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COST EFFECTIVE ROUTES TO CARBON REDUCTIONHow do we design zero carbon, steel-framed buildings? That was the question we wanted to answer in 2008 when we commissioned Aecom and Cyril Sweett to carry out this study into the routes to low and zero carbon. The findings aren t just limited to the steel frame. And as you will see if you read on, the choice of structural material actually has little or no impact on a building s operational energy use and carbon emissions. We think that you will find some of the answers surprising. We hope that you will find them useful.我们如何设计零碳钢框架的建筑?这是我们在2008年委托Aecom和Cyril Sweett对低碳和零碳路线进行研究时想要回答的问题。研究结果不仅局限于钢结构。如果你继续读下去，你会发现结构材料的选择实际上对建筑的能源使用和碳排放几乎没有影响。我们认为你会发现其中一些答案令人惊讶。我们希望这些资料对你有用。Our intention is that clients and designers will use the results of this study at the feasibility stage of a project to help guide their decision-making and budget-setting in relation to energy efficiency and renewable energy targets for their buildings. This foreword wouldn t be complete without a gentle plug for steel: a material that is naturally recycled and re-used continuously, we believe that when whole-life impacts are fully considered, steel is the ultimate sustainable material. 我们的意图是，客户和设计师将在项目的可行性阶段使用这项研究的结果，以帮助指导他们的决策和预算制定有关能源效率和可再生能源目标的建筑。这篇前言没有对钢材的温和补充就不完整:钢材是一种自然回收和重复利用的材料，我们相信，如果充分考虑到整个生命周期的影响，钢材是最终可持续发展的材料。We know government has set tough deadlines for achieving zero carbon buildings, but there s little guidance about how to actually make it happen. Now BCSA and Tata Steel s Target Zero study should address that我们知道政府已经为实现零碳建筑设定了严格的最后期限，但关于如何真正实现零碳建筑却几乎没有指导。现在，卑诗安全局和塔塔钢铁的零目标研究应该解决这个问题。the British Constructional Steelwork Association (BCSA) and Tata Steel have just spent two-and-a-half years and 1m on a study which wasn t primarily intended to compare steel favourably against concrete. Can that really be true? It can and it is. The study in question is called Target Zero. Its purpose is to determine the most cost-effective combinations of materials and technologies needed to make low and zero carbon buildings a reality. Its results give clients and designers a clear steer on early decisions for the five different building types studied: schools, warehouses, supermarkets, offices and mixed-use. The research was about understanding the government strategy to achieve zero carbon for buildings, says Alan Todd, Tata Steel s general manager. Targets were being set, but there was very little guidance available to inform people about what was needed to achieve them. Without good guidance people have to make their own assumptions. In order to make correct decisions people need good information on key factors like energy and cost.英国建筑钢铁协会(BCSA)和塔塔钢铁(Tata Steel)刚刚花了两年半时间和100万英镑进行了一项研究，该研究的主要目的并不是比较钢筋和混凝土的优势。这是真的吗?它可以，而且确实如此。这项研究被称为“零目标”。它的目的是确定最具成本效益的材料和技术组合，使低碳和零碳建筑成为现实。它的结果为客户和设计师提供了明确的早期决策，为五种不同的建筑类型研究:学校，仓库，超市，办公室和混合用途。塔塔钢铁公司总经理艾伦·托德说，这项研究是为了了解政府战略，以实现建筑的零碳排放。目前正在制定目标，但是几乎没有什么指导可以告诉人们需要什么来实现这些目标。没有良好的指导，人们不得不做出自己的假设。为了做出正确的决定，人们需要了解能源和成本等关键因素。There are major cost implications. But they don t impact in the choice of structural frame. The work by consultants Aecom and Cyril Sweett, showed a building s structure has almost no impact on its regulated carbon emissions. In fact it s more important to make the right choice of lighting strategy. When it comes to choosing the structural material, it s the normal decisions you should be taking: what is the best material for what you want the building to do? The same still applies to low or zero carbon buildings,says David Moore, BCSA s director of engineering. I don t think that was clear two or three years ago. For most buildings, the capital cost of reaching the next level of energy efficiency required in the proposed 2013 revisions to the Building Regulations is not unreasonable. But the costings in this research demonstrate that it will get painful if the government decides on a definition of zero carbon that calls for a higher proportion of on-site low and zero carbon (LZC) technologies.这涉及到重大的成本问题。但不影响结构框架的选择。咨询公司Aecom和Cyril Sweett的工作表明，建筑的结构对其控制的碳排放几乎没有影响。事实上，选择正确的照明策略更重要。当谈到结构材料的选择时，通常你应该做的决定是:什么是最好的材料，你想让建筑做什么?这同样适用于低碳或零碳建筑，BCSA的工程总监大卫·摩尔说。我不认为这在两三年前是明确的。对于大多数建筑来说，2013年修订的建筑法规要求达到下一个能源效率水平的资本成本并非不合理。但这项研究的成本表明，如果政府决定一个零碳的定义，要求更高比例的现场低碳和零碳(LZC)技术，将是痛苦的。Decisions taken early on impact hugely on the possible routes to zero carbon, and on the costs, both capital and lifetime. There are various ways of getting there, some of them cheaper than others, says Ant Wilson, Aecom s head of sustainability. One striking finding across all the building types is the huge impact of lighting on a building s carbon emissions. While many new buildings will already have high efficiency lamps and luminaires, Aecom says that further carbon savings can be identified by using thermal dynamic modelling at the very early stages of design. Some may be surprised to read that wind turbines are a cost-effective solution for many of the building types, albeit with caveats relating to site and planning hurdles. Wind is good in the right location, says David Cheshire, Aecom s project manager for Target Zero. We are really influenced by fashion in this industry. Everyone started out saying micro wind is great. Then they decided that none of it works. We should be taking a more scientific view and look at the size of the turbine and its location. Most building types struggle to get anywhere close to zero carbon without looking for solutions off site. There is one exception: warehouses can get there with energy efficiency measures and PV alone. When BCSA and Tata Steel commissioned this research the government had yet to decide on a definition for zero carbon. In fact, despite the consultation on zero carbon non-domestic buildings ending in February 2010 we are still waiting. The government has set the date for when new non-domestic buildings must be zero carbon: 2019. Public buildings and schools must get there earlier: 2018 and 2016 respectively. There is a route plan of sorts to get there: Part L of the Building Regulations was stepped up in 2010 to give, on average, 25% less carbon emissions than the 2006 version; Part L 2013 will do the same. And then there s a mighty leap to reach a definition of zero carbon, which is likely to include emissions from the building and also from the equipment inside it (see What is zero carbon? , left).早期做出的决定对实现零碳排放的可能路线以及资本和生命周期的成本都有很大影响。Aecom的可持续发展主管安特·威尔逊(Ant Wilson)表示，实现这一目标的方法多种多样，有些比其他方法更便宜。所有建筑类型的一个惊人发现是照明对建筑碳排放的巨大影响。虽然许多新建筑已经配备了高效灯具，但Aecom表示，进一步的碳节约可以通过在设计的早期阶段使用热动态模型来确定。有些人可能会惊讶地读到，风力涡轮机是一个成本效益解决方案的许多类型的建筑，尽管与场地和规划障碍有关的警告。Aecom的Target Zero项目经理David Cheshire说，风能在合适的位置很好。在这个行业，我们真的受到了时尚的影响。大家一开始都说微风很棒。然后他们决定没有一个是有效的。我们应该用更科学的观点来看待涡轮机的大小和位置。大多数建筑类型都在努力接近零碳排放，而不寻求现场之外的解决方案。但有一个例外:仅凭能效措施和光伏，仓库就能实现这一目标。当BCSA和塔塔钢铁委托进行这项研究时，政府还没有决定零碳的定义。事实上，尽管关于非住宅建筑零碳排放的磋商已于2010年2月结束，我们仍在等待。政府已经确定了新的非住宅建筑必须实现零碳排放的日期:2019年。公共建筑和学校必须提前完工:分别在2018年和2016年。要达到这一目标，有一个不同的路线计划:2010年，《建筑法规》的L部分加快了步伐，平均比2006年的版本减少了25%的碳排放;2013年的L部分也将如此。而要达到零碳的定义则是一个巨大的飞跃，它很可能包括建筑物和建筑物内部设备的排放(参见什么是零碳?(左)。
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