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少见病:孤立性肺毛细血管炎

 小小医生孙丹雄 2020-10-16

前不久,遇到一个怪病。

肺泡毛细血管炎(pulmonary capillaritis, PC)分类

1.孤立性肺泡毛细血管炎

2.全身疾病相关的肺泡毛细血管炎

孤立性肺毛细血管炎(isolated pulmonary capillaritis,IPC):病变仅累及肺脏而无其他器官受累,血管炎孤单的存在肺部(一般的血管炎都是多器官损害),亦称之为原发性肺小血管炎。

Pulmonary capillaritis is most commonly secondary to systemic disorders, particularly granulomatous with polyangiitis (GPA), in the largest retrospective cohort study to date conducted at the Mayo Clinic,Rochester over a 17-year period. IPC is an unpredictable,rare, autoimmune cause of pulmonary capillaritis manifesting as DAH. The diagnosis of IPC is based on biopsy proven pulmonary capillaritis in the absence of pulmonary immune deposits, and clinical or serologic evidence of an underlying systemic disorder.The diagnosis and the treatment are usually delayed due to the rarity of this disorder. Only 18 patients, including ours, have been described in the literature.

迄今为止,梅奥诊所的罗切斯特(Rochester)进行的17年最大的回顾性队列研究中,肺毛细血管炎最常见的是继发于全身性疾病,尤其是肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)。孤立性肺毛细血管炎,是一种不可预测的、罕见的自身免疫性肺毛细血管炎,表现为弥漫性肺泡出血。诊断以活检证实的肺毛细血管炎为基础,缺乏肺免疫沉着,没有全身性疾病的临床或血清学证据。包括我们报道的患者,目前地球上的文献,仅描述了18例(这位学者看的文献,有点少?)。

有文献报道,其临床特点:

1.发热、咳嗽、咯血,呼吸困难伴低氧血症;

2.影像学示斑片状或结节,薄壁空洞或密度增高的蝶形阴影;

3.抗感染抗生素治疗无效;

4.伴全身多脏器受累,如皮疹、血尿、蛋白尿等(不是孤立的血管炎吗?);

5..贫血与肾功能不平行;

6.血沉快、白血球高、IgG高。

7.ANCA可阳性。

可引起弥漫性肺泡出血症(diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, DAH),从而导致肺弥散功能升高。

2017年,有学者报道,儿童孤立性肺毛细血管炎并发弥漫性肺泡出血和肺栓塞。

诊断

肺毛细血管炎+没有其他器官血管炎。

治疗:糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂(环磷酰胺CTX)。

2018年,有学者报道,利妥昔单抗抢救难治性孤立性肺毛细血管炎。

2015年,有学者报道,利妥昔单抗治疗孤立性寡免疫性肺毛细血管炎。

病因探讨

1998,《chest》杂志报道,类风湿关节炎和混合型结缔组织病,可引起孤立性肺毛细血管炎。

2013年,有报道,皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤患者合并孤立性肺毛细血管炎。

病理

Lung biopsy showing a small vessel (arrow) with thickened media and intima, surrounded by haemosiderinladen macrophages and abundant neutrophils. Staining for immune deposits was negative. There were no signs of hypersensitivity pneumonitis on pathology.

肺活检显示一个小血管(箭头所示),中层和内膜增厚,周围有含血红素的巨噬细胞和大量中性粒细胞。免疫沉淀染色阴性。病理上未见过敏性肺炎征象。

参考文献:

1.陈业民,李伟峰,黄文杰.孤立性肺毛细血管炎1例[J].广东医学,2006,27(6):781.

2.赵应月. 3例存在肺泡毛细血管炎的弥漫性肺泡出血症病例报告及文献复习[D]. 2016.

3.Schwarz M I , Zamora M R , Hodges T N , et al. Isolated Pulmonary Capillaritis and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease[J]. Chest, 1998, 113(6):1609-1615.

4.Wiber S C , Jamal S , Huang K . Refractory isolated pulmonary capillaritis rescued by rituximab[J]. Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2018, 2(1):80-83.

5.Rayment J H , Cutz E , Levy D M , et al. Concomitant Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and Pulmonary Embolism in a Child with Isolated Pulmonary Capillaritis[J]. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2017, 14(3):470.

6.Thompson G , Specks U , Cartin-Ceba R . Isolated Pauciimmune Pulmonary Capillaritis Successfully Treated With Rituximab[J]. CHEST Journal, 2015, 147(4):e134.

7.Barham W, Al-Qadi M, Migdady Y, et al. Isolated Pulmonary Capillaritis in a Patient With Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.[J]. Chest, 2013, 144(4):953A-953B.

8.Thompson G , Specks U , Cartin-Ceba R . Isolated Pauciimmune Pulmonary Capillaritis Successfully Treated With Rituximab[J]. CHEST Journal, 2015, 147(4):e134.

9.Athanasopoulou A , Kavvada A , Labrakis C , et al. AB038. Isolated pauci-immune pulmonary capillaritis: rare case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage[J]. Annals of Translational Medicine, 2016, 4(22):AB038-AB038.

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