在,食与心带大家了解了膳食纤维在预防改善便秘、增强肠道屏障功能和免疫力、预防炎症性肠病、骨质疏松和结直肠癌、控制血糖、血脂、血胆固醇以及体重中的重要作用,本期让我们继续关注膳食纤维对于其他慢性疾病的预防和改善效果。 11) 预防和改善非酒精性脂肪肝
12) 预防和改善高血压
13) 降低尿毒素水平,预防和改善慢性肾病
14) 预防和改善心血管疾病
15) 降低哮喘风险
高纤维饮食可调整肠道菌群,并通过多条途径增强呼吸道免疫力 16) 降低肺癌风险
17) 降低慢性阻塞性肺病风险
18) 降低食管癌、卵巢癌、和乳腺癌风险
19) 预防和改善脑漏
膳食纤维及其代谢产物可通过四条途径影响学习记忆能力和情绪状态 20) 增强压力应对能力,预防心理疾病
高纤维饮食可促进神经生长,降低神经炎症,从而有助于改善学习记忆能力和情绪状态,低纤维饮食作用则相反。 21) 预防和改善大脑炎症及认知退化
22) 其他益处
三. 吃膳食纤维获益同时有风险吗? 综上,日常饮食中保证充分的膳食纤维摄入,即高纤维饮食对人有众多好处,保护肠道屏障,提高免疫力和学习记忆能力,预防和改善高血压/高血脂/高血糖/高低密度胆固醇/慢性肾病等代谢异常,预防和改善哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病等慢性呼吸道疾病,预防结直肠癌、肺癌和乳腺癌症各种癌症,从而明显降低个体英年早逝的风险。 因此,认为“处在某个特殊时期,必须精米细面肉蛋来调养,不能吃纤维” 的传统观点并不可取,不管是强壮的年轻人,还是幼小的孩子,年长的老人,抑或虚弱的病人,膳食纤维都能助你远离疾病,更加健康快乐的生活。 关注健康的朋友可能会有疑问“2018年不是有一篇研究说吃了膳食纤维的老鼠得了肝癌吗,吃膳食纤维有好处,但是不是还有坏处呀”?当然不是,我们来仔细分析一下这项研究。 ![]() 2018年的这项研究发现[26]:某种特殊遗传背景的小鼠,4周龄开始使用富含可溶性膳食纤维的饮食,比如高菊糖饮食、高果胶饮食和高低聚果糖饮食时,6个月后,小鼠肥胖和代谢异常得到改善,但肝癌发生率却急剧增加,高菊糖饮食组肝癌率达40%,高果胶饮食组为13%,高低聚果糖饮食组为12.5%,而高不可发酵膳食纤维饮食(高纤维素)并未增加肝癌风险。 我们首先来看研究对象:这项研究所用小鼠是缺乏识别微生物信号受体(TLR-5)的T5KO小鼠,这种小鼠本身就存在肠道菌群异常和慢性结肠炎,伴有肥胖、血糖、血脂和血压异常。简而言之,研究对象为有基因缺陷的肠漏小鼠。 其次是饮食:这项研究中,高菊糖饮食组饲料中膳食纤维占总重量10%,其中菊糖占总重量7.5%,纤维素占总重量2.5%,高果胶组和高低聚果糖组用果胶和低聚果糖替代菊糖。也就是说,100克食物中,含有10克膳食纤维,其中7.5克为菊糖,2.5克为纤维素。 也就是说:在有明显肠漏的情况下,(一般各种慢性疾病均伴有肠漏,想深入了解可阅读食与心肠漏系列文章),食用大量可溶性膳食纤维,两周以上,可诱发肝癌。大量的标准可以这样理解,比如每天吃500克食物,其中要包含37.5克菊粉,或者250克洋姜(洋姜也叫鬼子姜或菊芋,是菊粉含量最高的植物之一,可达15%);或者500克食物中含37.5克果胶,由于水果中的果胶含量一般不超过1%,一日三餐只吃水果难以达到这一标准,即便是果胶含量最高的柚子(3.3-4.5%),天天食用1000克以上也几无可能。 因此,在日常生活中,即便是慢性疾病患者,高纤维饮食也不会像实验小鼠那样出现肝癌,因为没有人会把提纯的膳食纤维当饭吃,也没有人会只吃2种固定的膳食纤维,且经年累月地吃。 综上,食与心善意提醒大家:
那么,对于不同年龄不同性别的人来说,膳食纤维有没有最佳食用剂量呢?下期食与心将揭示答案并为你提供满足自己膳食纤维需求的每日饮食计划参考。 参考文献: 1 Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, et al. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2019, 16: 461-78. 2 Liang S, Wu X, Jin F. Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology from the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2018, 12: 33. 3 Montemurno E, Cosola C, Dalfino G, et al. What Would You Like to Eat, Mr Ckd Microbiota? A Mediterranean Diet, Please! Kidney Blood Press Res, 2014, 39: 114-23. 4 Marques F Z, Mackay C R, Kaye D M. Beyond Gut Feelings: How the Gut Microbiota Regulates Blood Pressure. Nature reviews Cardiology, 2018, 15: 20-32. 5 Yang T, Richards E M, Pepine C J, et al. The Gut Microbiota and the Brain-Gut-Kidney Axis in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2018, 14: 442-56. 6 Makki K, Deehan E C, Walter J, et al. The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease. Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 23: 705-15. 7 van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Lyte J M, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Microbial Metabolites That Alleviate Stress-Induced Brain-Gut Axis Alterations. The Journal of physiology, 2018, 596: 4923-44. 8 Singh J, Metrani R, Shivanagoudra S R, et al. Review on Bile Acids: Effects of the Gut Microbiome, Interactions with Dietary Fiber, and Alterations in the Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2019, 67: 9124-38. 9 Cai Y, Folkerts J, Folkerts G, et al. Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Effects of Dietary Fibre on Human Health. Br J Pharmacol, 2019, 10 Szmidt M K, Kaluza J, Harris H R, et al. Long-Term Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Women. European journal of nutrition, 2019, 11 Kieffer D A, Martin R J, Adams S H. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Advances in nutrition, 2016, 7: 1111-21. 12 Krawczyk M, Maciejewska D, Ryterska K, et al. Gut Permeability Might Be Improved by Dietary Fiber in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Nafld) Undergoing Weight Reduction. Nutrients, 2018, 10: 13 Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, et al. From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites. Cell, 2016, 165: 1332-45. 14 Kim Y, Je Y. Dietary Fibre Intake and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease and All Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Archives of cardiovascular diseases, 2016, 109: 39-54. 15 Khan N A, Raine L B, Drollette E S, et al. Dietary Fiber Is Positively Associated with Cognitive Control among Prepubertal Children. The Journal of nutrition, 2015, 145: 143-9. 16 Kaluza J, Harris H, Wallin A, et al. Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Men. Epidemiology, 2018, 29: 254-60. 17 Trompette A, Gollwitzer E S, Pattaroni C, et al. Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c(-) Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and Cd8(+) T Cell Metabolism. Immunity, 2018, 48: 992-1005 e8. 18 Vaughan A, Frazer Z A, Hansbro P M, et al. Copd and the Gut-Lung Axis: The Therapeutic Potential of Fibre. Journal of thoracic disease, 2019, 11: S2173-S80. 19 McAleer J P, Kolls J K. Contributions of the Intestinal Microbiome in Lung Immunity. European journal of immunology, 2018, 48: 39-49. 20 Matt S M, Allen J M, Lawson M A, et al. Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated with Aging in Mice. Front Immunol, 2018, 9: 1832. 21 Ohira H, Tsutsui W, Fujioka Y. Are Short Chain Fatty Acids in Gut Microbiota Defensive Players for Inflammation and Atherosclerosis? Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2017, 24: 660-72. 22 Smith A P, Sutherland D, Hewlett P. An Investigation of the Acute Effects of Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin on Subjective Wellbeing, Mood and Cognitive Performance. Nutrients, 2015, 7: 8887-96. 23 Hassevoort K M, Lin A S, Khan N A, et al. Added Sugar and Dietary Fiber Consumption Are Associated with Creativity in Preadolescent Children. Nutritional neuroscience, 2018, 1-12. 24 Yang J J, Yu D, Xiang Y B, et al. Association of Dietary Fiber and Yogurt Consumption with Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis. JAMA oncology, 2019, 25 Llorente C, Schnabl B. The Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 1: 275-84. 26 Singh V, Yeoh B S, Chassaing B, et al. Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer. Cell, 2018, 175: 679-94 e22. |
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