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2016年11月，美国胃肠病学会研究所官方期刊《胃肠病学》正式发表英国伦敦弗朗西斯·克里克研究所的综述《微生物群与免疫系统对肠神经系统发育和组织的影响》。 胃肠道对营养吸收、黏膜诱导和全身免疫反应以及维持肠道菌群的健康是必不可少的。胃肠道的重要生理功能受肠神经系统调控，肠神经系统由神经元与胶质细胞构成，可暴露于肠道的外部微环境（微生物、代谢产物、营养物质）及内部微环境（免疫细胞与间质细胞）并与其相互作用。虽然肠神经系统的细胞蓝图大部分在出生时已经确立，但是其功能的完善在后天的肠道微环境中完成，受到肠道微生物群和黏膜免疫系统的影响。近年的研究发现，微生物群、肠神经元与免疫细胞的分子间相互作用在维持胃肠内稳态中具有重要作用。肠神经系统除了在正常胃肠生理功能中发挥作用以外，也与神经退行性疾病的发病机制有关，例如帕金森病。这提供了如下一种可能性：微生物群与肠神经系统的相互作用可为影响脑部疾病发生提供一种可行的干预策略。本文对近年来关于肠道微生物群与免疫系统在促进肠神经系统（脑-肠轴的关键中继站）的发育及维持其动态平衡作用的最新进展展开讨论。 Gastroenterology. 2016 Nov;151(5):836-844. The Effect of Microbiota and the Immune System on the Development and Organization of the Enteric Nervous System. Obata Y, Pachnis V. The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for the absorption of nutrients, induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. Key aspects of gastrointestinal physiology are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is composed of neurons and glial cells. The ENS is exposed to and interacts with the outer (microbiota, metabolites, and nutrients) and inner (immune cells and stromal cells) microenvironment of the gut. Although the cellular blueprint of the ENS is mostly in place by birth, the functional maturation of intestinal neural networks is completed within the microenvironment of the postnatal gut, under the influence of gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Recent studies have shown the importance of molecular interactions among microbiota, enteric neurons, and immune cells for GI homeostasis. In addition to its role in GI physiology, the ENS has been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, raising the possibility that microbiota-ENS interactions could offer a viable strategy for influencing the course of brain diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances on the role of microbiota and the immune system on the development and homeostasis of the ENS, a key relay station along the gut-brain axis. KEYWORDS: Enteric Nervous System (ENS); Microbiota; Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis; Neuroimmune Interaction; Parkinson's Disease PMID: 27521479 PMCID: PMC5102499 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.044 |
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