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不论古代还是近代，雕塑的创造都体现着时代的文化精神，是人类主动的创造行为。中西方由于各自的文化、思维模式、社会组织结构，文化背景的不同，使各自的雕塑艺术表现出极大的差异。 西方的文化形成了重视逻辑推理的思维模式，结合古希腊的科学主义和理想主义，为雕塑艺术的典范奠定了重要基础；中国的文化则形成了强调直观意向的思维方式，通过直觉来直接体验、感悟并把握对象，这种思维方式超越了逻辑、概念而更长于悟性，形成了与西方注重分析、偏于抽象的思维模式的不同文化特质。这种文化特质表现在造型艺术上，便形成了中国雕塑注重意向浑融，注重通过意向之后的表现，从而也形成了中国艺术注重营造意向的观念。这种偏于象征、表现、写意、追求美和善统一的思维模式与西方注重再现、模仿、写实、追求美和真统一的思维模式也造成了中西传统雕塑中最大的差异。 “美”是中西雕塑的共同追求，但“善”体现的是中国的“德”，是伦理性，而“真”体现的是西方雕塑的科学性与知识性。基于伦理性的要求，中国的雕塑艺术很少出现裸体的人体雕塑；基于写真和科学性的要求，西方的人像雕塑艺术自古希腊以来就以人体为主，西方的雕塑注重形体的比例、结构、神态、转折。 中国古代的雕塑在塑造人物或动物形象时，并不刻意地去追求严格的比例和解剖，不去追求外在形象的精确与酷肖，而是重视情感感受与体验，这种着眼点，不在对象与实体，而在功能、关系、和韵律的审美意识，更关注人物和动物的神采和意蕴，并加以有意的突出、夸张或变形，使形象更为鲜明。 西方艺术把“形”的概念融入到几何形的类型化之中，在哲学和科学双重精神支持下，从对物象模仿，而达到了在比例解剖等方面近乎完美的状态，并为传统的人体雕塑和现代的抽象雕塑提供了可以遵循的途径，以此来归纳形体的变化和运动。中国以把“形”的概念转向对“神”的揭示，提倡“传神写照”、“以形写神”，重神轻形，重视人物的精神面貌和性格特征的塑造。因此，中国古代雕塑注重表现对象内在气质的特征，而西方传统雕塑注重对外在形体的精细研究，形成了中西雕塑意向造型与模拟造型两种不同的方式。 Whether in ancient times or in modern times, the creation of sculpture embodies the cultural spirit of the times and is an active creative behavior of human beings. Due to the different culture, thinking mode, social organization structure and cultural background of China and the west, their sculpture art shows great differences. The western culture has formed a thinking mode that attaches importance to logical reasoning, which, combined with the scientism and idealism of ancient Greece, has laid an important foundation for the model of sculpture art; while the Chinese culture has formed a thinking mode that emphasizes intuitive intention, which directly experiences, perceives and grasps the object through intuition. This mode of thinking transcends logic and concept and is better than comprehension, forming an important foundation for sculpture art Western countries pay attention to the different cultural characteristics of analytical and abstract thinking mode. This cultural characteristic is expressed in the plastic arts, which forms that Chinese sculpture pays attention to the integration of intention and the expression after passing the intention, thus forming the concept that Chinese art pays attention to creating intention. This kind of thinking mode which is partial to symbol, expression, freehand brushwork, and the pursuit of the unity of beauty and goodness, and the western mode of thinking which pays attention to reproduction, imitation, realism and the unity of beauty and truth also cause the biggest difference between Chinese and western traditional sculpture. "Beauty" is the common pursuit of Chinese and Western sculptures, but "goodness" embodies Chinese "morality" and "ethics", while "truth" embodies the scientificity and knowledge of Western sculpture. Based on the ethical requirements, there are few nude human body sculptures in China's sculpture art; based on the requirements of realistic and scientific nature, the Western portrait sculpture art has been based on the human body since ancient Greece, and the Western sculpture pays attention to the proportion, structure, appearance and transition of the body. In the process of shaping characters or animal images, ancient Chinese sculptures did not deliberately pursue strict proportion and anatomy, nor did they pursue the accuracy and rigor of external images. Instead, they attached importance to emotional feelings and experience. This focus was not on the object and entity, but on the aesthetic consciousness of function, relationship, and rhythm, and paid more attention to the charm and implication of characters and animals, and made intentional outburst Exaggeration, exaggeration or deformation make the image more vivid. Western art integrates the concept of "form" into the type of geometric form. Under the support of philosophy and science, it imitates the object image and achieves a perfect state in the aspects of proportion and anatomy. It also provides a way for traditional human body sculpture and modern abstract sculpture to follow, so as to summarize the change and movement of body. China has changed the concept of "form" to the revelation of "spirit", advocated "portraying the spirit" and "describing the spirit with form", attached importance to the spirit rather than the form, and attached importance to the shaping of the spiritual outlook and personality characteristics of the characters. Therefore, the Chinese ancient sculpture pays attention to the characteristics of the internal temperament of the object, while the western traditional sculpture pays attention to the fine study of the external body, forming two different ways of the Chinese and Western sculpture: intentional modeling and simulation modeling. |
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