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被动语态的使用场合 1.语义的需要：不知道或者没必要指出动作的执行者。 They are poorly paid.（没必要指出谁付工资） 2.强调的需要：突出动作的承受者。 The schedule has been changed. (突出时间表) 3.礼貌的需要：避免说出动作的执行者。 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. (避免说出“我们禁止”) 4.句式的需要：有些表达习惯上用被动语态。 He is said to be a billionaire. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。 一般现在时：am/is/are +done (过去分词) English is widely used in the world. 现在完成时：has /have been done All those flowers have been watered. 现在进行时：am/is /are being done The blackboard is being painted now. 一般过去时：was/were done We were asked to help them. 过去完成时：had been done The building had been completed before I arrived. 过去进行时：was/were being done The university was being built when I saw last time. 一般将来时：shall/will be done A class meeting will be held next Monday. 过去将来时：should/would be done She said the book would be delivered soon. 将来完成时：shall/will have been done I will have finished my high school this time next year. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1.含情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 The books may be kept for two weeks. What’s done cannot be undone. 2. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 Many books were given to the children at the school. Ann wasn’t offered the job. 3. 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不变。 He was seen sitting there without doing anything. 4. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 The poor children were made to work 12 hours a day. She is made to clean the floor. 5. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 Bad habits have been done away with． The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible． 使用被动语态的场合 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 Printing was introduced to Europe from China. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 Health is valued above everything. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。 We were shocked by the bad news. “It is said/thought/believed that...”及类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有： It is said that… 据说…… It is reported that… 据报道…… It is believed that… 大家相信…… It is hoped that… 大家希望…… It is well known that… 众所周知…… It is thought that…大家认为…… It is suggested that…据建议…… Somebody/ something be supposed to do... 被期望……；应该 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. I’m supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15. 主动表被动的若干情形 1. 某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 That dog looks dangerous. My advice proved to be wrong. 2. 当open, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 The door won’t shut(关不上). The window won’t lock（锁不上）. 注：该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用，注意它与用被动语态含义不同： The window won’t shut.(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了) The window won’t be shut. (窗户本身没问题，只是不用关上) 3. 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用。 The cloth washes well. （好洗） His book doesn’t sell well.（不好销） This shirt will wear very long.（耐穿）。 The parcel carries easily.（好搬运） 4. 某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin, start, finish, end等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动语态表示被动意义。 School begins in September. When does the concert begin? 5. 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 My skirt caught on a nail. The plan worked out successfully. 6.不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。 Who is to blame? The house is to let. 7. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 The poem is not easy to understand. Your writing is impossible to read. 注：这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有awkward, convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。 8. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。 This might be worth thinking about. 9. 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义。 The plants want watering every day. He needs operating on at once.= He needs to be operated on at once. 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 1. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．） 2. 动词不定式的被动形式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。 作主语： It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang. 构成复合宾语： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didn’t like herself to be praised like that. 构成复合谓语： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 作定语： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office? 作状语： She was too young to be assigned such work. 不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等： It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语） She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)） He thought it an honor to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语） The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语） She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语） 3.不定式的主动形式表示被动 在there be结构中： There is a lot of homework to do (to be done).There is no time to lose (to be lost). 在“n／pron + be + ad.j + to do”结构中作方式状语。 He is hard to convince. He is an impossible person to work with． 在“too...to do; enough…to…”结构中： The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)． The house is big enough to live in. 在“with+n.+to do”结构中。 With nothing to do，he lay in bed．With so many exercises to do, I can’t go to the cinema． 当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。 I have a letter to type today. (I是to type的逻辑主语)Do you have anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语) 当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。 This is the best book to read (=for us／you to read).The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house. 5. rent, blame, let等用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 Who is to blame for starting the fire? “get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。 She got married last week. The patient got treated once a week． He fell off the car and got killed． There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt. 被动表示主动意义 be seated, be located, be situated, be dressed等用被动形式表达主动意义。 Please be seated. Our school is located at the foot of the mountain 被动语态与系表结构的区别 当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。 The glass is broken． （系表结构） The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态） 2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。 The door is locked． （系表结构） The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态） 3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。 The machine is being repaired． 易错的动词/词组 下列词只能用主动语态：marry, lack, belong to, take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续), run out（用光） The young man lacks experience. He is lacking in courage. The hall holds 1000 people. A fire broke out during the night. The meeting lasted (for) two hours. 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后，-ing 形式可以表被动。 The plants want watering/to be watered every day. This wall requires painting. The car needs repairing. 不是所有被动的词组都表被动。 be determined, be prepared, be graduated, be occupied, get married, be seated, be drunk, be dressed等表示主动的含义。 He is graduated from a famous university. He is fully occupied by everyday work. |
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