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（2016·上海）完形填空。 Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively ______ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the ______, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ______, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from ______ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers. Different cultures have different ways of ______ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to ______ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general ______. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional ______ managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without ______ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: ______ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ______ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ______ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ______ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site or ______ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the ______ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 【小题1】A．desireB．seekC．loseD．dislike【小题2】A．contraryB．expectationC．degreeD．extreme【小题3】A．vice versa B．for exampleC．howeverD．otherwise【小题4】A．outside B．insideC．belowD．above【小题5】A．replacing B．assessingC．managingD．encouraging【小题6】A．referB．contributeC．objectD．apply【小题7】A．agreementB．practiceC．election D．impression【小题8】A．bossyB．experiencedC．westernD．male【小题9】A．askingB．trainingC．warningD．firing【小题10】A．doubling B．maintainingC．reducingD．estimating【小题11】A．honored B．leftC．crowdedD．compared【小题12】A．economically B．traditionallyC．inadequatelyD．occasionally【小题13】A．denyB．admitC．assume D．ensure【小题14】A．virtualB．ineffectiveC．day-to-dayD．on-the-scene【小题15】A．opinionB．riskC．performanceD．attractiveness |
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