语法 | 简明英语语法 之 【连词】

连词连接词、词组或句子，是虚词，不能独立担任句子成分。

主要分为：并列连词和从属连词。

1.并列连词，用于将词、词组、和句子并列起来；

并列连词
1. 单个连词	and, but, or, so,for,while 等
2. 连词词组	both and, either or, neither nor, not only but also 等

2.从属连词，用来将句子有主次地连接起来；主要用于状语从句和名词性从句。

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1）状语从句的从属连词 （主要根据逻辑、意思判断分析）
No	状语从句	连词(常用)	连词（特殊）
1	时间	When,while, as,before,after,since,till,until,as soon as	1.表示时间的名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, the next time, every time 2.副词：instantly，immediately，directly 3.固定搭配：no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when
2	地点	Where	Wherever, anywhere,everywhere
3	目的	So that, in order that,that	Lest,for fear that, in case,in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that, to the end that
4	结果	So...that,so that, such...that	Such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that, to such an extent that
5	条件	If,unless	Suppose,supposing,providing,provided,on condition that,so long as,as long as.
6	原因	Because,as,for,since	Seeing that,considering that,now that,given that,in that,in as much as,in so much as,
7	让步	Although,though,even though,even if	1.While(一般句首)，as（一般倒装） 2.Whatever,whoever, whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether or 3.As-adj-as-主谓，放句首
8	比较	As,than	The more...the more;just as..., so...;A is to B what/as C is to D; no more than; not A so much as B;not so much A as B
9	方式	As,the way

 

2）名词性从句的从属连词 （主、宾、表、同）
1	that	陈述句	that在从句中， 不做成分，没有实义	宾语从句中，经常省略
2	Whether if	一般疑问句 （可用yes或no回答的问句）	Whether 和if 在从句中， 不做成分，有“是否”的实义	不能省（删了意思就不完整）
3	副词 When Where How Why 代词 Who Whom Whose What Which 其它 as等	特殊疑问句 （不用yes或no回答的问句）	副词类，在从句中作状语； Who，whom，what在从句中做主、宾、补语； Which，whose在从句中，作定语。	不能省（删了句子成分和意思都不完整）

附：版本2

 

 并列连词的用法

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1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如：Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。

2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如：

The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。

注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。

3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如：He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去，她也没去。

从属连词的用法

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1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词：

(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如：

Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。

(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如：

Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。

(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如：

She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。

(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如：

I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。

(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：

I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。

注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。

2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。如：

Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧?

注意：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如：If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。

3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如：

He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。

4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。如：

I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。

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5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如：

He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。

6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如：

Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。

7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如：Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?

8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如：

The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。

9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as…as。如：She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。

10. 引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等，它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用；而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。如：

He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。

Without conjunctions, you’d be forced to express every complex idea in a series of short, simplistic sentences: I like cooking. I like eating. I don’t like washing dishes afterward.

What Are Conjunctions?

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward. Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.

Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases joined by conjunctions are parallel (share the same structure).

I work quickly and careful.

I work quickly and carefully.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember them by using the mnemonic device FANBOYS.

I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. We needed a place to concentrate, so we packed up our things and went to the library. Jesse didn’t have much money, but she got by.

Notice the use of the comma when a coordinating conjunction is joining two independent clauses.

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some examples are either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.

Not only am I finished studying for English, but I’m also finished writing my history essay. I am finished with both my English essay and my history essay.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses. A subordinating conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions are because, since, as, although, though, while, and whereas. Sometimes an adverb, such as until, after, or before can function as a conjunction.

I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.

Here, the adverb until functions as a coordinating conjunction to connect two ideas: I can stay out (the independent clause) and the clock strikes twelve (the dependent clause). The independent clause could stand alone as a sentence; the dependent clause depends on the independent clause to make sense.

The subordinating conjunction doesn’t need to go in the middle of the sentence. It has to be part of the dependent clause, but the dependent clause can come before the independent clause.

Before he leaves, make sure his room is clean.

If the dependent clause comes first, use a comma before the independent clause.

I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty. Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of water.