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肯定句变否定句

 外语行天下 2020-07-22

一、动词后直接加not。

原句中含有be动词 (am, is, are, was, were) 。

I am a teacher. ---->I am not a teacher.

我是一个老师。---->我不是老师。

原句中含有情态动词 (can, shall, will, may, should, would, might, had better 等) 。

Li Lei can swim.---->Li Lei cannot/can't swim.

李雷会游泳。---->李雷不会游泳。

He will go to the zoo if it rains tomorrow.---->He will not/won't go to the zoo if it rains tomorrow.

如果明天下雨,他将去动物园。---->如果明天下雨,他就不去动物园了。

原句中含有助动词(have, has, had)。

We have learned 3,000 words. ---->We have not/haven't learned 3,000 words.

我们已经学会了3000个单词。---->我们还没有学会3000个单词。

We have heard from him since he left. ---->We have not heard from him since he left.

他走后我们收到他的来信。---->他走后杳无音讯。

二、原句中没有be动词,助动词或情态动词时,要在行为动词前加助动词 (do, does, did) 与否定副词 not 的缩写形式。

句中第一个动词是原形时,在其前加上don’t。

I get up at six o'clock every day.---->I don't get up at six o'clock every day.

我每天六点起床。---->我没有每天六点起床。

I go to dance classes here in New York. ---->I don't go to dance classes here in New York. 

我在纽约上舞蹈课。---->我不在纽约上舞蹈课。

句中第一个动词是三单形式时,在其前加上doesn’t,原来的动词三单形式改为动词原形 。

Mr Wang works in a factory.---->Mr Wang doesn't work in a factory.

王先生在一家工厂工作。---->王先生不在工厂工作。

He goes out drinking night after night. ---->He doesn't go out drinking night after night.

他一夜又一夜地外出喝酒。---->他每晚都不出去喝酒。

句中第一个动词是过去式时,在其前加上didn’t,原来的动词过去形式改为动词原形 。

Xia Lin visited our friends last night.---->Xia Lin didn't visit our friends last night.

夏琳昨晚拜访了我们的朋友。---->夏琳昨晚拜访了我们的朋友。

She cried when she spoke of Oliver. ---->She didn't cry when she spoke of Oliver.

她提起奥利弗的时候哭了。---->她提起奥利弗的时候没哭。

三、肯定句变否定句的特殊情况

肯定句变否定句时,除将谓语变为否定式外,句中其他词语也可能随之改变, 如将some改为any, too和also改为either,already改yet,and改为or等。

There are some birds in the tree.---->There aren’t any birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。---->树上没有鸟。

He likes the girl, too.---->He doesn’t like the girl, either.

他也喜欢这个女孩。---->他也不喜欢这个女孩。 

We have already seen the film.---->We have not seen the film yet.

我们已看过这部电影。---->我们没有看这部电影。

He likes singing and dancing. ---->He doesn’t like singing or dancing.

他喜欢唱歌和跳舞。---->他不喜欢唱歌和跳舞。

在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是think, believe, guess时,如果要否定后面的宾语从句,习惯上否定主句的谓语动词。

I think he is 13 years old.---->I don't think he is 13 years old.

我认为他13岁了。---->我认为他没有13岁。

I believe she will come here soon.---->I don’t believe she will come here soon.

我相信她很快就会来这里。---->我相信她不会很快就会来这里。

在其他复合句中一般将主句变为否定式。

I was cooking when Mum got home.---->I was not cooking when Mum got home.

妈妈回家时我正在做饭。---->妈妈回家时我不在做饭。

He was sleeping when I came back. ---->He was not sleeping when I came back.

当我回来时,他正在睡觉。---->当我回来时,他没在睡觉。

肯定句中含有both, both … and 时,变否定句时both →neither;both … and→neither … nor;all→none。

Both of us are students. ---->Neither of us is a student.

我们都是学生。---->我们俩都不是学生。

I know both English and Chinese.---->I know neither English nor Chinese.

我既懂英文又懂中文。---->我既不懂英文也不懂中文。

All of them like bananas.---->None of them like(s) bananas.

他们都喜欢香蕉。---->他们都不喜欢香蕉。

肯定句中含有every-, some- 的合成词,变否定句时常改为含有no- 的合成词。

Everything is ready.---->Nothing is ready.

一切就绪。---->什么都没有准备好。

There is something wrong with my bike.---->There is nothing wrong with my bike.

我的自行车出毛病了。---->我的自行车没有毛病。

肯定句中含有 “形容词+ enough to do sth.”, 变否定句时改为“ too +形容词的反义词+ to do sth.”。

She is old enough to go to school.---->She is too young to go to school.

她到了可以上学的年龄了。---->她太小了,不能上学。

He is tall enough to reach the lamp.---->He is too short to reach the lamp.

他个子高,能够到灯了。---->他太矮了,够不到灯。

肯定句中含有always和ever, 变否定句时改为never 。

He is always late for school.---->He is never late for school.

他上学总是迟到。---->他上学从不迟到。

My uncle's ever been to many parts of England.---->My uncle has never been to many parts of England.

我叔叔去过英国很多地方。---->我叔叔从未去过英国的许多地方。 

祈使句的肯定式变否定式,一般情况下,在句首的动词前加 Don't 。

Close the door.----> Don't close the door.

关上门。---->不要关门。

Leave the envelope open.---->Don't leave the envelope open.

别封上信封。---->不要让信封开着。

Let开头的祈使句,在变否定句时常在其后加not有时也可在其前加Don't 。

Let her come in.---->Let her not come in. = Don't let her come in.

让她进来。---->不要让她进来。

动词不定式变否定式时,常在不定式符号to前加not 。

The teacher asked me to speak more loudly.---->The teacher asked me not to speak more loudly.

老师让我说得更大声些。---->老师叫我不要大声说话。

You tell me to tell people. ---->You tell me not to tell people. 

叫我告诉别人。---->叫我不要告诉别人。

部分否定与完全否定,可能涉及部分否定的词语有both, all, always, every等, 即not both 表示“并非两者都” ,not all 表示“并非所有的都” ,not always表示“并非总是” ,not every 表示“并非每个…都” 。

All of us laughed when we heard it.---->All of us didn’t laugh when we heard it.

听到这事时我们都笑了。---->听到这事时我们并未都笑。

All of us laughed when we heard it.---->Not all of us laughed when we heard it.

听到这事时我们都笑了。---->听到这事时我们并未都笑。

All of us laughed when we heard it.---->None of us laughed when we heard it.

听到这事时我们都笑了。---->听到这事时我们都没笑。

需要分清do, does, did, have, has, have, had等是实义动词还是助动词。如果是助动词,则在它们后面直接加not, 如果是实义动词,则在它们前面根据实际情况加don’t, doesn’t 或didn’t 。

误:He usually does his homework in the evening.---->He usually doesn’t his homework in the evening.

正:He usually does his homework in the evening.---->He doesn’t usually do his homework in the evening.

他通常晚上做作业。---->他通常晚上不做作业。

误:Tina has gone home.---->Tina doesn’t have gone home.

正:Tina has gone home.---->Tina hasn’t gone home.

蒂娜回家了。---->蒂娜没有回家。

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