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The five most addictive substances in the world 世界上最容易让人上瘾的五种物质 By Eric Bowman, ︱Jan. 2, 2019 What are the most addictive drugs? This question seems simple, but the answer depends on whom you ask. 哪些是最容易上瘾的药品？看似简单，可这要看，究竟是谁来回答这个问题。 From the points of view of different researchers, the potential for a drug to be addictive can be judged in terms of the harm it causes, the street value of the drug, the extent to which the drug activates the brain's dopamine system, how pleasurable people report the drug to be, the degree to which the drug causes withdrawal symptoms, and how easily a person trying the drug will become hooked. 从不同研究者的角度来看，药物成瘾的可能性可以根据它所造成的伤害、药物的市面价值、药物激活大脑多巴胺系统的程度、人们反馈的药物产生快感的程度、药物引起戒断症状的程度、以及导致上瘾的容易程度来判断。 There are other facets to measuring the addictive potential of a drug, too, and there are even researchers who argue that no drug is always addictive. Given the varied view of researchers, then, one way of ranking addictive drugs is to ask expert panels. 也有其他方面可以衡量药物的潜在成瘾性，并且有的研究人员甚至认为没有药物是永远致瘾的。考虑到研究人员的不同观点，对致瘾药物进行排序的其中一种方法就向专家小组求证。 facet: 方面 expert panels：专家小组 In 2007, David Nutt and his colleagues asked addiction experts to do exactly that -- with some interesting findings. 2007年，David Nutt和他的同事们请毒瘾专家们做的正是这个——有一些有趣的发现。 1. Heroin 1. 海洛因 Nutt et al.'s experts ranked heroin as the most addictive drug, giving it a score of 3 out of a maximum score of 3. Heroin is an opiate that causes the level of dopamine in the brain's reward system to increase by up to 200% in experimental animals. In addition to being arguably the most addictive drug, heroin is dangerous, too, because the dose that can cause death is only five times greater than the dose required for a high. Nutt等专家将海洛因列为最容易上瘾的药物，最高分为3分，而海洛因得了满分。海洛因是一种鸦片制剂，它能使参与实验的动物大脑中的奖励系统多巴胺含量增加200%。除了称之为最容易上瘾的药物以外，海洛因也是危险的，因为能导致死亡的剂量仅是致嗨剂量的五倍。 dopamine：多巴胺 et al：以及其他人；等人 Snorted, injected or smoked? It can affect a drug's addictiveness 用鼻吸、注射或随烟吸入？它会影响药物的成瘾性 Heroin also has been rated as the second most harmful drug in terms of damage to both users and to society. The market for illegal opiates, including heroin, was estimated to be $68 billion worldwide in 2009. 鉴于它对使用者以及社会的损害，海洛因也被评为第二大最有害毒品。2009年，包括海洛因在内的非法鸦片制剂的全球市场，约为680亿美元。 2. Cocaine 2. 可卡因 Cocaine directly interferes with the brain's use of dopamine to convey messages from one neuron to another. In essence, cocaine prevents neurons from turning the dopamine signal off, resulting in an abnormal activation of the brain's reward pathways. In experiments on animals, cocaine caused dopamine levels to rise more than three times the normal level. It is estimated that between 14 million and 20 million people worldwide use cocaine and that in 2009 the cocaine market was worth about $75 billion. 可卡因可以直接干扰大脑使用多巴胺将信息从一个神经元传递到另一个神经元。从本质上讲，可卡因可以阻止神经元关闭多巴胺信号，从而导致大脑奖励通路的异常活跃。在动物实验中，可卡因导致多巴胺水平上升超过正常水平的三倍。据估计，全世界有1400万至2000万人使用可卡因，2009年可卡因市场总值约为750亿美元。 Blocking rewards: How the immune system could help treat cocaine addiction 阻止奖励：免疫系统如何帮助治疗可卡因成瘾 Crack cocaine has been ranked by experts as being the third most damaging drug and powdered cocaine, which causes a milder high, as the fifth most damaging. About 21% of people who try cocaine will become dependent on it at sometime in their life. Cocaine is similar to other addictive stimulants, such as methamphetamine -- which is becoming more of a problem as it becomes more widely available -- and amphetamine. 专家们将强效可卡因列为第三大最具破坏性的毒品，而导致程度低一些致嗨的可卡因粉末，则被列为第五大有害的毒品。大约21%的吸食过可卡因的人在未来的生命中，可能会产生可卡因依赖。可卡因类似于其他成瘾性兴奋剂，如甲基苯丙胺（随着其越来越广泛地被使用而成为一个问题）和苯丙胺。 3. Nicotine 3. 尼古丁 Nicotine is the main addictive ingredient of tobacco. When somebody smokes a cigarette, nicotine is rapidly absorbed by the lungs and delivered to the brain. Nutt et al's expert panels rated nicotine (tobacco) as the third most addictive substance. 尼古丁是烟草的主要成瘾成分。当有人吸烟时，尼古丁会被肺部迅速吸收并传送到大脑。Nutt等人所组成的专家小组将尼古丁（烟草）列为第三大成瘾物质。 More than two-thirds of Americans who tried smoking reported becoming dependent during their life. In 2002 the WHO estimated there were more than 1 billion smokers and it has been estimated that tobacco will kill more than 8 million people annually by 2030. Laboratory animals have the good sense not to smoke. However, rats will press a button to receive nicotine directly into their bloodstream -- and this causes dopamine levels in the brain's reward system to rise by about 25% to 40%. 超过三分之二的曾经尝试吸烟的美国人在他们之后的生活中，会变得对烟草上瘾。2002年，世卫组织估计吸烟者超过10亿，据估计，到2030年，烟草每年将杀死800多万人。实验动物有不吸烟的良好认知。然而，老鼠会按下按钮，将尼古丁直接送入血液 — 这会导致大脑奖励系统中的多巴胺水平上升约25%至40%。 What is dopamine, and is it to blame for our addictions? 什么是多巴胺，它是让我们上瘾的罪魁祸首吗？ 4. Barbiturates ("downers") 4. 巴比妥类（“镇静剂”） Barbiturates -- also known as blue bullets, gorillas, nembies, barbs and pink ladies -- are a class of drugs that were initially used to treat anxiety and to induce sleep. They interfere with chemical signalling in the brain, the effect of which is to shut down various brain regions. At low doses, barbiturates cause euphoria, but at higher doses they can be lethal because they suppress breathing. Barbiturate dependence was common when the drugs were easily available by prescription, but this has declined dramatically as other drugs have replaced them. This highlights the role that the context plays in addiction: if an addictive drug is not widely available, it can do little harm. Nutt et al's expert panels rated barbiturates as the fourth most addictive substance. 巴比妥酸盐 — 也被称为蓝色子弹、大猩猩、复仇女神、芭比娃娃和粉红女郎 — 是一些最初用来治疗焦虑和诱导睡眠的药物。它们干扰大脑中的化学信号，其作用是关闭大脑的各个区域。在低剂量时，巴比妥类会引起兴奋，但在高剂量时，因为巴比妥类会抑制呼吸，所以会致命。巴比妥类药物的依赖性在容易获得医生处方的情况下就会很常见，但随着其他药物的出现和替代，这种依赖性已显著下降。这突出了环境在成瘾中所起的作用：如果成瘾药物不能轻易获得，它几乎不会造成伤害。Nutt等人的专家小组将巴比妥类药物列为第四大成瘾物质。 context：背景，环境 5. Alcohol 5. 酒精 Although legal in the US and UK, alcohol was scored by Nutt et al.'s experts 1.9 out of a maximum of 3. Alcohol has many effects on the brain, but in laboratory experiments on animals it increased dopamine levels in the brain's reward system by 40% to 360% -- and the more the animals drank the more dopamine levels increased. 尽管酒精在美国和英国都是合法的，但Nutt等人的专家对酒精的评分却是1.9分，最高为3分。酒精对大脑有许多影响，但是在动物的实验中，酒精会使大脑奖励系统中的多巴胺水平提高40%到360%——而且动物喝得越多，多巴胺水平就越高。 Some 22% of people who have taken a drink will develop dependence on alcohol at some point during their life. The WHO has estimated that 2 billion people used alcohol in 2002 and more than 3 million people died in 2012 due to damage to the body caused by drinking. Alcohol has been ranked as the most damaging drug by other experts, too. 大约22%的曾经饮酒者在之后的一生中，总有某一时刻会对酒精产生依赖。世卫组织估计，2002年有20亿人饮酒，2012年有300多万人因饮酒对身体造成损害而死亡。酒精也被其他一些专家列为最具破坏性的毒品。 研究称，作业是导致青少年焦虑的最大的原因。英语读头条（第483期） “断舍离”，从断掉那些坏朋友开始。- 英语读头条（第475期） 如果告诉你以后可能没药了，你还敢病么？英语读头条（第471期） 👇 |
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