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第六章 介 词 复习重点： 1. 介词用法多而杂，一个介词有多种不同用法，而一个意思又可以用不同的介词来表示。 2． 有些介词有时是介词，有时是副词，如：up, in, on, off, over, down, round, out等。 3．注意易混介词的辨析和用法，做到根据语境和交际条件灵活运用。 语法精讲： 用在名词或名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构前，表示词语间语义关系的词叫介词。可分为：简单介词（如：at, in, on, by, after等）、复合介词（如：inside, into, outside, within, without等）和短语介词（如：in front of, because of, instead of, along with等）。介词不能单独做句子成分，必须和它后面的名词、代词等组成介词短语，修饰动词、名词等，表示时间、地点、空间和其他关系，在句子中主要用做主语、表语、宾补、定语、状语等。 一、介词的位置 （一）．介词一般放在它支配的词之前：Mary is good at playing the guitar. （二）．下列情况，介词要后置： 1．介词宾语是疑问词时： Where do you come from? 2．当连接代词、连接副词和关系代词后跟从句时：I don’t know whom he’s looking for. 3．在定语从句中，关系代词which, whom做带有介词的动词短语的宾语时，介词要后置：He is the man whom you should rely on. 4．用不定式做定语或状语，需要介词支配所修饰的名词时：I have a chair to sit on. 5．加强语气时，可以把介词宾语放在句首：Such good movies I will go to again. 二、主要介词的用法 （一）in 1．表示时间，多指段时间，或抽象的一天中的上午、下午、早上、晚上等in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in 1980s, in 1979； in还可以表示经过一段时间之后，其动词用一般将来时：We’ll finish the work in two days. 2．表示（大）地点、场所：in Asia, in China等； 3．表示“穿、戴（衣服、帽子等）”：The girl in red is Li Hua’s mother； 4．表示“用……（语言）”：What’s this in English? What’s that in Chinese? （二）on 1．表示时间，指特定的某一天或某一天的上午、下午、早上、晚上等：on Sunday, on October 1, on a rainy afternoon, on a cold night in winter, on the morning of May 1； 2．表示位置：“在……上（与物体接触）”：on the table, on the earth, on the lake, on the street; 3．表示“关于”：What about your opinion on this matter? 4．表示手段、器具，“依靠……”：on foot, live on, on television, on credit等； 5．引申意义，表示“从事……”：They are on holiday. Who is on duty today? （三）at 1．表示时间（具体的时刻）、年龄等：at seven, at dawn, at noon, at present, at first等； 2．表示（小）地点：at the door, at the station, at a town, at the end of, at home等； 3．表示速度、价格：at a high price, at a speed of, The book is sold at two yuan. 4．表示状态：The two countries were at war then. The doctors are at work. 5．表示引起某种情绪的原因：He was sad at her failure. We were sad at hearing the news. 6．表示方向：H aimed at the little bird. He threw a stone at the dog. （四）for 1．表示一段时间：Tom was in hospital for a year. I’ve been in Xuchang for two months. 2．表示目的、原因、理由：I wrote a letter for her. China is famous for its history. 3．表示目的、去向：We are going to leave for Beijing the day after tomorrow. 4．表示“给……的”“供……使用的”：Here are some flowers for you. a nice day for fishing. 5．表示价格、交换：I paid 200 yuan for this bike. She changed this book for another one. 6．表示“就……而论”：It is too cold for swimming today. It’s difficult for Peter. 7．表示“代替、代表、当作”：Let me do it for you. I’ll keep it for a souvenir. （五）with 1．表示工具、表情：We write with a pen. Cut it with a knife. with a smile on his face. 2．表示“和……一起”：Can I go with you? Mary had a talk with Jane last Monday. 3．表示“穿戴，有”：China is a country with a long history. I have no money with me. 4．表示伴随状态：With these words, he went out of the room. We get up with the sun. 5．表示“若是……”：With your help, we’ll finish the work in time. 6．表示生理或感情：His face turned red with anger. We jumped with joy. （六）from 1．指时间或动作的起点，表示“从…….，来自……”：We have classes from Monday to Friday. I’ll work harder form now on. The letter is from my brother. 2．表示“由……原来制成的”：Wine is made from grapes. Paper is made from wood. （七）during:表示“在（某段时间）里”、“在……期间”：during summer, during my illness. （八）about 1．“在……的周围,在……的附近”：I dropped the key about the school gage. 2．“关于，对于”：He told me a story about Lei Feng. Tell me all about it. 3．“大约”：It’s about ten o’clock now. （九）after 1．表示时间：“在…..以后”：after school, after supper, Summer comes after spring. 2．表示方式：“仿照，依照”：Read after me. It’s a play after Shakespeare. （十）by 1．“在……旁边,在……附近”：He stood by me. There are many trees by the river. 2．“最迟在，在……以前”：I’ll be here by five. 3．“被，由”：The boy was beaten by his father. 4．“依据，依照”：What time is it by your watch? We learn swim by swimming. 5．“通过，靠，坐”：We’ll go to Beijing by plane. You may send the book by post. 三、一些介词词组的区别 1．at table：在进餐，在桌旁吃饭； at the table：在桌旁 2．at desk:在读书或做作业； at the desk:在课桌旁 3．at school: 在学校上学； at the school: 在学校 4．in front of: 在（外部的）前面； in the front of: 在（内部的）前面 5．at sea: 在航海中； at the sea: 在海边 6．by day: 白天； by the day: 按天，论日 7．behind time: 误期； behind the time: 落后于时代 8．in class: 在上课； in the class: 在班里 9．in bed: 在睡觉； in the bed: 在床上 10．in prison: 坐牢； in the prison: （因事）在监狱里 11．in red: 穿着红色的衣服； in the red: 负债，亏损 12．in hospital: （病人）住院； in the hospital: （因事）在医院 13．in office: 在办公，执政； in the office: 在办公室里 14．in secret: 秘密； in the secret: 参与秘密，参与阴谋 15．in place of: 代替； in the place of: 在……地方 16．in case of: 万一，如果； in the case of: 在……情况下 17．of age: 成年人； of an age: 同龄人 18．out of office: 离岗； out of the office: 离开办公室 19．out of prison: （因犯罪）出狱 out of the prison: （因事）从监狱出来 20．out of question: 毫无疑问；out of the question: 完全不可能，办不到 21．with child: 怀孕； with a (the ) child: 带着孩子 22．come out of hospital: （病好）出院； come out of the hospital: （因事）从医院出来 23．come out of prison: （刑满）释放； come out of the prison: （因事）从牢房出来 24．go to school(college): 上（大）学； go to the school: （因事）去学校（大学） 25．go to bed: 上床睡觉； go to the bed: 去床边 26．go to hospital: 去住院； go to the hospital: （因事）去医院 27．go to prison: 去坐牢； go to the prison: （因事）去监狱 28．go to sea: 当海员； go to the sea: 去海滨 29．go to court: 起诉； go to the court: （因事）去法庭 30．go to church: 去做礼拜； go to the church: （因事）去教堂 31．keep house: 管理家务； keep the house: 守在家里 32．take place: 发生； take the place: 代替 四、常用介词辨析及用法比较 （一）above, over, on on表示两物接触；over表示在正上方；above指在斜上方。 （二）among, between among一般用于三者或三者以上的人或同类事物之间；后者一般指在两者或两部分之间。 （三）across, through across指穿过、越过物体的表面； through指从内部穿过。 五、省略介词的几种情况 （一）表示时间的短语中如果有next, last, one, this, every, each, some, any, all等单词时： I’ll see you next week. You can come any day you like. We worked hard all last year. (二) 在口语中，周日名称前的on常被省略：Why not come (on) Monday morning? (三) 在不定冠词a, an(“每一”)的短语中，不用介词：three times a day, forty hours a week. (四) 含有height, length, size, shape, age, color, weight等词的短语在句中做表语时，短语前不用介词：What color are here eyes? She is the same age as me. 【课内追踪练习】 单项选择 (C)1．The Greens have lived in China more than 3 years. A. in B. to C. for D. with (C)2．Which is the way the People's Hospital. A. on B. at C. to D. in (B)3．The twins lived there the years 1998～2000. A. between B. during C. in D. at (A)4．I heard he had already left Tianjin. A. for B. from C. to D. in (D)5．What was Jim looking when the teacher came ? A. down, to B. at, on C. after, at D. for, in (C)6．Look! They are walking the rain. A. by B. on C. in D. across (D)7．-Are you going shopping bus? -No, we are going Tom's car. A. by, by B. on, in C. in, on D. by, in (A)8．My friends call me Tom short. A. for B. by C. with D. in (D)9． Miss Gao's help, all of them study English well. A. Under B. In C. Below D. With 【复习小结】 １、介词种类繁多，且相当部分介词有多种用法，应牢记。 ２、掌握易混淆的几组介词的区别。 ３、中考常见题型为选择题及综合应用题，需灵活运用。 【课外巩固练习】 一、选择填空 (B)10．Taiwan is the southeast of China. A. on B. in C. to D. of (D)11．Go the bridge and you'll find it. A. cross B. crossing C. crossed D. across (B)12．The Great Wall is known the people all over the world. A. by B. to C. in D. at (A)13．I go to school 7∶30 every morning. A. at,× B. in, on C. at, in D. at, on (C)14．We'll finish the book the end of the month. A. till B. until C. by D. for (B)15．The workers all wear their hats their head and glasses their eyes. A. in, over B. on, over C. over, over D. to, on (A)16．Every evening, I learn English . A. on the radio B. from the radio C. by the radio D. in the radio (B)17．Nobody can stop him jumping into the lake. A. of B. from C. for D. to (D)18．Best wishes you New Year's Day. A. for, for B. to, to C. with, for D. to, for (B)19．My sister put on her best clothes and left the party. A. to B. for C. of D. on 二、选用适当介词填空 20．This meeting began with a song. 21．The machine cut the big piece of metal into small pieces. 22．Xiao Ming does very well in maths. 23．The Greens will go to England for a holiday. 24．He would like to meet her between 8∶00 and 9∶00 tomorrow morning. 25． On a windy night, a man knocked at his door. 26．What do you talk about and what do you want a knife for ? 27．We fight about who plays with it first. 三、选用框内介词填空 across, in, by, on, till, for, over, with, under, into, to, at, of 28．The boat is passing under the bridge. 29．They worked from morning till night. 30．There is a bridge over the river. 31．The girls were swimming across the river at that time. 32．The boys jumped into the lake. 33．Will you please help me with my English? 34．The children often play in/on the playground. 35．The girl is good at the computer. 36．You'd better make the best use of your time. 37．I met my headmaster on my way to school. 38．I often go to school by bike. 39．We have studied English for several years. |
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