混合方法研究：快速增长的文献及其近期趋势) Annual Review of Sociology 37: 57-86. 选读： Adler, Patricia A. & Peter Adler. 1998. “Observational Techniques.” Pp. 377-392 in Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Charmaz, Kathy, 2001. “Grounded Theory.” Pp. 335-352 in Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Doerr, Nicole and Noa Millman. 2014. “Working with Images.” Pp. 418-45 In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, edited by Donatella della Porta. New York: Oxford University Press. Emerson, Robert, et al. 1995. “Writing Up Fieldnotes I: From Field to Desk” and “Writing Up Fieldnotes 2: Creating Scenes on the Page.” Pp. 39-107 in Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [On reserve] Katz, Jack. 2001. “Ethnography's Warrants.” Pp. 361-382 Contemporary Field Research: Perspectives and Formulations, edited by R. Emerson. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2012. “The Need for Multi-Method Approaches in Empirical Legal Research.” in The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research, edited by Peter Cane and Herbert M Kritzer. New York: Oxford University Press. Lareau, Annette and Jeffrey Shultz, 1996. Journeys Through Ethnography. Realistic Accounts of Fieldwork. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [On reserve] Lichterman, Paul and Isaac Reed. 2015. “Theory and Contrastive Explanation in Ethnography.” Sociological Methods and Research 44(4): 585-635. Morgan, David L. 1996. “Focus Groups.” Annual Review of Sociology 22: 129-52. Trouille David and Iddo Tavory, 2016. “Shadowing: Warrants for Intersituational Variation in Ethnography,” Sociological Methods and Research 1-27.  📅第五周： 抽样、访谈和制作访谈工具 必读： Guests post from Ali, Syed and Philip Cohen, eds. 2016. “How to do Ethnography Right,” (如何正确地做民族志研究) Contexts https:///blog/how-to-do-ethnography-right/- Deluca, Stefanie, Susan Clampet-Lundquist and Kathryn Edin. “Want to Improve your Qualitative Research? Try Using Representative Sampling and Working in Teams” Weiss, Robert S. 1994. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. (向陌生人学习：质性访谈研究的艺术与方法) New York: Free Press, vii-120. Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences. (萨尔萨舞般的社会科学) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 99-190. Rubin, Herbert and Irene Rubin. 2005. “Designing Main Questions and Probes.” (设计主要的问题和调查) Pp. 152- 72 in Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data (second edition). California: Sage. Lamont, Michèle, and Ann Swidler. 2014. “Methodological Pluralism and the Possibilities and Limits of Interviewing”. (方法多元主义，以及访谈的可能性与局限性) Qualitative Sociology 37 (2):153-171. 选读： Jerolmack, Colin and Shamus Kahn. 2014. “Talk is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Falacy.” Sociological Methods and Research 43(2): 178–209 Newman, Katherine S. 2002. “Qualitative Research on the Frontlines of Controversy.” Sociological Methods and Research 31 (2): 123-130. Biernacki, Patrick, and Dan Waldorf, 1981. “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques in Chain Referral.” Sociological Methods and Research 10 (2): 141-163. Hammer, Dean and Aaron Wildavsky. 1993. “The Open-Ended, Semistructured Interview.” Pp. 57-101 in Craftways: On the Organization of Scholarly Work, edited by Aaron Wildavsky. New Brunswick, Canada: Transaction Publishers. Pugh, Alison. 2013. “What good are interviews for thinking about culture? Demystifying interpretive analysis.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 1(1): 42-68. Watters, John K. and Patrick Biernacki, 1989. “Targeted Sampling: Options for the Study of Hidden Populations.” Social Problems 36 (4): 416-430. McClintock, Charles C., Diane Brannon and Steven Maynard-Moody. 1979. “Applying the Logic of Sample Surveys to Qualitative Case Studies: The Case Cluster Method,” Administrative Science Quarterly 24(4): 612-62. Assignment 5: Develop your interview guide based on the feedback you will have received on your blueprint and on the readings. The questions should be open-ended and intended to elicit narrative accounts pertinent to your research concern  📅 第六周： 访谈、反身性和局内人/局外人问题 必读： Weiss, Robert S. 1994. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. (向陌生人学习：质性访谈研究的艺术与方法) New York: Free Press, 121-151. Cobb, Jessica S and Kimberly Kay Hoang. 2015. “Protagonist-Driven Urban Ethnography.” (主要人物驱动的城市民族志) City and Community. 14(4):348-51. Moore, Mignon. 2018. “Challenges, Triumphs, and Praxis: Collecting Qualitative Data on Less Visible and Marginalized Populations.” (挑战、胜利和实践：如何收集隐性或边缘化人群的定性数据) Pp 169-184 in Other, Please Specify: Queer Methods in Sociology. D. L. Compton, T. Meadow and K. Schilt. Oakland, University of California Press. Stuart, Forrest. 2018. “Reflexivity : Introspection, Positionality, and the Self as Research Instrument – Toward a Model of Abductive Reflexivity.” (反身性:作为研究工具的内省、定位和自我——一种溯因反身性模型) In Approaches to Ethnography: Analysis and Representation in Participant Observation, edited by Colin Jerolmack and Shamus Kahn. New York: Oxford University Press. Lamont, Michèle. 2004. “A Life of Hard but Justified Choices: Interviewing Across (too) Many Divides.' (生活中艰难却合理的选择：跨越[太多]分歧的采访) Pp. 162-171 in Researching Race and Racism, edited by Martin Bulmer and John Solomos. London: Routledge. 选读： Bloor, Michael. 2001. “Techniques of Validation in Qualitative Research: A Critical Commentary.” Pp. 383-396 in Contemporary Field Research. 2nd Edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Peshkin, Alan. 1988. “In Search of Subjectivity – One’s Own.” Educational Researcher 17: 17-21. Young, Alford A. 2004. “Experiences in Ethnographic Interviewing about Race: The Inside and Outside of it.” Pp. 187-202 in Researching Race and Racism, edited by Martin Bulmer and John Solomos. London: Routledge. 📅第七周： 质的研究的伦理 必读： Guests posts from Ali, Syed and Philip Cohen, eds. 2016. “How to do Ethnography Right,” (如何正确地做民族之研究) Contexts https:///blog/how-to-do-ethnography-right/-Fisher, Dana R. “Doing Qualitative Research as if Counsel is Hiding in the Closet.”; -Cameron, Abigail E. 2016 “The Unhappy Marriage of IRBs and Ethnography.” Humphreys, Laud. 1975. “Postscript.” Tearoom Trade. (《茶室贸易》后记) New York: Aldine de Gruyer. Pages 167-174. Fine, Gary Alan. 1993. “Ten Lies of Ethnography: Moral Dilemmas of Field Research.” (民族志的十个谎言:田野研究的道德困境) Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22: 267-294. Van Maanen, John. 2001 1983. “The Moral Fix: On the Ethics of Field Work.” (道德定势：关于田野工作的道德规范) Pp 269- 287 in Contemporary Field Research. 1st Edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. American Sociological Association. 2017. Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. (美国社会学学会职业道德委员会道德规范、政策及程序) Washington, DC: ASA. http://www./sites/default/files/asa_code_of_ethics-june2018.pdf Heimer, Carol A. and JuLeigh Petty. “Bureaucratic Ethics: IRBs and the Legal Regulation of Human Subjects Research,” (《官僚伦理：IRBS与人类主体研究的法律规范》) Annual Review of Law and Social Science 6: 601-26. 选读： Stark, Laura. 2011. Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1-19. Allen, Charlotte. 1997. “Spies Like Us: When Sociologists Deceive their Subjects.” Lingua Franca (November): 1-8. Cassell, Joan. 1978. “Risks and Benefits to Subjects of Fieldwork.” The American Sociologist 13: 134-43. Shea, Christopher. 2000. “Don’t Talk to the Humans: The Crackdown on Social Science Research.” Lingua Franca (September): 27-34.  📅第八周： 质性数据分析：主题分析与编码 必读： Luker, Kristin. 2008. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences. (萨尔萨舞般的社会科学) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 198-216. Weiss, Robert. 1994. Learning from Strangers. (向陌生人学习：质性访谈研究的艺术与方法) New York City: The Free Press, 151- 182. Saldana, Johnny M. 2015. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. (质化研究编码手册) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Nicole M. Deterding and Mary C. Waters. 2018. “Flexible Coding of In-Depth Interviews; A 21st Century Approach.” (深度访谈的灵活编码：一种21世纪的取向) Online First, Sociological Methods and Research Guetzkow, Joshua, Michèle Lamont and Grégoire Mallard. 2004. “What is Originality in the Social Sciences and the Humanities?” (社会科学与人文科学的原创性在哪里？) American Sociological Review 69:190-212. Consult appendix and tables only. Miles, Michael and A. Michael Huberman, 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. (定型数据分析) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 3-16, 69-104 选读： Altheide, David L. 1987. “Ethnographic Content Analysis.” Qualitative Sociology 10: 65-77. Eliasoph, Nina. 2011. “Appendix 2: Methods of Taking Field Notes and Making Them Tell a Story.” Pp. 261-363 in Making Volunteers: Civic Life After Welfare’s End. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Emerson, Robert, Rachel Fretz, and Linda Shaw, 1995. “Processing Fieldnotes: Coding and Memoing.” Pp. 142-166 in Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McLellan, Eleanor, Kathleen MacQueen and Judith Neidig. 2003. “Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription.” Field Methods 15(1): 63-84. Ryan, Gery and H. Russell Bernard. 2003. “Techniques to Identify Themes.” Field Methods 15(1): 85-109. Weston, Cynthia, et al. 2001. “Analyzing Interview Data: The Development and Evolution of a Coding System.” Qualitative Sociology 24: 381-400 and 107-120. 📅第九-十周： 编码工作坊（小组讨论） 📅第十一周： 写作与评估 必读： Joli Jensen. 2017. Write No Matter What: Advice for Academics. (无论如何都要写：给学者的建议) Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brunsma, David, Monica Prasad and Ezra Zuckerman. 2013. Strategies for Reviewing Manuscripts (ASA Report). (审阅手稿的策略) Albany, NY: American Sociological Association: 1-46. ASR reviewer guidelines (ASR评阅人指南): https://journals./page/asr/help/reviewer-guidelines 选读： Becker, Howard. 1986. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book or Article. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [On Reserve] Erikson, Kai. 1989. “On Sociological Prose.” Yale Review 78 (1): 525-538. Kilbourn, Brent. 2006. “The Qualitative Doctoral Dissertation Proposal.” Teachers College Record 108: 529-76.Sword, Helen. 2017. Air & Light & Time & Space. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Part 4: Emotional Habits (pp. 153-194). Van Maanen, John 2011. Tales of the Field. 3rd Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: xiii-xx, 45-72, and 145-182. 📅第十二-十三周： 学生作业展示 ④ 一份基于个人“偏见”的推荐阅读材料 Booth, Wayne C. Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams, 1995. The Craft of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Camic, Charles, Neil Gross, Michèle Lamont, eds. 2011. Social Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Elder, Glen, Elizabeth K. Pavalko, and Elizabeth H. Cliff, 1993. Working with Archival Data: Studying Lives. Newbury Park: Sage. Firestone, W.A. 1993 “Alternative Arguments for Generalizing from Data as Applied to Qualitative Research”, Educational Researcher 22(4): 16-23. Hermanowicz, Joseph C. 2013. “The Longitudinal Qualitative Interview.” Qualitative Sociology 36: 189-208. Krueger, Richard. 1988. Focus Groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lieberson, Stanley. 2000. “Small N’s and Big Conclusions: An Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases.” Social Forces, 70(2): 307-320. Luttrell, Wendy. 2000. “Good Enough Methods for Ethnographic Research.” Harvard Educational Review. 70 (4): 499-523. Mathison, Sandra. 1988. “Why Triangulate?” Educational Researcher 17(2): 13-17. Platt, Jennifer, 1996. A History of Sociological Research Methods in America, 1920-1960. New York: Cambridge University Press. Roth Wendy and Jal D. Mehta, 2002. “The Rashomon Effect. Combining Positivist and Interpretivist Approaches in the Analysis of Contested Events.” Sociological Methods and Research 31 (2): 131-173. Skocpol, Theda. 2003. “Doubly Engaged Social Science: The Promise of Comparative Historical Analysis. Pp. 407-429 in Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, ed. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer. New York: Cambridge University Press. Skocpol, Theda. 1984. “Emerging Agendas and Recurrent Strategies in Historical Sociology.” Pp. 356-391 in Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Suddaby, Roy. 2006. “What Grounded Theory Is Not.” Academy of Management Journal 49, 633-42 Van Maanen, John, Jesper B. Sørensen, and Terrence R. Mitchell. 2007. “The Interplay between Theory and Method.” Academy of Management Review 32, 1145-54. 回复关键词 “大纲” 获取今天的课程大纲 👇
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