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【指南与共识】中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.中国痔病诊疗指南(2020)(下)

 鼻涕虫9180 2021-06-08

指南与共识




引用信息


中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.中国痔病诊疗指南(2020)[J].结直肠肛门外科, 2020, 26(5):519-533.

中国痔病诊疗指南(2020)

中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会

通信作者任东林,E-mail:rendl@mail.sysu.edu.cn  

5 手术治疗

推荐意见:10.保守治疗和/或器械治疗没有取得可接受结果的Ⅰ~Ⅲ痔患者或愿意接受手术治疗的Ⅳ度痔患者,可考虑手术治疗(1A);11.医师在术前应与患者讨论每种手术疗法的优缺点,在综合考虑患者意见、操作可行性和进一步操作的适用性后,选择最佳的手术疗法(5B);12.痔切除术适用于Ⅲ~Ⅳ度内痔、外痔或合并有脱垂的混合痔患者(1A);13.吻合器痔切除固定术适用于环状脱垂的Ⅲ~Ⅳ度内痔和反复出血的Ⅱ度内痔(1A);14.THD适用于Ⅱ~Ⅲ度内痔患者(1A)。

5.1 痔切除术 

传统的痔切除方法,采用的主要是外剥内扎术。鉴于对手术创面处理的不同,存在开放式和闭合式两种手术类型。其最具代表性的术式为Milligan-Morgan手术(创面开放式)和Ferguson手术(创面闭合式)。目前国内外开展的各种痔切除术大多基于此术式的演变。尽管痔切除术存在一些缺点,如术后疼痛、恢复期较长、肛门自制功能及肛管精细感觉受到一定影响,但该方法治疗效果明确,成功率较高,仍然是Ⅲ~Ⅳ度痔患者的首选手术疗法[71]和“金标准术式”[90]。根据最近的一项系统评价,相比Milligan-Morgan手术,Ferguson的手术时间更长(P<0.0001),但术后疼痛更轻(P=0.001)、伤口愈合更快(P<0.0001)、术后出血风险也更低(P<0.02),说明Ferguson比Milligan-Morgan具有更大的可衡量的临床优势[91]。随着手术器械的改进,两者的差异有明显的缩小[92]。一项纳入5个RCT共318例患者的荟萃分析对Ferguson和LigaSure两种痔切除术进行了比较,结果显示,相比Ferguson痔切除术,接受LigaSure痔切除术的患者其尿潴留率和术后早期疼痛评分更低,手术时间和住院时间更短,术中出血量更少。两种痔切除术的术后出血、排粪困难、肛裂、肛门狭窄和大小便失禁比较差异无统计学意义[93]。提示LigaSure痔切除术的短期效益优于Ferguson痔切除术。另一项荟萃分析将超声刀痔切除术与传统的痔切除术进行比较,结果表明超声刀痔切除术是一种安全有效的方式,与传统的痔手术相比,术后疼痛更少、恢复正常活动的时间更短,但由于统计异质性很高,这些结果还需要更多RCT去进一步验证[94]。一项纳入60名Ⅲ/Ⅳ度痔患者的RCT研究对超声刀痔切除术和LigaSure痔切除术的治疗效果进行了比较,结果显示,LigaSure痔切除术的术中出血量更少(P=0.001)、手术时间更短(P<0.0001),术后24小时口服镇痛药的剂量更低(P=0.006),两组的患者满意度和并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义[95]

两项荟萃分析比较了器械疗法(RBL)和痔切除术的治疗效果,结果显示,对于Ⅲ度痔患者,痔切除术的长期疗效更好、需要再次治疗的患者比例较低,但术后疼痛更严重、并发症风险更高、休假时间更长,肛门狭窄、术后大出血、尿失禁在该手术中更为常见[69,71];尽管存在这些不足,患者对这两种治疗方式的满意度和接受程度相似[71]。因此,对于RBL治疗后复发的痔患者和愿意接受手术的Ⅲ~Ⅳ度痔患者,推荐行痔切除术。

5.2 吻合器痔切除术(SH)

SH是一种利用圆形吻合器经肛门环形切除齿状线近端黏膜下层组织,从而引起肛垫侧移和供血动脉中断的一种手术技术。

RCT的研究结果表明,SH相比RBL,其术后恢复时间较长,但其1年内的复发率较低,由于两种治疗方法的症状评分比较差异无统计学意义,对于保守治疗无效的Ⅱ度内痔患者,应优先考虑进行RBL,RBL治疗后复发则可考虑行SH[96]

多项系统综述均对SH和痔切除术的治疗效果进行了比较,结果基本一致,相比痔切除术,SH的短期效益更多,如疼痛更轻、伤口愈合效果更好,住院时间、手术时间和恢复正常活动的时间更短,术后出血、伤口并发症、便秘和瘙痒的发生率更低,患者的满意度更高,但行SH的患者术后脱垂的发生率和对脱垂的再干预率更高[97-99]。一项纳入5个RCT的荟萃分析对SH和LigaSure痔切除术的治疗效果进行了比较,结果显示,SH的手术时间更长,残余赘皮和脱垂的发生率更高,术后复发率更高[100]。另一项荟萃分析(纳入4个RCT)发现,对于Ⅲ~Ⅳ度痔患者,SH和LigaSure痔切除术的疼痛得分和术后出血率比较差异均无统计学意义,但SH在术后2年复发脱垂的风险更高[101]

任东林教授基于微创和组织保护的理念,提出并推广了选择性痔上黏膜切除术(tissue selecting therapy,TST)[102-104]。TST手术是一种在痔上黏膜环切术基础上改良而成的新型痔微创治疗技术。该技术的形成主要基于痔形成机制和病理结构变化,同时结合传统中医的“分段齿状结扎”理论,根据痔核的分布、数量及大小来调节痔黏膜切除的范围,避免切除完好的肛垫组织,最终实现既保护肛垫又切除病灶目的的微创痔手术理念。近年来,大量临床研究证实了TST治疗Ⅲ/Ⅳ度痔的有效性[105-107]。一项来自中山六院的随机非劣性对照研究[108]对比了TST与环切治疗效果及5年复发率情况。结果显示,TST手术可以更好地减轻术后疼痛及急便感,保护直肠良好的顺应性及精细控便能力。根据Shi等[109]的Meta分析结果来看,TST手术似乎在减少尿潴留、肛门狭窄、大便失禁等并发症方面比环切和Milligan-Morgan痔切除术更具有优势,其中环切对降低痔患者复发率的效果最差。

因此,对于RBL治疗后复发的痔患者和愿意接受手术的Ⅲ~Ⅳ度痔患者可行SH(环切/TST)。对于寻求较少痛苦的痔患者,SH可作为痔切除术的替代疗法之一,但在计划实施SH前,医师应告知患者,SH虽然短期效益较高,但该手术具有较高的复发率和脱垂风险。此外,SH还与几种特殊的并发症有关,如直肠阴道瘘、钉线处出血和钉线处狭窄,一项系统综述回顾了包括14 232例患者在内的784篇文章,发现SH的总并发症发生率介于3.3%~81%,其中有5例死亡[110]。由于贫血和高龄会增加SH术后并发症风险,因此,对于有贫血、长期有痔危险因素的老年患者,不建议采用SH治疗[111]

5.3 经肛痔动脉结扎术(THD)

THD通过结扎阻断供应痔核的动脉血管,阻断痔供血,从而促使痔组织萎缩并减轻痔脱垂症状。与痔切除术相比,THD具有减轻术后疼痛和快速恢复工作能力的优势,但术后复发率较高[112]。1995年,Morinaga等[113]报道了多普勒超声引导痔动脉结扎术,该方法通过多普勒超声探头探测供应痔血流的动脉并进行缝合结扎来达到治疗痔的目的。

一项纳入2 904例患者的系统分析结果显示,THD可考虑作为Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔患者的一线手术疗法;THD手术时间为19~35分钟,0%~38%的患者术后需要镇痛,术后复发率为17.5%(3%~60%),Ⅳ度痔复发率最高;术后并发症少,6.4%患者需要再次干预,其中5%为术后出血[114]。一项纳入98个研究(7 829例患者)的系统评价结果表明,相比开放或闭合式痔切除术,THD术后出血少,需要再次急诊手术干预的患者数量显著降低,恢复更快,但复发率较高[115]。THD结合黏膜固定术(THD with mucopexy,THDm)能够降低术后复发率。一项包括4个RCT的荟萃分析对THDm与开放式痔切除术进行比较后发现,两种手术方式在复发率、再手术率和术后并发症方面比较差异无统计学意义,THDm术后恢复正常生活的时间短于开放式痔切除术,但需要耗费更多的手术时间[116]。另一项纳入3个RCT的荟萃分析结果显示,THD比SH术后疼痛明显更轻,可以作为Ⅱ~Ⅲ度内痔患者的首选治疗[117]

综上所述,相比痔切除术和SH,THD术后患者疼痛轻,但与痔切除术相比,THD复发率较高,尤其是对于Ⅳ度痔患者,结合黏膜固定术能够降低术后复发率。

6 特殊痔患者的治疗

6.1 血栓性外痔

推荐意见:15.对于血栓性外痔患者,基本的治疗方法是保守治疗(1A);16.如果患者出现痔的急症,如有大血栓、剧烈疼痛或出血过多,则建议尽早(72小时内)采取手术切除(1B)。

血栓性外痔是痔的急症,常引起急性和严重的疼痛,但症状的严重程度取决于血栓的大小[12]。如果在发病后的72小时内患者出现急性疼痛,应尽早行痔切除术;若发病超过72小时,宜采取保守治疗[118]

一项RCT(纳入98例急性血栓性外痔患者)对局部麻醉药物硝苯地平软膏治疗急性血栓性外痔的疗效进行评估,结果显示,局部使用0.3%的硝苯地平和1.5%的利卡多因软膏可有效缓解疼痛,大部分患者(92%,46/50)在接受治疗14天后血栓性外痔症状消退[119]。一项纳入134名患者的RCT评估了黄酮类药物(地奥司明、曲克芦丁、橙皮苷的混合物)在急性痔病中的治疗效果,结果发现,相比安慰剂组,口服黄酮类药物组患者的疼痛、出血症状得到缓解,且存在持续水肿和血栓性痔患者的比例均显著下降[120]。一项回顾性分析发现,在局部麻醉下对血栓性外痔患者行痔切除术是安全可行的,患者术后的复发率(6.5%,22/340)和并发症发生率低(2.4%),手术接受度和满意度高[121]

一项综述共分析了800篇关于痔的文章,最终纳入了2项前瞻性研究和2项回顾性研究,结果显示,与局部使用硝酸甘油和切开并取出血栓相比,行痔切除术后第4天可显著缓解疼痛症状[122]。Greenspon等[123]对1990—2002年的231例血栓性外痔患者进行回顾性研究,其中48.5%为手术治疗(当中97.3%行痔栓塞切除手术,余行切开和血栓清除手术),另外51.5%的患者接受保守治疗,包括饮食调整、粪便软化剂、口服和局部使用镇痛药以及坐浴,结果显示,保守治疗组患者症状(疼痛、出血和/或肿块)的平均缓解时间为24天,而手术治疗组为3.9天。

一项纳入35例患有急性血栓性脱垂痔患者的前瞻性RCT发现,SH治疗急性血栓性外痔是可行的,与常规的痔切除术(Milligan-Morgan)相比,SH术后2周的疼痛评分更低,症状缓解更快[124]。一项RCT(41例)发现,SH和传统痔切除术的住院时间、并发症发生率和排尿功能方面比较差异无统计学意义,但SH组患者术后第一周的疼痛程度显著低于痔切除术组,患者术后恢复更快,总体症状改善情况更好,患者满意度更高[125]。因此,SH是治疗血栓性脱垂痔的一种安全且有效的方法。但贫血、长期有痔危险因素的老年患者不适合行SH[111]

6.2 痔合并免疫缺陷

推荐意见:17.对于合并免疫缺陷的痔患者,建议首选保守治疗(3B),保守治疗无效时,建议器械治疗(2B),也可以考虑手术治疗(2B)。

痔在获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病)患者中很常见。对于痔合并免疫缺陷患者的治疗,可提供证据支持的数据非常有限。

一项观察性研究共纳入22名接受SCL治疗的Ⅱ~Ⅳ度痔合并HIV的患者,结果显示,SCL治疗后未发现并发症,所有患者的治疗都是成功的,不需要再进行痔切除术治疗[126]。一项回顾性研究认为,对于有症状的痔合并无症状的HIV抗体阳性患者,RBL是一种安全有效的治疗方法[127]

一项回顾性研究的结果显示,CD4+T细胞计数水平的高低不影响术后并发症的发生率和伤口愈合时间[128]。但另一项前瞻性研究发现,有免疫缺陷的痔患者,在行痔切除术后,伤口愈合时间相比血清阴性的痔患者要显著延迟(P<0.01)[129]。近期,一项回顾性研究报道了在HIV感染者中使用TST是一种安全、并发症少的痔治疗技术[130]

需注意的是,任何干预措施都会增加免疫缺陷患者肛门直肠败血症和组织愈合不良的风险[129];对于痔合并免疫缺陷的患者,目前没有证据可以证明哪种治疗方式最佳,还需要更多的RCT提供质量更高的科学证据。但可以确定的是,在采取任何干预措施前,都应服用抗生素进行预防[11]

6.3 妊娠期、产后早期的痔患者

推荐意见:18.对于患有痔的妊娠期或产后早期的妇女,应优先进行保守治疗,如调整饮食(5B)、短期使用MPFF(3B)或镇痛软膏和栓剂(5B);19.对于患有痔的妊娠期或产后早期的妇女,当保守治疗无效时,可考虑行痔切除术(3B)。

临床报告显示,约25%~35%的妊娠期妇女患有痔,且常发生在妊娠的最后三个月和分娩后第一个月[131-132]。多数妊娠期妇女的痔症状通常是轻度和短暂的,一般在分娩后症状会很快自行消失。妊娠期间的治疗目的主要是缓解症状,尤其是控制疼痛[133]。一些保守治疗方法,包括摄入足够的膳食纤维和水,坐浴,使用安全的缓泻剂(包括纤维素类)软化粪便,使用局部麻醉剂或/和局部皮质类固醇等等,由于不良反应少而被多数专家推荐用于妊娠期有症状的痔患者的治疗,但这些治疗方法的有效性均未得到RCT证实。

羟乙基苷(hydroxyethylrutosides)是一种黄酮类药物,用于改善静脉功能不全的微循环。一项Cochrane综述(2篇研究,纳入150例妊娠期妇女)比较了口服羟乙基苷和安慰剂对Ⅰ~Ⅱ度痔患者的治疗效果,结果显示,在药物干预后,患者的客观指标(临床工作人员对症状的评价)有所改善,但有4名患者出现了轻度和短暂的不良反应,包括胃肠道不适、恶心和头晕,安慰剂组和治疗组分别报告了1例胎儿死亡和1例可能与药物处理无关的先天性畸形[133]。因此,除非有新的、质量更高的证据可以证明该药物对妊娠期痔患者的安全性和有效性,否则不推荐使用。一项开放的非比较研究共纳入了50例处于妊娠晚期的痔患者,结果发现,与治疗开始前相比,在接受MPFF治疗后的第4天,66%的患者痔的急性症状得到改善,在治疗的第7天,出血、疼痛、直肠不适显著减轻、直肠分泌物显著减少,直肠炎症患者比例降低了46%,但在产后30天的维持治疗期间,有5名患者出现恶心和腹泻;研究认为,对处于妊娠期的痔患者,短期内使用MPFF是一种安全、可接受且有效的治疗方式[134]。但该结论还需要样本量更大、质量更高的研究去证实。此外,需要注意的是,长期摄入较高剂量的类黄酮可能引起活性氧自由基的形成和后续的DNA损害,由于类黄酮很容易穿过胎盘,摄入较高剂量的类黄酮可能对胎儿造成危险[135]。因此,当为妊娠期妇女提供含类黄酮类的药物时,需提醒其严格按照产品说明书上的剂量进行服用。

氢化可的松-普拉莫辛(Proctofoam-HC)是一种由1%的盐酸普拉莫辛(pramoxine hydrochloride)和1%的醋酸氢化可的松(hydrocortisone acetate)组成的药膏,可在肛肠内外涂抹使用。两项评估氢化可的松-普拉莫辛治疗妊娠期痔病的有效性的研究均显示,该药物可为妊娠晚期的痔患者提供安全有效的治疗[136-137]

一项前瞻性对比研究比较了2种保守治疗方案(温盐水坐浴和局部软膏外用)对妊娠期痔的治疗效果,结果显示,坐浴组和局部软膏外用组完全治愈的患者比例分别为100%(284/284)和84.8%(179/211)(P<0.05)[29]

一项队列研究评估了25名处于妊娠期的痔患者接受闭合性痔切除术的疗效,结果显示,有1名患者在术后需要即刻止血,其余患者的顽固性疼痛在术后第二天得到缓解,未发现其他母婴并发症,在6个月至6年的随访中,有6名(24%)患者需要进一步的治疗[138]。因此,在某些妊娠期妇女中进行痔切除术是安全的,当保守治疗无法有效缓解痔症状时,可以考虑手术治疗。

6.4 痔合并凝血功能障碍

推荐意见:20.保守治疗应作为痔合并凝血障碍患者的主要治疗方式(5B);21.对于保守治疗不成功的痔合并凝血障碍患者,可考虑采用注射疗法或THD或痔切除术,并参考相关指南制定抗凝药物的停药措施(3B);22.不建议采用RBL治疗合并凝血功能障碍的痔患者(3B)。

凝血功能障碍患者往往需要接受抗凝治疗,这可能导致临床意义上内痔患者出血发生率的增加,但停止抗凝治疗会增加患者的血栓栓塞风险甚至危及生命。

对于正在使用抗凝药物的患者,一般避免行RBL。目前关于抗凝药物是否会增加RBL术后出血风险的结果还存在争议。根据一项关于RBL的大型回顾性研究,仅有2.9%的患者服用华法林或抗炎药物后出血,该结果显示,RBL后服用抗栓药物不增加出血风险,但服用氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)的患者有50%发生重大出血,18%发生轻微出血,提示服用氯吡格雷的患者发生出血并发症的风险可能更高[139]。但其他回顾性研究发现,服用华法林的患者与RBL术后更高的出血率(25%,2/8)相关[74],而氯吡格雷不会增加术后出血并发症[140]

一项病例匹配研究分析了抗栓治疗是否会影响硫酸铝钾和鞣酸注射疗法的疗效和并发症发生率,结果显示,与不接受抗栓治疗的痔患者相比,接受抗栓治疗不增加术后并发症的发生率,两组患者的疗效比较差异无统计学意义,但接受抗栓治疗的脱垂患者疗效更差[141]。一项回顾性研究比较了接受抗凝治疗和不接受抗凝治疗的THD患者的出血情况,结果显示,两组患者术后出血的发生率比较差异无统计学意义,在为期53个月的研究期间,两组患者均无需再次干预,接受抗凝治疗的THD患者痔复发的可能性更小[142]。因此,对于保守治疗不成功且难以中止抗栓治疗的痔患者,可考虑使用注射疗法或THD。但该结论还需要前瞻性RCT去证实。

国内一项观察性研究的结果显示,对于长期服用抗凝药的患者,在施行痔切除术前72小时开始停用抗凝药物及术后96小时恢复使用抗凝药物相比同期施行痔切除术未服用抗凝药物的患者,术后伤口出血评分更高,但两组患者的平均住院时间和伤口愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义,提示对于长期服用抗凝药的痔患者,在术前及术后调整抗凝血药物治疗方案并进行痔切除术是可行的[143]

6.5 痔合并炎性肠病

推荐意见:23.痔合并IBD患者应首选保守治疗(5B);24.对于已经确诊IBD患者的症状性痔,在进行外科干预之前必须详细告知患者相关并发症和风险(2A);25.缓解期的IBD患者,当合并保守治疗不能缓解痔症状时,可以选择性行痔切除手术、痔套扎术或经肛痔动脉结扎术,不建议采用痔固定术(4B);26.CD患者的肛周皮赘应当采用保守治疗,并积极治疗原发疾病(4B)。

痔并非是炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)患者的特异性临床表现,IBD患者的症状性痔可能独立于肠道炎症相关的病理基础,主要是由于慢性腹泻导致[144-145]。尽管缺乏确切的流行病学数据,文献报道IBD患者痔发病率在3.3%~20.7%,显著低于正常成年人群[144-145]

IBD患者伴有症状性痔应当首选保守治疗,外科手术需慎重考虑。肠道疾病活动期行痔手术是危险的,手术造成的创面并发症可能会导致比痔更难处理的问题。目前有限的研究数据表明,IBD患者痔切除手术后发生严重并发症的风险显著高于非IBD患者。2014年的一项荟萃分析显示[146],克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)患者术后并发症的发生率较溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)患者显著增高(17.1% vs. 5.5%),术前未能明确IBD诊断的患者在行痔切除术后发生并发症的风险显著高于确诊的患者(CD 50% vs. 9.8%,UC 9.1% vs. 4%)。

肠道疾病处于缓解期且通过保守治疗未获效的患者可以选择性行痔切除手术。一项纳入97例IBD痔患者(其中35例行RBL,21例行痔切除术)的多中心回顾性研究结果显示,所有患者术后均未出现伤口延期愈合等并发症,但有一例痔复发的CD患者在行痔固定术(HS)治疗后出现严重的直肠狭窄而不得不行直肠切除术[147]。McKenna等[147]报道,在36例接受痔切除手术治疗的CD患者中,有4例(11%)出现痔术后并发症(中位随访时间31.5个月),但未发生与手术相关的严重并发症。Karin等[148]报道了13例CD Ⅲ度痔患者经THD治疗后,经过18个月的随访,77%的患者症状消除,没有出现手术相关的并发症。

CD患者常伴发肛周皮赘。尽管这些皮赘类似于外痔,但CD相关的肛周皮赘病理基础与肠道炎症一致,并通常在肠道炎症活动时加重,因此不应被误诊为外痔[149]。2003年美国胃肠病学协会针对肛周CD的技术评论指出由于存在手术伤口愈合的问题,结直肠外科医师应避免切除大多数肛周皮赘[150]。McKenna等[147]报道2000—2017年49例接受痔和/或皮赘切除手术的CD患者中,5例患者最终接受直肠切除术,而这5例患者都经历了肛周皮赘的切除。

指南制定专家组成员(按姓名拼音排序)

曹 波 曹 晖 曾宪东 陈朝文 范小华 傅传刚 高春芳 高 枫 耿学斯 李 明 林国乐 林宏城 马 辉 庞黎明 彭 慧 任东林 邰建东 汪 挺 王 琛 王绍臣 杨柏霖 杨向东 杨晓东 张锡朋



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