 自由而无用  人生很短，书却很多，人类世界的书库藏典浩如烟海，我们国家亦从书籍的贫乏迅速地走向了书籍的过剩，纸质读物及网络阅读几乎无处不在。而且，得益于科技助推、文化复制的便利，阅读在随时随地可以实现的同时，碎片化、浅显化式阅读接踵而至，出版上的甜腻、平白、浅俗之风日盛，一些陈腐浅俗的文字被裹以炫目的糖衣，在复制、跟风抄袭的浪潮中四处泛滥并得到膜拜。随便浏览一下当当网图书的文学板块，便可看到文学热卖区“文学鸡汤”大行其道。 中国著名作家林语堂曾说，“读书，开茅塞，除鄙见，得新知，增学问，广识见，养性灵。”读书可以使人增长学问见识，领悟为人处世的道理，即“开茅塞，除鄙见”，这是阅读大多数书籍都可以带来的好处。读书还可以“养性灵”，这种好处，则非品读经典而不可得。通过品读经典培养高尚的心灵，养成知识丰富、道德高尚、情趣健康的心灵，可以让人生从浮躁走向宁静、从浅陋走向优雅。泛的阅读兴趣，任何堪称经典的作品他都不曾放过。希望每一位读者都能在“无功利性”的阅读中，碰到成为你的书的书。 今天，小编就带领大家一起来重温卡尔维诺的经典之作——《为什么读经典》 为什么读经典 [意大利]卡尔维诺 卡尔维诺通过十四个对经典的定义，阐述了自己对经典的理解。在卡尔维诺看来：经典是需要被不断重读的书，经典作品可以对我们产生影响，构成我们宝贵的经验，经典的每一次重读都会像初读一样给我们带来发现，而初读又像重温一样激起我们内心的认同；经典有着被阐释的广阔空间，并且有着深刻的文化的印痕，经典总是给我们带来意想不到的收获，而真正有价值的书是在“非强制”的阅读中才能发现的；经典使我们在认同或反对中不断确立自己，经典作品在众多作品中在文化延续中有着自己的位置，能引起人们的共鸣；经典离不开社会和生活，即使经典在现实生活中不能成为主流，经典也要对社会产生影响。无论是本民族的经典还是外国经典，对一个民族的成长都是十分重要的，因为我们在对比中才能衡量自己。 在谈到经典重读时，卡尔维诺说道：“无论一个人在性格形成期阅读范围多么广泛，总还有众多的重要作品未读。”在性格形成期阅读的经典作品对人的成长产生着深远的影响，就如同一个人的童年的记忆往往使他对周围世界产生了最初的印象、最初的看法，而这种看法和印象一旦形成，就难以更改。如果一个人在成年之前能够阅读大量的经典作品，这对他的成长无疑是十分有益的。每个人所接触的社会范围是有限的，经验也总是受到环境的束缚。然而人可以通过大量的阅读了解社会，了解人生，积累经验。这些积累，到了成年期，就会变作一种经验，这种经验是无意识的，在无形中指挥着人们的行动。这也是为什么我们经常发现的，博览群书的人往往充满智慧，而胸无点墨的人则显得迟钝而愚蠢。文学经典总是有着巨大的阐释空间，这一方面是由于经典本身的复杂性，一方面是由于个人或社会的观念的变化。一个小孩读斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》，所领略的一定是“大人国”、“小人国”的奇妙经历，而当他在接触了更多的经典、了解了更多的背景之后，就会明白其中的讽刺意味。从另一个角度讲，最初作为讽刺小说的《格列佛游记》随着广泛的流传，其讽刺社会的意味却逐渐消减了，而人们多把它作为儿童的启蒙读物。我们时常遇到的情况是，一部经典的作品总是不断地被人们进行“阐释”。就以中国的《红楼梦》，英国的莎士比亚戏剧为例，在一个图书馆中，我们总会发现各种相关的评论、研究书籍远远超过了各种版本的原著本身。因而，卡尔维诺建议要读第一手的文本而不是二手的评论。文学经典可能不是在诞生之初就得到人们认可、被人们当作经典的，它可能是与当时的社会格格不入的。但是“经典”需要时间的考验。只有多少年过去之后，人们才能拨开时间的迷雾，鄙弃各种影响人们公正态度的因素，才能真正地认识经典、推重经典。经典帮助我们理解我们是谁和我们所到达的位置，意大利经典对意大利人是不可或缺的，否则我们就无从比较外国的经典；同样地，外国经典也不可或缺的，否则我们就无从衡量意大利的经典。”其实，这里的“意大利”我们完全应该把它换成“中国”，以引起我们对中外经典作品的重视。经典在对比中使我们认识自己，使我们找到人类的共性，同时又看到自己的独特之处。而我们所应该做的，就是不断地发现经典，阅读经典。 周宓：《坐观论道》
Why Read the Classics? Italo Calvino Calvino explained his understanding of classics through 14 definitions of classics. In Calvino's view, classics are books that need to be read continuously. Classics can have an impact on us and constitute our valuable experience. Each reading of classics will bring us discovery just like the first reading, and the first reading will arouse our inner recognition just like the review. Classics have broad space to be interpreted and have deep cultural imprints. Classics always bring us unexpected harvest, and the really valuable books can be found in the reading of 'non compulsory'; classics enable us to constantly establish ourselves in the identification or opposition, and classic works have their own position in the cultural continuity of many works, which can arouse people's resonance; classics cannot be separated from society and life, even if classics can't be mainstream in real life, classics also have an impact on society. Whether it is a national classic or a foreign classic, it is very important for the growth of a nation, because we can measure ourselves in comparison. 周宓：《茅亭忆旧》 When it comes to the rereading of classics, Calvino said, 'no matter how extensive a person's reading range is in the period of character formation, there are still many important works to be read.' The classic works read in the period of character formation have a profound impact on people's growth, just as the memory of a person's childhood often makes him have the initial impression and the initial view on the surrounding world, which is hard to change once formed. If a person can read a lot of classic works before he or she reaches adulthood, it is undoubtedly very beneficial for his growth. The social scope that everyone contacts is limited, and the experience is always bound by the environment. However, people can understand the society, understand life and accumulate experience through a lot of reading. These accumulations, when they reach adulthood, will become a kind of experience, which is unconscious and commands people's actions invisibly. This is also why we often find that people who read widely are often full of wisdom, while people who have no idea are dull and stupid. Literary classics always have a huge space for interpretation. On the one hand, it is due to the complexity of the classics, on the other hand, it is due to the change of personal or social concepts. When a child reads Swift's Gulliver's travels, he must appreciate the wonderful experience of 'the country of adults' and 'the country of villains'. When he contacts more classics and understands more backgrounds, he will understand the irony. On the other hand, Gulliver's travels, which was originally a satirical novel, has been widely spread, but its satirical meaning of society has gradually diminished, and people regard it as the enlightenment reading material for children. What we often encounter is that a classic work is always 'interpreted' by people. Take the dream of the red chamber in China and Shakespeare's plays in England as an example. In a library, we always find that all kinds of relevant comments and research books far exceed the original works in all versions. As a result, Calvino suggests reading first-hand texts rather than second-hand comments. Literary classics may not have been recognized and regarded as classics at the beginning of its birth, but may not be compatible with the society at that time. But 'classic' takes time. Only after many years have passed, can people get rid of the fog of time, despise all kinds of factors that affect people's fair attitude, and truly understand and value classics. Classics help us to understand who we are and where we are. Italian classics are indispensable to Italians, otherwise we will not be able to compare foreign classics. Similarly, foreign classics are also indispensable, otherwise we will not be able to measure Italian classics. ' In fact, 'Italy' here should be replaced by 'China' to attract our attention to Chinese and foreign classics. In contrast, classics make us know ourselves, make us find the commonness of human beings, and at the same time see our own uniqueness. What we should do is to constantly discover and read classics. 周宓：《静观》 Most of the thirty-five reviews in Calvino's why to read classics were written in the 1970s and 1980s, four in the 1950s and two in the 1960s. These articles discuss writers and works that the author likes, admires, or has had a significant impact on himself from different angles and aspects. These are the most significant writers, poets and scientific writers in different stages of his life. These articles are not arranged according to the time of writing, but are basically arranged according to the time of the author's works. From Homer's Odyssey to parvesa's moon and campfire, each one is full of the author's wisdom and literary insight. Some of these articles comment on the characters in the works, such as multiple odyssey in Odyssey; some analyze the structure of the works, such as the structure of crazy Orlando; some comment on the writers themselves, such as jerrolamo caldano, Hemingway and us; some analyze the works, such as the works of Dickens, Flaubert, Tolstoy, etc. In addition, there are many other unique and novel angles. Calvino often starts from the work itself to analyze the work, or studies the writer through the work, rather than through the study of the writer to read the work. For example, for crazy Orlando, he focuses on the structure of the work, while for honest man, he focuses on the narrative speed. Without looking at these comments, we only look at the classics he read, and we can feel Calvino's love and reverence for these authentic classics. These classic works often involve many fields, including pure literature, nature and science. We can see that Calvino has a wide range of reading interests, and he has never let go of any classic works. What Calvino appreciates is the 'utilitarian' reading. Only those things that you choose after or outside school are valuable. Only in the course of non compulsory reading will you come across the book that will become your book. These thirty-five articles are related to the author's works that he has read many times. Only with real understanding, appreciation and respect, can we have real original opinions. 作者简介 伊塔洛·卡尔维诺（Italo Calvino ，1923年10月15日—1985年9月19日），意大利二十世纪最重要的小说家之一，其作品以独到的精美构思、深刻隽永的思维方式，对现代小说艺术产生巨大的影响。他一生都在小说创作方面不断地超越自我，直到生命的终结。 卡尔维诺1923年10月15日生于古巴哈瓦那，后随父母移居意大利。二次世界大战时他参加了意大利抵抗组织，战后定居于都灵，并于 1947年毕业于都灵大学文学系，获得文学学士学位，毕业以后在都灵的艾依那乌迪出版社任文学顾问，在此期间，发表第一部长篇小说《通向蜘蛛巢的小路》。 1949年，短篇小说集《最后飞来的是乌鸦》问世。所收作品既有童话和传奇色彩，又含有特定的现实意义；既有浓厚的抒情性，又有一定的哲理性。 1954年，卡尔维诺的另一部短篇小说集《进入战争》问世，作品反映了战争在步入而立之年的卡尔维诺身上所留下的难以医治的创伤。 1956年被人誉为“意大利式的格林童话”，“世界文学宝库中的瑰宝”的《意大利童话》发表，全书搜集了近200篇各地的传统民间故事和童话。 1957年后，卡尔维诺陆续发表了《树上的男爵》、《不存在的骑士》、《投入房地产》、《马可瓦多》等一系列经典名篇。 卡尔维诺于1985年被提名为诺贝尔文学奖获奖者，却因于当年猝然去世而与该奖失之交臂。 （注：本文画作来自～复旦大学校友，上海美术家协会会员，上海大学艺术教授周正平，笔名周宓。） 编辑：孟明军
 期待更多好活动和文章 所谓 ‘自由’，是思想与学术、甚至生活观念，能在无边的时空中恣意游走； 自由而无用订阅号 ‘无用’，则是对身边现实功利的有意疏离。 自由而无用服务号
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周宓：《风正一帆悬》
周宓：《岁月静好，天人平和》
