在公众号里输入关键字"英语词性"或"yycx"可跳转到该文章.英语动词基本可以分为四大类,行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、情态动词和助动词。1、按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。1) 持续性动词:表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有:study、play、do、read、learn、drive、write、clean、lean、sleep、speak、talk、wait、fly、stay、write、sit、stand、lie、keep2) 瞬间性动词:表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有:begin 、start 、finish 、go 、come 、leave 、find 、get up 、arrive 、reach 、get to 、enter 、hear 、stop 、open 、close 、become 、buy、borrow 、lend 、happen 、join 、lose 、renew 、die 、take away 、put up 、set out 、put on 、get on/off3) 以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如:He has studied English for three years.Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.4) 持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.My mother has lain in bed for 3 days.My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.5) 瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.---->不能用has joinedShe has been up for quite some time.---->不能用has got upHas your brother been away from home for a long time?---->不能用has leftleave---->be away(be not here)sit down---->sit/be seatedjoin---->be in(…)或be a…member B、用it is … since …结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:The film has been on for five minutes.It’s five minutes since the film began.He has been away from Shanghai for three days.It is three days since he left Shanghai.It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.How long is it since be found his sister?6) 瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:I haven’t seen you for a long time.Actually, I haven't bought a pair of earings for 2 months! Okay. I haven't left the apartment for three weeks. 2、根据其后是否带宾语,动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词。1) 及物动词:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,常用句型:The mother carried the baby.Michael completed his homework.Give me your name and address. Did she tell you her name?She asked the students their names.I found the guard sleeping.We all consider her unworthy.I declare this centre open.2) 不及物动词:本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,常用句型:The rain was falling steadily. Someone is coughing loudly.3、实义动词按其语义特征可以分为动态动词和静态动词。1) 动态动词:表示运动状态的动词。这类动词分为五种:A、活动动词:这类动词表示动作的发出者的有意识的,主动的行为,这类动词有ask、write、listen、play、run、keep、work等。One of the students asked me a question.The girl writes to her mother once a week.B、过程动词:这类动词表示“过程”含有逐渐过渡的语义,通常情况下,表示动作转化为状态,这类动词有:change、grow、get、widen、become、mature、deteriorate等。The village has changed a great deal since we last visited it.C、感觉动词:这类动词表示客观事物的个别特征在人体中引起的反映,这类动词有:ache、feel、hurt、itch等。Are your mosquito bites still itching?这类动词表示动作由一个阶段逐渐发展而转入另一种状态,这类动词有:arrive、die、fall、land、leave、lose等。The train arrived at the station.Tom’s grandfather died five years ago.这里需要指出的是当上述过渡性动词用于进行体时,表达的不是动作达到的语义,而是过渡状态。Tom’s grandfather was dying. E、瞬间动词:这类动词表示瞬间发生随即完成的动作,这类动词有:hit、jump、tap、knock、kick、nod、meet、shoot、drop等.The boss hit the boy on the head.The teacher tapped the child on the shoulder.值得语言学者重视的是:瞬间动词一旦用于进行体,常表示重复性动作。The boss was hitting the boy on the head.---->连续打击The teacher was tapping the child on the shoulder.---->连续拍打其中begin 虽为瞬间动词,但用于进行体中,并不表示重复,而是表示“刚刚开始”:You are beginning to wonder whether the plan can be practicable.通过对上述动态动词的语义特征进行的分析, 可以概括为以下几点用法:The students are reading the text.The weather is changing for the better.I told him to go to the clinic.She asked the student to write the composition.4. 动态动词可以用于带有do代词形势的假拟分裂句。What I did was to make notes.2) 静态动词:表示相对静止状态的动词。这类动词分为三种:A、感觉动词:感觉动词用来表示主体的思维和五官活动的动词,这类动词有:see、hear、smell、sound、taste等。We can smell something burning.Can you taste onion in the soup?B、认识动词:认识动词用来表示各种思想感情及心理状态,这类动词有:astonish、desire、believe、love、hate、remember、know、want、wish、think、recognize等。His words astonished all.C、关系动词:关系动词用来表示主体和其他事物之间的静止关系或状态。这类动词有:apply to、be、belong to、concern、resemble、consist of、contain、cost、depend on、deserve、fit、have、remain、seem、need、own等。The rules apply to all undertakings.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.通过对上述静态动词的语义分析,可以概括为以下几点:Hear, someone is knocking at the door.I am knowing that Jack went there.Our class is consisting of 20 students.I ask him to smell something unpleasant.I advised him remember it.4. 静态动词不能用于带有do 代词形式的假拟分裂句。不能说:What I did was to feel pain on my head.What she did was to dislike the novel.二、连系动词:用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。I am used to going about alone. These shoes are too tight for me. There's a bank down the road.2、持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。如:He always kept silent at meeting. The door remained closed. Snow was lying thick on the ground. These machines have lain idle since the factory closed. The house stood empty for a long time. 3、表像系动词:表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem, appear, look等。如:Do whatever seems best to you.That book looks interesting. 4、感官系动词:表示“……起来”,有look(看起来),feel(摸起来,感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来,吃起来)等。如:They all look alike to me. This kind of cloth feels very soft. Silk feels soft and smooth. The salads taste too vinegary. 5、变化系动词:表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run如:He became mad after that. She had grown thinner and thinner. His cold was growing worse. When she saw this, she turned red. His hair turned grey in a few weeks. The milk will soon turn sour. Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. He had fallen asleep on the sofa.The book fell open at a page of illustrations.We get wiser as we get old. They plan to get married in the summer.She's upstairs getting ready.Your hair has gone quite white! She went pale at the news. When I mentioned it to him he went red. The children must not go hungry. The buttons had come undone. Everything will come right in the end.You've got your rivals running scared.6、终止系动词:主要有prove, turn out(结果是,证明是) 等。如:My intuition turned out to be correct. Cosgrave's forecast turned out to be quite wrong.2、有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化,如:grow(生长→变得)、look(看→看起来)、get(得到、到达→变得)、smell(闻→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)。不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。As time went on he grew more and more impatient.1、常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be,用于完成时的have,用于将来时的will,shall和用于一般时的do。The little boy is playing the terrible game.---->进行时If he is caught again he will be given a custodial sentence.---->被动 You've had your hair cut!I'll check this letter for you, if you want.This time next week I shall be in Scotland.2、使用时,助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall,will,should,would。四、情态动词,常见的情态动词有:can、may、must、shall、will、need等;另外,have to,had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。1、表示“可能、许可、能力”(can/could, may/might) ,may/might 比较正式,can 表示已经发生的事实再次发生的可能性;may/might表示未知的可能性。He said that she might not be at work today. Don't worry─they could have just forgotten to call.can/could表示“能力”时,通常可以和be able to互换;但表示将来具有的能力或是过去有能力并成功做了某事时,只能用be able to。I can play the piano.---->隐含着我本来就会弹钢琴的意思I am able to play the piano.---->隐含着我只要努力就有能力学会弹钢琴的意思Although the fire spread very quickly, we were able to run away.2、表示“必须”(must, have to) must用来指一般现在时和一般将来时;过去时可用have to的过去时代替。must 表示主观思想;have to表示客观需要。否定形式:mustn’t表示“禁止”,not have to 表示“不必”。Cars must not park in front of the entrance (= it is not allowed) .Did she have to pay a fine?You don't have to tell me. I know already. I had to keep in with the people who mattered. 3、表示“敢于……”(dare) ,主要用于否定句或疑问句中。How dare she do things like that to me? For a long time I daren't tell him I knew, and when I did he went wild. 很长时间我都不敢告诉他我知道了,但当我告诉他时,他简直气疯了。4、表示“建议”(shall, may/might, (just) as well)What shall we do this weekend?You may come in if you wish.You might try calling the help desk.If I've got to go somewhere I may as well go to Birmingham. 5、表示“需要”(need),needn’t + have done用于评论过去已发生的事情,表示过去做了没有必要做的事情,含有“不必”之意,暗指时间和金钱的浪费。All you need bring are sheets.You needn't finish that work today.We spent a hell of a lot of money that we needn't have spent. 6、表示“义务,责任,劝告,建议”(should, ought to)ought to/should have done 指过去的动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。Perhaps we ought to have trusted people more.ought to/should not have done 表示不该做的却做了。I'm beginning to feel now we oughtn't to have let her go away like that. 7、表示“意愿或习惯”(will/would, shall/should)I'll check this letter for you, if you want.We said we would keep them.would和used to都可以表示一种过去的习惯。would主要用于回忆过去;used to主要用于与现在对比,表示已经不存在的状态。He'd always be the first to offer to help.We used to go sailing on the lake in summer. shall/should表示主语以外其他人的意愿,强调一种要求。Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. shall用于第二、第三人称,表示强烈愿望,表示命令,警告,允诺。含有一定要他人做某事之意。We have agreed that you shall choose between us now. The Security Council shall decide what measures shall be taken to restore peace and security. be able to---->be的形式根据时态和主语的人称和数目进行变化。The invalid is able to get about now. Some preteens are able to handle a good deal of responsibility. He was able to sever all emotional bonds to his family. have to---->have作为行为动词看待,它有人称、数目和时态变化。I have to go, I really must, at once. She has to work within the limits of a fairly tight budget.I felt I had to give him a chance. had better---->无人称和数的变化,变否定句,在better后加not。It's half past two. I think we had better go home.
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