高三的一轮复习已经进行了一大半,许多同学做题依然错误百出,其中一个重要原因是不能看懂句子结构,甚至分不清谓语动词和非谓语动词。 今天分享一下我总结的非谓语动词复习讲义,希望能够帮助大家更好地掌握这一重要的语法专题。 一、分类: 动词不定式、动词-ing形式、动词的过去分词 总的特点:1.非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语与主句主语保持一致。 2.Doing/To do (sth.)+单数V : 非谓语动词作主语,谓语用单数。 二、动词不定式 1、特点:表将来 2、形式:①基本型:to+动词原形(do)。②被动式:to be done ③完成时:to have done ④进行时:to be doing 3、句子功能:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语(宾补) Eg: ①To catch the early train, you`ll have to get up early.(目的状语) ②I rushed there in a taxi only to find the library closed.(结果状语:意外结果)。 ③This is very good music to dance to.(定语) ④It is necessary to learn English well.(主语,it 为形式主语) 4、不定式的省略 1)(为了避免重复)并列结构中第二个to:I want to get up early and read English. 例外:前后表对比时,to不可省去:To be or not to be ,that is the question. It is better to lose one’s life than to lose one’s spirit. 2) (为了避免重复)省去to后的不定式结构:—Would you like to go shopping? —Yes,I`d like to. 例外:to后有have/be时,保留be或have —Did you go shopping yesterday? —No, but I ought to have. 5、不定式主动形式表被动意义 1)主(sth)+ be + 主补/表语(表性质的adj. + to do) 2) 主+Vt + 宾语 + 宾补(adj.+ to do) 3) 主 + Vt+ 宾语+定语(to do): 不定式作定语与所修饰的名词(代词)构成逻辑动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 Cf: 主+ Vt+ 宾语+定语(to be done):不定式的执行者被省略,不是句子的主语。 注: 1)主补中的不定式(to do)与主语,宾补中的不定式(to do)与宾语为逻辑动宾关系。 2)常见的adj.: important, light, heavy, difficult, hard, easy, expensive, cheap, dangerous, impossible, comfortable, fit, pleasant, interesting, nice, etc. Eg: ①This bag is heavy to carry. ②This story is not interesting enough to publish. ③They found the question difficult to answer. ④Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗? Cf: Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? 三、动词的-ing形式 1、特点:表现在、进行、主动 2、形式:1)基本型:doing 2)被动式:being done 3)完成时:having done 3、句子功能:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。 4、Vt + doing: 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词 admit(承认), appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),consider(考虑),delay (延误),dislike,enjoy,escape(逃避),excuse(原谅),feel like(想要), finish,forgive(原谅),give up, imagine(想像),keep,mention(提及),mind, miss, practise, put off, resist(抵抗),risk, suggest, can't help(禁不住),can't stand(无法忍受) 5、V/adj.+to +(doing) sth: 带有介词to的动词(形容词短语) be/get used to(习惯于),stick to(坚持),give rise to(使...发生),pay attention to(注意),object to(反对),lead to(导致), look forward to(期望),look up to(尊敬), get down to(着手做),devote oneself to(献身于),contribute to(贡献,导致) Eg:1.It is no use arguing with him. (主语,it为形式主语) 2.The meeting being held now is important. (定语) Cf:The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. (不定式作定语) The meeting held yesterday is important. (过去分词作定语) 3.Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. (原因状语;表主动) 对比: Seen from the top of the hill, the village appears beautiful. (过去分词) 四、动词的过去分词 1、特点:表被动、过去、完成。 2、句子功能:定语、状语、补语、表语。 Eg:He couldn`t make himself understood. (宾补) The pach looked beautiful, covered with fallen leaves. (伴随状语) 五、独立主格结构 1、逻辑主语A + 非谓语动词,主语B + 谓语 非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,补上其逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构 1)There being no buses, we went home on foot. 2)Time permitting, I`ll come to visit you. 3) Homework done, he went to bed. 2、with复合结构:with+宾语(名词代词)+宾补(adj/adv/介短/to do/doing/done) With the window open/closed, he fell asleep. 3、adj复合结构:主语A + 谓语,逻辑主语B + 形容词(短语) He stared at me, his eyes bright with tears. 当然,任何一个专题的学习仅靠看一两遍是不够的,还需要大量的练习巩固,最终达到熟练运用。 顺祝周末愉快! 我们下周一见。 |
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