人物篇||访资深苔藓学家张力

访资深苔藓学家张力

【嘉宾简介】张力，男，出生于1967年3月，香港大学博士，现任深圳市中国科学院仙湖植物园副主任、中国植物学会苔藓专业委员会主任、浙江省景宁县毛垟乡“乡村振兴顾问”。张力从事苔藓植物调查、研究与科普教育工作逾三十年，与团队携手，编辑出版了《澳门苔藓植物志》《广东苔藓志》《中国高等植物彩色图鉴（第1卷：苔藓植物）》《植物王国的小矮人：苔藓植物》《苔藓之美》等在内的十余部专著及约百篇科研论文及科普文章。曾获“2017广东十佳科学传播达人”称号。

【Speaker Background Introduction】Zhang Li, born in March of 1967, received his PhD degree from the University of Hong Kong in 2001. Presently Zhang Li serves as Deputy Director of Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chair of the Bryological Committee, Botanical Society of China, and the Rural Revitalization Consultant of Maoyang Town, Jingning County of Zhejiang Province. Zhang Li has been engaging in the investigation, research and popular science education of bryophytes over three decades. Working with his team, Zhang Li has published more than 10 books, approximately 100 research papers and popular science articles. The representatives include 'Bryophyte Flora of Macao', 'Bryophyte Flora of Guangdong', 'Higher Plants of China in Colour, Vol. 1. Bryophytes', 'The Miniature Angels in the Plant Kingdom, an Introduction to Bryophytes', 'The Magic and Enchantment of Bryophytes', and so on.  Zhang Li received the prestigious award of the 'Top 10 Guangdong Science Communication Talents' in 2017.

主持人：大家好，欢迎收看大型网络访谈节目《当红生态人物》，我是主持人郭智孚。今天我们邀请的嘉宾张力博士是一位研究苔藓植物的专家，他会给我们带来怎样的故事呢？让我们用热烈的掌声欢迎张博士。

Host: Hello, everyone! Welcome to the big network talk show 'Popular Eco-People', I am the host Guo Zhifu. Today our guest is Dr. Zhang Li, an expert of bryology. What kind of story will he tell us? Let's give a round applause and welcome Dr. Zhang.

张力：大家好，主持人好！

Zhang Li: Hello, everyone! It’s my great pleasure to be with you all.

主持人：欢迎张博士来我们《当红生态人物》作客！苔藓是大家关注比较少的一种植物，尤其在大城市，大家就关注的更少了。那张博士，您是在一个什么样的机缘巧合下开始做苔藓的研究呢？

Host: Welcome Dr. Zhang to our talk show “Popular Eco-People.” As we knew, bryophytes is a group of plants that people generally pay less attention to, especially in big cities. Dr. Zhang, we were wondering by what kind of coincidence did you start your research on bryophytes?

张力：我老家在贵州西南部山区，小时候夏天常会上山去采蘑菇，当地盛产包括鸡枞菌（Termitornyces）在内的很多美味蘑菇，但也不时听到有老乡误食毒蘑菇导致中毒的情况，所以对蘑菇一直比较感兴趣。

1987年大学毕业的时候就想报考研究蘑菇的研究生。还算顺利，笔试和面试都通过了，但导师问我，蘑菇方向已经招满了，你愿不愿意研究苔藓？实际上那个时间我对苔藓的理解可能和大多数人差不多，不就是路边那些湿湿滑滑的东西，从来就没怎么注意过，老实说兴趣不太。但理想总得回归现实。当年考上硕士生的机会可是少之又少，不管如何这个机会一定要抓住，反正先读吧，至于以后做什么再说，就答应了。虽然开始时有些勉强，没想到后来成天和它打交道，日久情深，苔藓也变成了我生命中的一部分，也再没惦记要研究蘑菇。另外，虽未能以研究真菌为业，但对蘑菇依然很关注，也成为我的爱好之一。

Zhang Li: My hometown is located in the mountainous area of southwest Guizhou Province. When I was in childhood, I often went up to the mountain to pick mushrooms in summer. There are many tasty mushrooms in the mountain, including termite mushrooms (Termitornyces). However, from time to time I heard that some villagers got poisoned due to accidentally eat mushrooms, which made me even more curious about mushrooms.

When I graduated from university in 1987, I wanted to apply for postgraduate study of mushrooms. Fortunately, I passed both the written exam and the interview. But my supervisor asked me if I would like to shift to study bryophytes because the quota of studying mushrooms was full already. In fact, I barely knew bryophytes as most people at that time. And my knowledge about bryophytes is just the small and slippery things on the roadside, which I have never paid much attention to them. Honestly, I am not interested in. But the ideals are always defeated by reality. In those days, the chance of getting admitted to be a master student was few and far between. No matter what, I should seize this chance and start my study journey regardless of what to do in the future, therefore I agreed to study bryophytes. Although I was a little reluctant at beginning, I did not expect to deal with it all my life. Gradually as time passed, bryophytes became an important part of my life, and I no longer thought about studying mushrooms anymore. In addition, though I failed to study mushrooms as a profession, I am still quite interested in mushrooms and it has become one of my hobbies.

在贵州野外科考

Field survey in Guizhou (2019)

主持人：那您给我们简单地普及一下关于苔藓的生态知识，好吗？

Host: Would you please give us a brief introduction about bryophytes?

张力：苔藓是苔藓植物的简称，包含苔类、藓类和角苔类三大类，全世界的苔藓植物约21000种，是仅次于被子植物的第二大类群。它们常体态细小，结构简单，多数身高在数毫米至数厘米，不会开花结果，体内没有维管束。

Zhang Li: Bryophytes is the common name of three categories of small plants: liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. There are approximately 21,000 species of bryophytes in the world, which is the second largest group after angiosperms. They are usually small in size and simple in structure, and most of their height is ranging from several millimeters to several centimeters. They are also unable to blossom or bear fruits, and do not have vascular bundles in their bodies.

苔藓植物直接经济用途不算大，但却具有重要的生态功能。在北温带林地、沼泽和高山森林生态系统中，它们在维持水分平衡、减少土壤侵蚀、固碳（主要是二氧化碳和甲烷）及减缓全球变暖等方面发挥着极为重要的作用；另外，它们是不毛之地的先锋植物，也是很多小型无脊椎动物和昆虫的栖息场所和食物来源，甚至是驯鹿冬季的食物之一。由于它们的叶片多为一层细胞厚，表面缺少角质层保护，它们对空气或水体中的污染物要比维管植物来得敏感，因而也常作为环境污染的指示植物。

The direct economic use of bryophytes is not great, but it plays important roles in ecological functions. In the northern temperate forests as well as swamps and alpine ecosystems, bryophytes play an extremely crucial role in maintaining water balance, reducing soil erosion, sequestering carbon (mainly carbon dioxide and methane) and slowing down global warming. Besides, they are the pioneer plants in barren land, the habitat and food source for many small invertebrates and insects, and even one of the food sources of reindeer in winter. Because their leaves are mostly a layer of cell thick and lack of cuticle protection on the surface, they are more sensitive to pollutants in the air or water than those of vascular plants. And that is why they are often used as indicator plants for environmental pollution.

在北美洲和欧洲，泥炭藓（Sphagnum）形成的泥炭常作为发电厂的原料，是苔藓植物最重要的经济用途。

In North America and Europe, peat formed from Sphagnum is often used as a raw material for power plants and is the most significant economic use of bryophytes.

泥炭藓（Sphagnum palustre）

在民间，少数苔藓有药用价值，中国报道有60多种。在国内外的一些大学和研究机构中，某些苔藓植物被用作模式植物，进行分子生物学、基因组学、发育生物学的研究，最常用的是小立碗藓（Physcomitrella patens）。

Only a handful of bryophytes, about 60 species, in China have been reported to be used as herbs in the folk. In some of the universities and research institutions in and abroad, some bryophytes are used as model plants for molecular biology, genomics, and developmental biology research. The most commonly used is Physcomitrella patens.

跨入新世纪以来，苔藓植物在园林园艺方面的应用日益受到青睐。它们常作为植物远距离运输的包覆材料以及栽培珍贵观赏植物的基质，比如栽培兰花；另外苔藓园艺也逐渐成为高端的时尚，小到苔藓景观瓶、苔玉、盆景和花艺，大到立体景观墙、苔藓园林，导致对苔藓植物的需求量猛增，特别是泥炭藓和白发藓（Leucobryum）。

Since entering the new century, the application of bryophytes in gardening and horticulture has been increasingly favored. They are often used as coating materials for long-distance transportation of plants and substrates for cultivating precious ornamental plants, such as orchids. Apart from that, bryophyte gardening has gradually become a high-end fashion, ranging from bryophyte bottles, bonsai, flower arts, vertical walls to three-dimensional landscape. The direct consequence is that the market demand for bryophytes has soared, especially to Sphagnum and Leucobryum.

主持人：在1997年至2001年间，您在香港大学读博士时，研究的是香港苔藓植物的多样性，您具体做了哪些工作呢？

Host: During the period from 1997 to 2001, when you were a PhD student at the University of Hong Kong, the focus of your research was the diversity of bryophytes in Hong Kong. What did you do?

张力：我从1997年至2001年在香港大学攻读博士学位。考虑到我原先的背景，导师高力行博士（Richard Corlett）安排我对香港的苔藓植物多样性进行研究。一般人认为香港是一个弹丸之地、特别都市化的地方，但其实香港超过40%的土地被辟为郊野公园，类似于内陆的自然保护区，受到严格保护；加上香港的地形、地貌复杂，水热条件丰富，某些偏僻之处生态依然良好，所以多样性极高。

Zhang Li: From 1997 to 2001, I was a Ph.D. student at the University of Hong Kong. Considering my previous background, my supervisor, Dr. Richard Corlett, arranged me to conduct the study on the diversity of bryophytes in Hong Kong. Generally speaking, most people think that Hong Kong is a small place and a particularly urbanized metropolitan city. However, more than 40% of Hong Kong’s land area were classified into country parks, which are similar to the nature reserves of mainland under strict protection. In addition, Hong Kong enjoys complex topography and landforms, as well as plentiful rainfall and heat condition, the ecology in some remote places is still great. Therefore, the overall diversity is still extremely high.

香港苔藓植物多样性编目专刊

Cover of the book of the inventory of Hong Kong bryophytes

在博士期间，除了对香港代表性的地点和生境进行了深入调查研究，采集了3000多份标本，还研究了收藏在美国哈佛大学标本馆和英国自然历史博物馆的许多重要的历史标本。

In the four years of my doctoral study, I conducted in-depth investigations and researches on representative localities and habitats across Hong Kong, and collected more than 3,000 specimens. In addition, I studied many significant historical specimens deposited in the Herbaria of Harvard University in the United States and the Natural History Museum in Britain.

这些标本为什么重要，值得研究？因为它们是香港被迫割让给英国后，英国的一些探险家和美国“北太平洋探险及考察之旅”在1841-1855年间在香港采集的标本，也是香港最早的标本。没有研究过它们，很难说将香港的苔藓植物研究透彻。

Why are these specimens so important and worth studying? They are the specimens collected in Hong Kong during 1841 to 1855 by some British explorers and the Americans in the “North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition”, which are also the earliest specimens in Hong Kong. If you have not studied them, it is hard to come to the conclusion that we have thoroughly studied Hong Kong’s bryophytes.

因此，前后花了整整4年时间，将香港的苔藓植物研究得较为清楚，总数超过360种，出版了一本书和数篇相关的学术论文。我想该工作的重要性可以说是，我们基本弄清楚了香港在那一段时间（1997-2001年）的苔藓植物全貌。如果将来，比如数十年或数百年以后，有人想继续研究，这些资料便可以成为一个很重要的参照，以便了解相关的变化。

Therefore, I spent a full four years to study the bryophytes in Hong Kong, and more than 360 species of bryophytes were confirmed. Based on the research, I published a book and several relevant academic papers. From my opinion, the significance of this work is that we have figured out the whole image of the bryophytes in Hong Kong during that period (1997-2001). If in the future, like decades or hundreds of years later, someone wants to continue the research, these data could be important reference to compare and understand the relevant changes.

主持人：在包罗万象的植物界中，苔藓植物可以说是最不起眼的，但仙湖植物园在2009年即建立了国内第一个苔藓植物引种圃，您认为这对我国的生态环保研究有何意义？

Host: In the diverse plant kingdom, bryophytes are often the inconspicuous organisms. However, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden has established the first domestic bryophyte nursery in 2009. What do you think this means for China’s ecological and environmental research?

张力：在国内的学术机构中，研究苔藓的并不多，是一个小众的学科，苔藓物种保育和景观展示也基本处于空白。

Zhang Li: In the academic institutions in China, bryology is not prevalent, which is a small subject. The conservation and landscape display of bryophytes are basically lacking.

仙湖植物园于2009年建立了国内第一个苔藓植物引种苗圃，其目的不仅是为了保护异地的苔藓植物，而且还为科研、科普和园艺提供材料。保护的物种大致上来源于以下三类：1）来自脆弱栖息地的物种；2）系统发育上居于重要位置、稀有和濒危的物种；3）具有园艺、科普或应用前景的物种。

In 2009, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden established the first bryophyte nursery, with the purpose of conserving the bryophytes from different places as well as providing materials for scientific research, popular science, and horticulture. The conserved species generally come from the following three categories:

1) species from vulnerable habitats;

2) species of phylogenetically important, rare and endangered species;

3) Species with gardening, science popularization or application prospects.

到目前为止保育了约90种，包括狭叶白发藓、暖地大叶藓、大桧藓等种类。保育场地主要在保种中心苔藓荫棚，另在阴生园和幽溪分别设有苔藓展示区，作为观赏和科普教育之用。

So far, about 90 species have been conserved ex-situ, including Leucobryum browringii, Rhodobryum giganteum, Pyrrhobryum spiniforme and other species. The main nursery venue is the Moss Shady House at the Conservation Center. There are two additional small display areas in the Shade Garden and Youxi Valley for tourism and science education respectively.

仙湖植物园幽苔园（局部）

Secluded Moss Garden in Fairy Lake (in part)

主持人：深圳的自然教育走在全国前列，那仙湖植物园开展过哪些方面的苔藓自然教育呢？

Host: Shenzhen's nature education is at the forefront of the country, so what kind of bryophyte nature education has been carried out in the Fairy Lake Botanical Garden?

张力：仙湖植物园是公众很喜欢去的地方，我们有不少的专家、专类园、科普展馆、实验室和图书馆，定期或不定期举办形式多样的科普教育活动，满足市民和青少年的需要。

Zhang Li: Fairy Lake Botanical Garden is a popular destination for the general public locally. There are many experts, themed gardens, exhibition halls, laboratories and library in the garden. We organize various science education activities on a regular or irregular basis to meet the needs of the public and young people.

仙湖植物园也是本地和广州、香港一些大专院校的实习基地，包括香港浸会大学、香港中文大学、中山大学、华南农业大学、深圳大学、深圳中学和深圳市莲南小学等。仙湖植物园还先后被评为“全国青少年科技教育基地”“全国科普教育基地”“广东省科普教育基地”“深圳市十佳科普基地”。

Fairy Lake Botanical Garden is also an education base for local universities and colleges of Guangzhou and Hong Kong, including Hong Kong Baptist University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Agricultural University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen High School, and Shenzhen Liannan Primary School. The garden has also been awarded titles, such as 'National Youth Science and Technology Education Base', 'National Science Education Base', 'Guangdong Province Science Education Base', and 'Shenzhen Top Ten Science Popularization Base'.

至于苔藓科普方面，基于我们所开展的研究工作，2006年开始正式开启了苔藓科普工作。我们首先是从与澳门特别行政区民政总署（现市政署）的一个合作项目开始的。我们当时承担了澳门苔藓植物多样性的调查项目，这个项目除了完成澳门的苔藓植物多样性的编目和植物志的工作外，我们双方一致觉得能不能创造机会，让澳门的民众有机会更多地了解苔藓？

As for the bryophyte science education in the garden, we have started formally since 2006. The start is a joint project with the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau of Macao Special Administrative Region (presently as the Municipal Affairs Bureau) which focused on the bryophyte diversity of Macao. The purposes included the inventory of Macao’s bryophytes and compilation of the bryophyte flora. During the course of study, we considered it is better that we not only focus on pure research but also make some chances for the general public to know bryophytes.

所以我们就在进行项目的同时，在2007年12月举办了一次公众展览，就这样把这个窗口打开了。这些年来，我们在澳门、深圳、北京、上海、杭州等地做了八次公众展览，还出版了一些颇受欢迎的科普读物，以及在植物园的自然学校开办苔藓相关的科普课程，也在各种各样的平面媒体上出了很多的科普文章、接受采访、协助电视台拍一些节目。目前很流行的新媒体，我们也没有缺席。

As the consequence, we held a public exhibition in December 2007, and made the window opened. Over the years, we have made eight public exhibitions in Macao, Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou. We have also published some popular science books, established bryophyte-related science courses in the botanical garden, published many popular science articles on various print media, taken interviews, and assisted in some TV programs. We are also active on the new media recently.

主持人：2020年12月份，您担任了浙江省景宁县毛垟乡的乡村振兴顾问，您认为生态环保和乡村振兴怎么才能有机的结合起来呢？

Host: In December 2020, you served as the rural revitalization consultant for Maoyang Town, Jingning County of Zhejiang Province. How do you think of ecological protection and rural revitalization can be organically combined?

张力：发现自身的专业修养原来也可以助乡村振兴一臂之力，颇感自豪！我主要提供一些专业建议，包括选择合适的苔藓种类和营造合适的生长条件，同时另也对当地开展的苔藓科普工作提供指导。在刚过去的3月，我们植物园还与毛垟乡签署了在毛垟乡共建自然教育合作基地的协议。

Zhang Li: I am very proud that my professional knowledge could also contribute to rural revitalization. I mainly provide some professional advice, including suggestions on the selection of suitable bryophyte species and the creation of suitable growth conditions, and also how to add education content. In the past March, our botanical garden also signed an agreement with Maoyang Town to build a nature education base jointly in Maoyang Town.

毛垟的苔藓种植

Bryophyte plantation in Maoyang Town, Jingning County, Zhejiang

目前市场上对于苔藓的需求越来越大，如果单凭从野外野蛮挖掘，除了破坏生态，也难以持久，所以苔藓种植可以算是朝阳产业。以苔藓作为产业，在中国唯独毛垟一镇。毛垟当地气候条件优越，野生的苔藓就比较多，很适合苔藓生长。当地政府敏锐抓住此方向，在丽水润生苔藓公司的技术支持下，有意识地选择有应用前景且适合当地的种类，规范种植，既能为当地老百姓增收，也为企业拓展生产空间，达到双赢。苔藓产业需要综合发展，不单只是种植，也要把苔藓科普、旅游活动、生态保护一起搞起来，才能取得更大和更长久的经济和社会效益。

At present, there is an increasing demand for bryophytes in the horticulture market, and bryophyte planting can be regarded as a sunrise industry due to the fact that it cannot last long if it solely rely on plucking them from the wild. In terms of bryophyte planting, Maoyang is the only town in China. The climate there are superior, and there are many native bryophytes, where is quite suitable for bryophyte planting. The local government keenly grasped this direction, and with the technical support from Lishui Runsheng Bryophyta Co. Ltd., a couple of species which have application prospects and are suitable for the local condition were selected. Following standardized regulations, large-scale planting of bryophytes has started almost two years ago. It can not only increase income for local villagers, but also expand production space for the company to achieve a win-win result. In order to achieve greater and longer-term economic and social benefits, the bryophyte industry needs to develop comprehensively, not only just planting, but also science popularization, tourism and ecological protection.

主持人：您还有什么样的环保故事、经验或观点想分享给我们吗？

Host: Do you have any other environmental stories, experiences, or ideas that you would like to share with us?

张力：从2017年开始，我在“一席”平台、香港、西双版纳、齐齐哈尔、深圳等地的数次讲座中，分享过自身及所带领的团队开展苔藓科普的经验。

Zhang Li: Since 2017, I have shared my experiences in bryophyte science popularization by myself and the team I led in several lectures, including on the “Yixi” platform, Hong Kong, Xishuangbanna, Qiqihar, Shenzhen, and other places.

苔藓的科普，整体来讲开展得少，受关注也少，不单是国内少，国外也不多。我觉得我们能做出了一些成绩，主要是与如下几方面有关：

1）有自身的研究为基础，即一手（原创）的素材。现在的资讯来得太容易，例如从各种网络，二手的内容通常有些时候不靠谱，同时也存在版权的问题；

2）要热爱。如果不热爱的话，很难想能投入多少，做出多少成效来；

3）要有创意。因我们科普的对象是苔藓，很小，不大容易观察，所以必须要有创意，克服这一难关。例如我们采用了模型、放大的照片和精美的画作；

4）定位要高。我们编写的科普读物基本上都是中英文双语版的。刚才讲过，苔藓科普不仅在中国缺乏，在世界各地也欠缺。双语版的书国际上就可以通用，所以说我们的出版物在国际上有一定影响，其实就和这个有关；

5）形式要多样。现在资讯发达，人们接受的渠道很多，所以形式要多样，包括展览、传统媒体和新媒体，结合起来，才可能有较广的覆盖面；

6）一个好的团队。

As a whole, the science popularization of bryophytes has been carried out less and received less attention, not only domestically but also abroad. I think we have made some achievements, mainly related to the following aspects:

1) Based on our own research, that is, first-hand (original) material and information. Second-hand material and information now comes too easily from websites, their contents are sometimes unreliable, and there are copyright concerns;

2) Be passionate. If you do not like it, it is hard to think about how much you can put into it and how much you can achieve.

3) Be creative. Because the object of our science popularization is bryophytes, which is quite small, not easy to observe, so we must be creative to overcome this difficulty. For example, we used models, enlarged photos and exquisite paintings.

4) High positioning. The popular science books we have published are basically bilingual version in Chinese and English. As mentioned earlier, resources of bryophyte education is not only scarce in China, but also in various parts of the world. Our books in bilingual version can be used internationally. It is why some of our publications were welcome abroad, to some extent, which is related to this.

5) Approaches should be diverse. Nowadays, with the development of information technology, there are many ways for people to access plentiful information. Therefore, it is necessary to take various methods and ways, including exhibitions, traditional media and new media, etc. Only by combining them, it is possible to obtain a wider coverage.

6) A good team.

《植物王国的小矮人》封面

Cover of a popular book on basic bryology

主持人：《当红生态》一直以来的梦想：将世界各地生态环保人士的故事或经验分享给更多的人。以促进形成更好的生态文明，您对《当红生态》有何寄语？

Host: “Popular Ecology” has always dreams to share the stories or experiences by eco-environmentalists all over the world with more people. To promote the better ecological civilization, would you have any message that you would like address for “Popular Ecology”?

张力：期待《当红生态》成为专业人士和公众的桥梁，不单专业人士喜爱，公众也喜欢！越办越好！

Zhang Li: I am looking forward to 'popular ecology' becoming a bridge between professionals and the general public, not only for professionals but also for the public!

郭智孚和张力博士

Guo Zhifu (left) and Dr. Zhang Li (right)

主持人：让我们再次感谢张力博士给我们带来的精彩分享，我是《当红生态人物》主持人郭智孚，今天的节目就到这里，我们下期再见。

Host: Let us give thanks to Dr. Zhang again for the wonderful sharing that he brought to us. I am Guo Zhifu, the host of 'Popular Eco-People'. Today's program ends here, and we will see you in the next program issue. 

当红生态

当红生态，是一个向世界推广生态文明的平台，在这里，我们将一起学习知名生态环保人物的故事和经验。

25篇原创内容

公众号

排版 | 小红

封面设计 | 晏杨

译文 | 吴颖怡 邹枝吟 李文慧 周紫琪 刘晋芳