1. error/ mistake/ fault Ⅰ.error的意思是错误、过失,指背离某种准则的偏差,表示精确、不正确、不对。在本组词中,这个词用得最广泛。例如: ① This is an error in grammar. 这是一个语法上的错误。 ② He made an error in opinion. 你的意见有错误。 Ⅱ. mistake “错误”, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正确的理解等原因而造成的“错误”。与error可通用,但在某些固定词组中不能换用。如: by mistake. In error 等。如: ① You have made a mistake in your spelling. 你在拼写上弄错了。 ② I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿错了他的伞。 Ⅲ. fault“缺点、毛病”也可表“过失、过错”含有当事人对造成的过错有责任的意味。如: ① With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 尽管他有缺点,分还是一个好同志。 2. even if / even though/ though 三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用,意为“即使、纵然”,引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情,有时动词可用虚拟语气;though 意思是“虽然”,引出的从句叙述的是事实。如: ① He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。(他是肯定知道的) ② He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息,但他不愿意告诉我。(他对消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推测意味) ③ I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败,我也要尝试一下。 ④ Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还继续工作。 [注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。 3. evening/ night Ⅰ.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”,指从晚餐至就寝这段时间,如: ① I must start by tomorrow evening. 我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。 ② We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。 Ⅱ.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”,指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如: ① They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。 ② We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉,白天工作。 ③ We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。 4. every day/ everyday Ⅰ.every day连写和分开,不但在句中的作用不同,意义也不同。every day是副词词组,意为“每天、天天”,在句中作状语。如: We go to school every day. Ⅱ.everyday是形容词,意为“日常的、普通的”,在句中作定语。如: I study everyday English every day. 5. every one/ everyone Ⅰ.every one是“每个”的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人,也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如: ① He ate up every one of those apples.他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。 ② Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。 Ⅱ.everyone是代词(=everybody),意思是“每个人、人人”,但一般不指具体哪个人,后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词,应用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如: ① Is everyone here? ② Everyone can do it. [注]every one后不与of连用时,即可指人又可指物,指人时与everyone 相同。如: Everyone (every one) can do it. every one与of连用必须分开写。 everyone 与not连用,只表示部分否定,并不是每个人的意思。 6. examination/ test/ quiz Ⅰ.examination表示考试的意思时,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如: ① We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。 ② The students did very well in the terminal examination. 学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式) ③ They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。 Ⅱ.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如: ① We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。 ② The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老师对我们进行了语法考查。 Ⅲ.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如: ① The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。 ② How ofter do you have your quiz? 你们多长时间测验一次? 7. exciting/ excited Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。 exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”,主语常是物。如: ① Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。 ② It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。 Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”,主语常是人。如: ① The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。 ② The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。 [注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有: interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的 worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的 tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的 bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的 frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的 8. excuse …for/ excuse … from Ⅰ. excuse … for “原谅某事”。如: ① He excused me for being late. 他原谅我迟到了。 ② Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。 Ⅱ. excuse … from “使免于……,允许不……”如: ① The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。 ② The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。 9. expect/ wait Ⅰ.expect 是及物动词,作“期待,预料,指望”解,表“期待某人会来或某事会发生”的意思,后接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。如: ① We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。 ② We expect to meet you again next year. 我们期待明年再见到你。 ▲ expect 可引申为汉语的“等待”,多用于进行时态,主要指“期盼”的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如: ③ Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢? Ⅱ. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指“等候”的具体行为。如: ① Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说几句话。 ② I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。 ③ We are waiting for a bus. 我们在等公共汽车。 10. family/ home/ house 这三个词都可以作“家”讲。 Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如: There are four rooms in the house. Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如: ① His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。 ② My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。 Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如: Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。 另外,home还可作副词。如:Let’s go home. 11. faraway/ far away Ⅰ.faraway指时间、距离、程度等,“遥远的”如: the faraway guests 远方的客人 它还可表“心不在焉的”。如: a faraway look 恍惚的神色 Ⅱ.far away是副词词组,只表距离远,在句中作状语还常作后置定语。如: ① He’s standing far away. ② He lived in a small village far away. 12. farm / field Ⅰ.farm是“农场”,它的范围大,包括田地、树木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介词on。 Ⅱ.field是“田地”,或生长草木的原野,多用复数形式,但一块稻田可以说:a rice field,其前常用介词in。如: ① There several kinds of animals on the farm. ② They’re working in the rice field. 13. farmer/ peasant Ⅰ.farmer指经营农庄的人。 Ⅱ.peasant包括雇农、小佃农或小耕农。在我国将农民都译为peasant。 14. farther/ further father, further都可以是far的比较级,意为“较远、更远”,但further除此之外,还有“更进一步,此外的”等意思,既可以作形容词,也可以作副词。如: ① They made further arrangement. 他们作了进一步的安排。 ② I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。 ③ She didn’t argue further about it. 她对此不再争论了。 15. fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick Ⅰ. fast “快”一般指物体的运动速度(speed)快,常用来形容交通工具跑得快,钟表走得快,人的动作快等。如: ① A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽车比卡车跑得快。 ② How fast the horse runs! 这匹马跑得多快呀! Ⅱ. quick 指较短的时间或较近的将来即可发生或完成某事,常用来形容动作敏捷、反应迅速。如: ① Come quick! 快来呀! ② Please give me a quick reply. 请迅速给我答复。 Ⅲ. rapid 表速度之快,往往可与fast通用,但它多指运动本身。如: ① The boy is making rapid progress. 这孩子进步很快。 ② Rapid speech is usually indistinct. 急促的语言往往不清晰。 ③ The current was rapid. 水流得很急。 Ⅳ. swift 表速度很快而又常指运动平稳而不费力。如: ① Eagles are swift in flight. 鹰飞得很快。 ② The curent was very swift. 水流得很快。 16. feed/ keep Ⅰ. feed “喂养”,强调具体的动作,意为:“给……喂食、给……东西吃”常用句型为:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed sth. to sb./ sth. 给(人或动物)某物作为食物。如: ① Mr King has a large family to feed. 金先生要养活一大家人。 ② What do you feedyour dog on?你用什么喂狗? ③ Feed some stewed(炖的)apple to the baby. 给婴儿多喂些炖苹果。 Ⅱ. keep “饲养”,指总体情况,不涉及具体动作。如: ① The old woman kept many dogs. 那位老太太养了许多狗。 17. festival/ holiday/ red-letter day/ vacation Ⅰ.festival“节日”其特点是同欢乐,如:外国的圣诞节,我国的春节等。 ① Christmas and Easter are Church festival.圣诞节和复活节都是教会的节日。 ② A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival. Ⅱ.red-letter day “纪念、节日、大喜日子”,指日历是用红字标明的日子,如: There aare many red-letter day round the year. Ⅲ.vacation通常指按规定停下工作或学习等活动而休息的一段时间,一般较长,如学校里的寒暑假。如: The summer vacation is over. 暑假已经过去了。 18. few/ a few/ little/ a little few和a few 修饰可数名词,little 和a little 修饰不可数名词;few和little表否定意义,可受very修饰。a few 和a little表肯定意义,可受only修饰。如: ① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous. ② This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it. ③ -------There is little water left in my glass. -------Will you please give me some? ④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left. 19. fairly /quite / rather Ⅰ. fairly 多用于褒义,语气最弱,表“适度、尚可”等意思。 ① It’s fairly cold out; wear a jacket. 外面颇冷,穿件外套。 ② This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅易的书。 Ⅱ. Quite 与fairly 用法相似,但语气较强。如: ① It is quite cold out; wear a coat. 外面很冷,穿件外套。 ② You are not quite happy this morning. 你今天早上我太高兴。 Ⅲ. rather 多用于贬义。语气在这三个词中最强。如: It is rather cold out; wear a warm coat. 外面相当冷,穿件暖和人大衣。 20. fight/ struggle/battle Ⅰ.fight 意为“战斗”,指人与人,动物与动物,用武器或不用武器的战斗,也可以引伸其义,如: They fought their enemies bravely. 他们勇敢斗敌。 Ⅱ.struggle意为“斗争”,指那些费力、很艰苦、时间长的斗争,如: His life was a hard struggle with sickness. 他一生与疾病作了艰苦的斗争。 Ⅲ.battle“作战”,一般指有组织的武装部队之间的斗争。如: They were wounded in battle. 他们都在战斗中受了伤。 作为名词时,fight和battle都有“战斗”的意思,有时可以通用。如: The fight/battle lasted a long time. 这次战斗持续了很长时间。 1) fight的意义比较广泛,还可指人对自然界的斗争,有时也指人们之间的斗争。如: We have starded a fight against pollution. 我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。 2) struggle相当于a hard fight(奋斗),如: The slaves won their struggle for freedom. 奴隶们为自由而进行的斗争胜利了。 |
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