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学术研究要求我们仔细审查信息并评估其可信度。因此，当我们思考各种现象时，我们会检验经验数据，并精心制作详细的解释来证明我们的解释是正确的。构建我们的研究叙事的一个重要组成部分是提供支持的证据和例子。 我们提供的证据类型可以支持我们的主张，也可以让读者对我们的分析感到困惑或怀疑。重要的是，我们要使用适当的、合乎逻辑的短语，清晰地引导读者从一个观点到下一个观点。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论在何种情况下应该使用证据和示例，并对可用于支持论点的有效语言进行分类。  When to introduce evidence and examples 证据和例子为你的主张奠定了坚实的基础。没有证据，你的论点就缺乏可信性和说服力。因此，当你介绍例子的时候，确保在需要的时候明智地提供证据，并使用短语来恰当而清晰地解释证据是如何支持你的论点的。 你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来，当你： 提出“非常识性”的信息； 根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议； 需要澄清之前的陈述，用一个例子会更有效； 需要确定一个类别的代表性例子； 区分不同的概念； 通过强调一个具体的情况来强调某一点。 Introductory phrases to use and their contexts 为了帮助你有效地支持你的陈述，我们根据它们的功能组织了下面的介绍性短语。这个列表并不全面，但它将为你提供你可以使用的短语类型的想法。 1.Purpose：stating information that is not “common knowledge” Introductory Phrase： · [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format] · As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered · According to [Author] Example： · As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . . · According to Marks and Peters . . . 2.Purpose：drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data Introductory Phrase： · suggests · as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by · based on · can be seen/ observed when · as seen in · which is made apparent when · is demonstrated by/ through/ when · hinges on Example： · The strong negative correlation suggests that . . . · As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . . · Based on self-reported survey results . . . · This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . . · As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . . · The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . . · The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . . · This conclusion hinges on . . . 3.Purpose：clarifying a prior statement Introductory Phrase： · for example · for instance · by way of illustration · as an example · to clarify · to explain further · namely · to be specific · that is, · in other words Example： · This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . . · It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . . · By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared for . . . · As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . . · To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . . · To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . . · Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely. · To be specific, bull markets can . . . · That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . . · In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . . 4.Purpose：identifying representative examples of a category Introductory Phrase： · for example/ instance · such as* · e.g. · one/ another example · like* · excluding · including · an example being *NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed. Example： · Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance. · The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps. · The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish). · One/ another example of this exception is . . . · I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising. · All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age. · All stars, including our sun, . . . · Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . . 5.Purpose：distinguishing concepts Introductory Phrase： · in a similar case · unlike the case of · in the same way · as a case in point · in a typical situation · in a normal scenario Example： · In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . . · Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias. · Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing. · As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . . · In a typical situation, marsupials would . . . · In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . . 6.Purpose：emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation Introductory Phrase： · for example · indeed · in fact · notably · markedly · as a case in point Example： · Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . . · Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . · Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . . · High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . . · Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . . · As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . .. |
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