 Procurement's importance as a key business process has increased significantly in recent times. Originally procurement started as a way to integrate purchasing into supply chain management during a time when most large companies were struggling to manage their operational costs. 作为一个重要的业务流程，近几年，采购的重要性越发凸显。当大多数大型企业在挣扎着管理他们的运营成本时，在（那）一段时间，（许多组织的）采购以采购纳入供应链管理的方式起步。 In fact, the exact date of procurement’s ascendance canbe dated to October 1983 when Peter Kraljic identified that purchasing must be a strategic implementation in an organization, rather than a simple tactic in their supply chain management process. Prior to this change, organizations had only considered procurement to be a sub-discipline of the supply management process. 事实上，采购被重视的确切日期能够追溯到1983年的10月份，那时Peter Kraljic提到采购必须是组织中的一个战略执行（角色），而不是他们供应链流程中一个简单的战术（功能）。在这之前，组织仅仅简单地把采购当作供应链管理流程中一个亚学科。 Over time, the result is the development of two overlapping disciplines within procurement: indirect and direct procurement. 随之，结果是采购范畴里的两个有交集的学科的发展：间接采购和直接采购。 Direct Procurement 直接采购 Direct procurement is the act of acquiring raw materials and goods for production. These purchases are generally done in large quantities, acquired from a pool of suppliers at the best possible cost, quality and reliability. These purchases are made frequently and are necessary for key business practices, such as a baker acquiring flour to produce bread. 直接采购是获取用于生产的物料和货物。这类采购一般是以巨大的量，以尽可能最好的成本，质量和可靠性等条款从供应商数据库中获取。这些采购频次高，对于重要的商务实践是必要的，比如烘焙者获取面粉生产面包。 If direct procurement stops functioning or encounters problems, companies are no longer able to manufacture their product and create revenue. 若直接采购停止运转或者遇到问题，公司将无法生产他们的产品、创造收入。 Historically, direct procurement stems from manufacturing. 从历史状况来看，直接采购根植于制造。 Direct procurement is the act of acquiring raw materials and goods for production. These purchases are generally done in large quantities, acquired from a pool of suppliers at the best possible cost, quality and reliability. These purchases are made frequently and are necessary for key business practices, such as a baker acquiring flour to produce bread. 直接采购是获取用于生产的物料和货物。这类采购一般是以巨大的量，以尽可能最好的成本，质量和可靠性等条款从供应商数据库中获取。这些采购频次高，对于重要的商务实践是必要的，比如烘焙者获取面粉生产面包。 If direct procurement stops functioning or encounters problems, companies are no longer able to manufacture their product and create revenue. 若直接采购停止运转或者遇到问题，公司将无法生产他们的产品、创造收入。 Historically, direct procurement stems from manufacturing. 从历史状况来看，直接采购根植于制造。 Indirect Procurement 间接采购 Indirect procurement is the act of purchasing services or supplies required to keep the day to day business alive. One way of classifying indirect procurement is that it does not add to a business’s bottom line. This includes things such as repairing equipment, buying office supplies or acquiring services. 间接采购，是采购服务或者要求供应商来确保维持日复一日的商务的行为。划分间接采购的一种方式就是，它不会加进商务的最下面那行。包括诸如维修设备，购买办公用品或者获取服务之类。 Without indirect procurement functions, businesses wouldn’t be able to operate in an effective fashion. Typically, indirect procurement includes somewhere from 15-27% of a company’s total revenue. 若没有间接采购职能，商务无法以有效的方式运营。典型的是，间接采购在一个企业的总收入当中占据15-27%的比例。 |
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