|
考研英语阅读理解 20171002 一、考研阅读理解 昨天留的家庭作业: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are normally thought of as good guys. Between them, they came up with the ethical theory known as utilitarianism. The goal of this theory is generalized in Bentham\'s opinion that "the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation ." Which all sounds fine until you start applying it to particular cases. A utilitarian, for example, might approve of the occasional torture of suspected terrorists — for the greater happiness of everyone else. That type of observation has led Daniel Bartels at Columbia University and David Pizarro at Cornell to ask what sort of people actually do have a utilitarian outlook on life. Their answers are not comfortable. One classic technique used to measure a person\'s willingness to behave in a utilitarian way is known as trolleyology. The subject of the study is challenged with thought experiments involving a runaway train carriage. All involve choices, each of which leads to people\'s deaths. For example: there are five railway workmen in a runaway carriage. The men will surely be killed unless the subject of the experiment does something. The subject is told he is on a bridge over the tracks, with a heavy stranger next to him. The subject would be too light to stop the train, but that if he pushes the stranger onto the tracks, the stranger\'s large body will stop the train and save the five lives. That, unfortunately, would kill the stranger. Bartels and Pizarro knew from previous research that around 90% of people would refuse the utilitarian act of killing one to save five. What no one had previously inquired about, though, was the nature of the remaining 10%. To find out, the two researchers gave 208 undergraduates a series of trolleyological tests and measured, on a four-point scale, how utilitarian their responses were. Participants were also asked to respond to a series of statements intended to get a sense of their individual psychologies. Each was asked to indicate where his views lay on a continuum that had "strongly agree" at one end and "strongly disagree" at the other. These statements were designed to measure, respectively, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and a person\'s sense of how meaningful life is. Bartels and Pizarro then correlated the results from the trolleyology with those from the personality tests. They found a strong link between utilitarian answers to moral dilemmas (push the fat guy off the bridge) and personalities that were psychopathic, Machiavellian or tended to view life as meaningless. Utilitarians, this suggests, may add to the sum of human happiness, but they are not very happy people themselves. That does not make utilitarianism wrong. Crafting legislation inevitably involves riding roughshod over someone\'s interests. Utilitarianism provides a plausible framework for deciding who should get trampled. The results obtained by Bartels and Pizarro do, though, raise questions about the type of people who you want making the laws. Psychopathic, Machiavellian misanthropes? Apparently, yes. 1.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? A.Utilitarianism is ethnically accepted by everyone. B.A utilitarian gets happiness through morals and legislation. C. A utilitarian may support severe penalty for suspects. D. Bartels and Pizarro\'s study focuses on what utilitarianism is. 2.The classic technique known as "trolleyology"______. A.helps people to be willing to behave utilitarianly B.challenges people\'s various ways of thinking C.involves putting participants in moral dilemmas D.always takes a train on the run as the background 3.According to Paragraphs 4 and 5, the tests done by Bartels and Pizarro______. A.adopted the data from a previous research B. picked up 208 undergraduates behaving utilitarianly C. asked participants to give the right answer to each question D. intended to figure out the psychology of the utilitarians 4.The result of the research implies that______. A.utilitarians may suffer from mental problems B.psychopathic people will refuse to save the majority C.utilitarians usually view life as happy and meaningful D.utilitarians live a life in order to make others happy 5. The author implies in the last paragraph that______. A.legislation should be made at the cost of people in the minority B.utilitarians decide who should be trampled in legislation C.the standard of choosing law-makers should be reconsidered D.law makers are Psychopathic, Machiavellian misanthropes 试题透析 1. 根据文章前两段，以下哪一项是正确的？ A.实用主义在道义上被每个人所接受。 B.实用主义者通过道德与法律获得幸福。 C.实用主义者可能支持对嫌疑犯施以重刑。 D.巴特尔斯和皮扎罗的研究关注何为实用主义。 [试题类型] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词 the first two paragraphs 定位至文章第一、二段。第二段第二句指出，实用主义者可能会赞成偶尔对恐怖主义嫌疑犯施用酷刑（occasional torture of suspected terrorists），这是为了让其他人更幸福（for the greater happiness of everyone else）。由此可知，实用主义者可能支持对嫌疑犯施以重刑，选项 [C] 与原文相符，故 为正确选项。 [干扰排除] 第一段首先介绍了 Jeremy Bentham 和 John Stuart Mill 所提出的一种叫做实用主义（utilitarianism）的道德理论，接着指出其精髓为：大多数人最大程度的幸福是道德与法律的基础。然而第二段首句指出，这些听起来真是完美，但当你开始将其应用在某一特殊案例中时，这种完美就瓦解了，并举例说明实用主义者可能同意对恐怖主义嫌疑犯施用酷刑，其言外之意是对恐怖主义嫌犯施用酷刑是不被大多数人接受的。由此可知，实用主义在道义上并不是被所有人接受的，故选项 [A] 可以排除。由第一段最后一句可知，实用主义者认为，道德和法律的基础应是大多数人最大程度上的幸福，而不是实用主义者通过道德与法律来获得幸福，选项 [B] 与原文不符，可以排除。第二段第三句指出 Bartels 和 Pizarro 的疑问是，哪一类型的人是真正持有实用主义的人生观的，而不是何为实用主义，故选项 [D] 可以排除。 2. 被称为是“电车学”的经典方法______。 A.帮助人们自愿以实用主义做法行事 B.挑战人们不同的思维方式 C.将参与者置于道德上进退两难的境地 D.总是以正在行驶的列车作为背景 [试题类型] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词 trolleyology 可定位至文章第三段。该段首先指出，检测人们是否选择实用主义做事风格的一个经典方法被称为“电车学”，接着第二、三句简单阐述该方法：该研究的参与者要进行一些思维实验，这些实验中涉及一辆失控的列车车厢，所有的实验都要求做出选择，而且每一个选择都会导致人的死亡（All involve choices, each of which leads to people\'s deaths）。第四至八句则列举具体的例子说明：要么选择五名铁路工人死亡，要么牺牲一位肥胖的陌生人以拯救五名铁路工人。由此可知，在“电车学”的研究中，参与者都会面临关乎生死的两难的道德抉择，选项 [C] 与原文表达相符，为正确选项。 [干扰排除] 该段第一句指出，有一种检测人们是否愿意选择实用主义方式行事的方法——“电车学”，可见，“电车学”是用来检测人们是否按实用主义方式行事的，而不是帮助人们自愿地用实用主义行事，故选项 [A] 可以排除。该段第二、三句指出，该研究的参与者要进行一些思维实验，即需要参与者做出选择，而任何一种选择都无法避免人的死亡，这与挑战人们不同的思维方式无关，选项 [B] 可以排除。该段第二句首先指出，“电车学”实验涉及一辆失控的列车车厢（a runaway train carriage），而不是正在行驶的列车，选项 [D] 表达不准确，故可以排除。 3. 根据文章第四、五段，巴特尔斯和皮扎罗做的实验______。 A.采用了之前的实验数据 B.挑选了 208 位以实用主义行事的大学生 C.让参与者给每个问题提供正确答案 D.旨在弄清实用主义者的心理特点 [试题类型] 具体信息题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词 Paragraphs 4 and 5 定位至文章第四、五段。第四段最后一句指出，之前没有人去研究剩下 10%的人到底有着怎样的天性（the nature of the remaining 10%）。第五段首句指出，为了探明这一问题，这两位研究者做了一系列的电车实验，用来检测参与者的实用主义程度如何。第二句指出，他们还要求参与者对一系列陈述做出回应，以此来了解其个体心理。最后一句指出，这些陈述是专门用来检测精神变态、权术主义和人生价值观的（psychopathy, Machiavellianism and a person\'s sense of how meaningful life is）。由此可见，Bartels 和 Pizarro 的实验旨在弄清实用主义者的心理状况，选项 [D] 与原文相符，为正确选项。 [干扰排除] 由第四段可知，巴特尔斯和皮扎罗做的实验是检测实用主义者的心理特点，而从原来的实验中并不能得知剩下 10%的人的天性，两人的研究搞清了这一问题，故选项 [A] 与原文不符，可以排除。第五段第一句指出，这两位研究者对 208 名大学生做了一系列的电车测试，并且按四个级别检测了他们反应的实用主义程度。由此可知， 参与者需要接受测试才能得知其实用主义程度如何，而不是研究者挑选了 208 位按实用主义行事的大学生作为实验对象，故选项 [B] 可以排除。由第五段可知，研究者给参与者做了一连串的电车测试以及心理调查，参与者需对一系列陈述做出回应，而回应是赞同或不赞同，并不是给每个问题提供正确答案，故选项 [C] 可以排除。 4. 研究的结果暗示______。 A.实用主义者可能会有心理方面的问题 B.精神变态的人将拒绝拯救大多数的人 C.实用主义者通常认为生活是快乐和有意义的 D.实用主义者活着是为了使他人更幸福 [试题类型] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词 The result of the research 可定位至文章第六段。该段第二句指出，巴特尔斯和皮扎罗的研究发现，对道德难题的实用主义选择（即把那个胖子推下桥）与精神变态、不择手段或是厌世情绪等人格有着密切 联 系 （ a strong link between utilitarian answers to moral dilemmas... and personalities that were psychopathic, Machiavellian or tended to view life as meaningless）。由此可知，实用主义者可能在心理或精神上存在问题，选项 [A] 与原文相符，为正确选项。 [干扰排除] 由该段第二句可知，对道德难题做实用主义选择的人，即选择把陌生的胖子推下桥的人，可能会在精神上有问题，这些人选择去牺牲少数人、拯救大多数人，但这只能说明实用主义者可能是精神变态的人，且他们选择援救大多数的人，这不能说明精神变态的人会做怎样的选择，故选项 [B] 可以排除。该段最后一句指出，实用主义者可能会为人类谋求更多的幸福，但他们本身却并不快乐，选项 [C] 与文意相反，可以排除。而且，由此并不能推知实用主义者活着的目的就是为了使他人更幸福，故选项 [D] 也可以排除。 5. 作者在最后一段暗示______。 A.法律应该以牺牲少数人的利益为代价 B.由实用主义者决定谁该受法律的制裁 C.应该重新考虑挑选法律制定者的标准 D.精神变态、不择手段的遁世者应该做法律制定者 [试题类型] 推理引申题。 [解题思路] 根据题干关键词 the last paragraph 定位至文章最后一段。该段第四至六句指出，巴特尔斯和皮扎罗的实验结果却提出了一个问题：你希望哪一类人做法律的制定者呢？（the type of people who you want making the laws）是精神变态、不择手段的遁世者吗？显然正是他们（Psychopathic, Machiavellian misanthropes? Apparently, yes.）由此可知，目前法律制定的依据正是实用主义的价值观，而通过巴特尔斯和皮扎罗的实验得知，实用主义者通常是精神变态、不择手段的遁世者，即作者认为，实用主义者不适合作法律的制定者，应该重新考虑挑选法律制定者，故选项 [C] 符合文意，为答案。 [干扰排除] 由上述分析可知，正是实用主义者在制定法律，而作者对此提出了异议，认为实用主义者通常是精神变态、不择手段的遁世者，故作者不赞成实用主义的观点，也不赞成由实用主义者制定法律，故选项 [A] 、 [B] 、 [D] 皆可排除。 词汇突破 come up with sth 找到或提出（答案、办法等）：She came up with a new idea for increasing sales. 她想出了增加销量的新办法。 *utilitarianism /ˌjʊː tɪlɪ\'teərɪənɪzəm/ n. 实用主义；功利主义 generalize /\'dʒenrəlaɪz/ v. 归纳；概括：generalize a conclusion from a set of facts 从一些事实中归纳出一项结论 *utilitarian /ˌjuː tɪlɪ\'teərɪən/ n. 实用主义者 adj. 实用主义的 torture /\'tɔː tʃə(r)/ n. 酷刑；刑讯：the widespread use of torture 遍施酷刑 *trolleyology 电车学 runaway /\'rʌnəweɪ/ adj. 失控的；不受控制的：runaway horses 脱缰的马 carriage /\'kærɪdʒ/ n. （火车）客车厢：a first-class carriage 头等车厢 *continuum /kən\'tɪnjʊəm/ n. 连续统一体 respectively /rɪ\'spektɪvli/ adv. 各自地；分别地：German and Italian courses are held in Munich and Rome respectively. 德语和意大利语课程分别设于慕尼黑和罗马。 *psychopathy /saɪ\'kɒpəθi/ n. 精神病；精神变态 *Machiavellianism /ˌmækɪə\'velɪənɪzəm/ 马基雅维利主义（马基雅维利的政治理论，它否定政治活动与道德有关，认为诡计和欺骗在追求和维护政治权力中是完全正当的），实用主义。 dilemma /dɪ\'lemə/ n. 进退两难的窘境；进退维谷：They were caught in a real dilemma. 他们陷入了进退两难的境地。 *psychopathic /ˌsaɪkəʊ\'pæθɪk/ adj. 精神变态的；患精神病的 *Machiavellian /ˌmækɪə\'velɪən/ adj. 狡猾欺诈的；不择手段的 *ride roughshod over sth 欺凌；残暴地对待：a manager who rode roughshod over all opposition 对所有反对意见不予理睬的经理 plausible /\'plɔː zəbl/ adj. （论点、观点）似乎有道理的，似乎可能的：a plausible explanation 似乎有道理的解释 *trample /\'træmpl/ v. 践踏；蹂躏 *misanthrope /\'mɪzənθrəʊp/ n. 厌恶人类者；遁世者 全文翻译 杰里米·本瑟姆和约翰·斯图尔特·米尔通常被认为是好人，因为他们提出了一种叫做实用主义的道德理论。这一理论的目标可以用本瑟姆的观点“大多数人最大程度上的幸福是道德与法律的基础”来概括。 这听起来真是完美无瑕，但当你开始将其应用在特殊案例中时，这种完美就瓦解了。例如，一位实用主义者或许会赞成偶尔对恐怖主义嫌疑犯施用酷刑——为了其他人更大程度的幸福。这种观察引起了来自哥伦比亚大学的丹尼尔·巴特尔斯和康奈尔大学的戴维·皮扎罗的疑问：哪一类型的人群是真正持有实用主义人生观的？他们的答案令人不安。 有一种用来检测人们是否愿意选择实用主义方式行事的经典方法被称为“电车学”。该研究的参与者要进行一些思维实验，这些实验中涉及一辆失控的列车车厢。所有的实验都要求做出选择，而且每一个选择都会导致人的死亡。举个例子，在一辆失控的列车车厢里有 5 名铁路工人。除非实验参与者做一些事情来阻止，否则这五个人将必死无疑。实验参与者被告知他正站在轨道上方的一座桥上，旁边站着一位身材肥胖的陌生人。实验参与者体重很轻以至于无力阻止列车前行，除非他把那个陌生人推到轨道上，该陌生人庞大的身躯才能阻止列车从而拯救车上的五条人命。不幸的是，这样做也会使这个陌生人丧命。 巴特尔斯博士和皮扎罗博士从之前的研究中得知，有大约 90%的人不会选择这种牺牲一个人来拯救五个人的实用主义行为。但是之前没有人研究剩下 10%的人到底有着怎样的天性。 为了探明这一问题，这两位研究者对 208 名大学生做了一系列的电车测试，并且按四个级别检测了他们们反映出的实用主义程度。他们还要求参与者对一系列陈述做出回应，以此来了解其个体心理。每一位参与者都要表明他的观点是“完全赞成”、“完全反对”、“比较赞成”和“比较反对”中的哪一个。这些陈述都是专门设计来分别检测精神变态、权术主义和人生价值观的。 然后，巴特尔斯和皮扎罗把电车测试的结果和人格测试的结果联系起来。他们发现对道德难题的实用主义选择（即把那个胖子推下桥）与精神变态、不择手段或是厌世情绪等人格有着密切的联系。这意味着，实用主义者可能会为人类谋求更多的幸福，但他们本身并不快乐。 这并不说明实用主义就是错的。法律的制定不可避免地会损害一些人的利益。实用主义为人们提供了一个貌似合理的思维框架来决定谁应该受到伤害。然而，巴特尔斯和皮扎罗的实验结果却提出了一个问题：你希望哪一类人来制定法律呢?是精神变态、不择手段的遁世者吗？显然正是他们。 二、今日家庭作业: Twenty years ago a debate erupted about whether there were specific "Asian values". But a more intriguing, if less noticed, argument was that traditional family values were stronger in Asia than in America and Europe, and this partly accounted for Asia\'s economic success. In the words of Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore, the Asian family encouraged "scholarship and hard work and thrift". His claim appears persuasive. In most of Asia, marriage is widespread and illegitimacy almost unknown. In contrast, half of marriages in some Western countries end in divorce, and half of all children are born outside wedlock. Yet marriage is changing fast in Asia. The changes are different from those that took place in the West in the second half of the 20th century. Divorce, though rising in some countries, remains comparatively rare. What\'s happening in Asia is a flight from marriage. Marriage rates are falling partly because people are postponing getting married. Marriage ages have risen all over the world, but the increase is particularly marked in Asia. People there now marry even later than they do in the West. The mean age of marriage in the richest places of Asia has risen sharply in the past few decades. A lot of Asians are not marrying later. They are not marrying at all. Almost a third of Japanese women in their early 30s are unmarried; probably half of those will always be. Women are retreating from marriage as they go into the workplace. That\'s partly because, for a woman, being both employed and married is tough in Asia. Women there are the primary caregivers for husbands, children and, often, for ageing parents; and even when in full-time employment, they are expected to continue to play this role. This is true elsewhere in the world, but the burden that Asian women carry is particularly heavy. Not surprisingly, Asian women have an unusually pessimistic view of marriage. At the same time as employment makes marriage tougher for women, it offers them an alternative. More women are financially independent, so more of them can pursue a single life that may appeal more than the drudgery of a traditional marriage. The flight from marriage is also creating social problems. Compared with the West, Asian countries have invested less in pensions and other forms of social protection, on the assumption that the family will look after ageing or ill relatives. That can no longer be taken for granted. The decline of marriage is also contributing to the collapse in the birth rate. The birthrate of population in East Asia has fallen now. That is beginning to cause huge demographic problems, as populations age with startling speed. And there are other, less obvious issues. Marriage socializes men: it is associated with less criminal behavior. Less marriage might mean more crime. 1. We learn from Paragraphs 1 and 2 that______. A.there were no specific Asian values twenty years ago B.Asia\'s economic development is due to its traditional family values C.Asian families seem to be quite different from Western ones D.Asian view on marriage has been influenced by Western society 2. Which of the following is true according to Paragraphs 3 and 4? A.Marriage ages in Asia have risen more greatly than those in the West. B.Asian people tend to get married later than people of other nations. C.Marriage ages of women changed more remarkably than those of men. D.Half of the over 30-year-old Japanese women will not get married. 3. Asian women tend to retreat from marriage partly because______. A.they have to look after all the family members if married B.it is extremely difficult to balance family and work C.they are eager to get ahead in the workplace D.they are reluctant to share earnings with family members 4.The social problems brought by the flight from marriage in Asia include______. A.the increasing financial burden on Asian governments B. the growing feeling of alienation among people C. the unhealthy development of Asian population D. the worse performance of men at work 5.Which of the following would be the subject of the text? A.Flight from marriage among Asian women. B.The disappearance of Asian family values. C.Serious demographic problems in Asia. D.The decline of marriage in Asia. 答案可以回复在留言区哦！~ |
|
|
