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  永续农业理念 关心地球 关爱人类 合理分配节余的时间、金钱和物质 以实现前面两项 Each element in the system should be chosen and placed so that itperforms as many functions as possible. A pond can be used for irrigation, u atering livestock, aquatic crop, and fire control. It is also a habitat for waterfowl, a fish farm, and a li-eht reflector (Figure 2.8). A dam wall functions as a road, a firebreak, and a bamboo production area. 在系统中应该合理选择和配置每一个元素，使其尽可能地发挥多种作用。 池塘可用于灌溉、喂养牲畜、种植水生作物和控制火灾等功能。 它也是水鸟的栖息地、养鱼场和阳光的反射器。水坝壁可作为道路、也可作为防火带和竹子生产区等。 We can do the same with plants. Simply by selecting a useful species and putting it in a particular piace u'e can use it for one or more of the following purposes: 我们对植物也可以这样做。选择一个有用的物种并将其种在一个特殊的位置，就可以用于以下一种或多种作用： windbreak 、privacy 、trellis 、fire control 、mulch 、food 、animal forage 、fuel 、erosion control 、wildlife habitat 、climatic buffer 、soil conditioner 防风林、保护隐私、棚架、防火、地膜覆盖、食物、动物饲料、燃料、控制侵蚀、野生动物栖息地、气候缓冲、土壤改良剂
图1.1 分析系统中每个元素的特征、需求和产品，以便将其配置在相对于系统中其他元素的正确地方。 Functional Analysis of the Chicken 鸡的功能分析 This is how the process of relative location uorks, using the chicken as an example 以鸡为例，展示如何选择元素的相对位置 First, we list the innate characteristics of the chicken: its colour, size and weight, heat and cold rolerances, ability to rear its own young, etc. Chickens have differentbreed characteristics: li ghtcoloured chickens tolerate heat better than darkcoloured ones; heavy breeds cannot fly as high as light breeds (whichmeans fencingheight requirements are different); some breeds are be tter mothers, others are better layers. We also look at the behaviour of the chicken: what is its "penonality"? We see that all chickens scratch for food, 1 walk, fly, roost in trees or perches at night, form flocks, and lay eggs 首先，我们列出了鸡的先天特征：颜色、大小和重量、耐热和耐寒能力、繁殖能力等。 鸡有不同的品种特征：浅色鸡比深色鸡更耐热；体重的品种不能像体轻的品种那样飞得高（这意味着对围栏的高度要求不同）；有些品种是孵化能力强，另一些品种下蛋好。我们还要观察鸡的行为：就是鸡的 "个性"如何？我们看到，所有的鸡都会刨食、行走、飞行、夜间在树或栖木上栖息、成群下蛋。 Secondly we list basic needs: I Chickens need shelter, water, a dust bath to I deter lice, a protected roosting area, and nest I boxes. They need a source of shell grit to grind I food around in theircrops. And they like to be with I other chickens. A solitary chicken is a pretty sad I affair-best to give it a few cornpanions. That's all I easy enough to provide and wouldn't take us more I than a few days to set up. Chickens also need food, I and that's where we start to make connections to I the other elements in our system, because we want I to put the chicken in a place and situation where I it will scratch for its own living. Any time we stop I the chicken from behaving naturally-i.e. foragI ing-we've got to do the work for it. Both work | -d pollution are the result of incorrectly designed I or unnatural svstems. 其次，我们要列出鸡的基本需求。鸡需要住所、水、防止虱子的沙浴、一个受保护的活动场地和巢箱。 它们还需要有碎壳，以便在其嗉囊中磨碎食物。 而且它们喜欢和其他鸡在一起，一只孤单的鸡是相当悲哀的，最好给它找一些伙伴。 这些都是很容易提供的，而且不会花费我们太多的时间。 鸡也需要食物，这就是我们建立鸡与系统中的其他元素之间联系的开始，我们把鸡放在一个它们可以自己觅食生存的地方。 任何时候我们都不要阻止鸡的自然习性，比如觅食，一旦阻止就得为它们做劳作。劳作和污染都是不正确的设计或非自然系统的产物。 I-astly, we list the products or outputs of the I chicken. It provides meat, eggs, feathers, feather I dust, manure, carbon dioxide (from breathing), I sound, heat, and methane. We will want to place I the chicken in such a position that its products I are used bv other elements in the svstem. Unless I we use these outputs to aid some other part of our I system, we are faced with more work and polluI tion. 最后，我们列出鸡的产品或产出。它们提供肉、蛋、羽毛、羽毛碎屑、肥料、二氧化碳（通过呼吸）、声音、热量和甲烷。 我们把鸡放在一个适当的位置，让它的产品被系统中的其他元素所使用。 我们必须让这些产品用于系统中的其他部分，否则我们将面临更多的劳作和污染。 Now we have all the information needed to I sketch a plan of the chicken run, to decide where I fences, shelters, nests, trees, seed and green crops, I ponds, greenhouses, and plocessing centres will I go relative to the chicken.Tl'ns, 现在我们有了所有需要的信息，可以画出鸡舍的平面图，决定栅栏、庇护所、巢穴、树木、种子和作物、池塘、温室和加工中心与鸡舍的相对位置。 The House needs food, cooking fuel, heat in I cold weather, hot water, lights, etc. It gives I shelter and warmth for people. The chicken can I supply some of these needs (food, feathers, methane). It also consumes most food wastes coming from the house 住宅需要食物、烹饪用的燃料、寒冷天气中的热量、热水、灯光等，为人们提供了住所和温暖。 鸡可以提供这些需求中的一部分（食物、羽毛、甲烷）。它还可以消耗来自住宅的大部分食物垃圾。 The Garden needs fertiliser, mulch, water.It gives leaves, seeds, vegetables. The chicken provides manures and eats surplus garden products. Chicken-pens close to the garden ensure easy collecti on o f m anu res and a throw-over-the-fence feeding system. Chickens can be let into the garden, but only under controlled circumstances. 花园需要肥料、覆盖物和水，能提供叶子、种子和蔬菜。 鸡提供肥料，并吃掉花园的剩余产品。 靠近花园的鸡棚容易收集粪肥，也方便把食物扔进鸡棚投喂。适当的时候，可以让鸡进入花园，但只能在可控的情况下进行。 The Greenhouse needs carbon dioxide for plants, methane for germination, manure, heat, and water. It gives heat by day, and food for people, with some crop wastes for chickens. The chicken can obviously supply many of these needs. and utilise most of the wastes. It can also supply night heat to the greenhouse in the form of body heat if we place the chicken-house adjoining it (Figure 7.8). 温室中的植物需要二氧化碳，发芽时需要甲烷，还需要肥料、热量和水。 白天温室为人们提供热量和食物，并为鸡提供一些农作物废料。很明显鸡可以满足温室的许多需要，并消耗大部分的废弃物。 如果我们把鸡舍临近温室旁边安置，鸡还可以以体温的形式夜间向温室提供热量。 The Orchard needs weeding, pest control, manure, and some pruning. It gives food (fruit and nuts), and provides insects for chicken forage. Thus. the orchard and the chicken can interact beneficially if chickens are allowedin from time to time. 果园需要除草、防治虫害、施肥和一些修剪。果园提供食物（水果和坚果），并为鸡提供昆虫作为饲料。 因此，如果时常将鸡放入果园，果园和鸡可以进行有益的互动。 The Woodlot needs management, fire control, perhaps pest control, some manure. It gives solid fuel, benies, seeds, insects, shelter, and some warmth. Chickens can roost in the trees, feed upon insectlarvae, and assist in fire control by scratching or grazing fuels such as grasses. 造林地需要管理和防火，有时也需要控制害虫和施肥。林地它提供了固体燃料、莓果、种子、昆虫、住所和一些能量。 鸡可以在树下栖息，以昆虫幼虫为食，并通过翻刨或吃草（可燃物）来协助防火。 The Cropland needs ploughing, manuring, seeding, harvesting, and storage of crop. It gives food for chickens and people. Chickens have a part to play as manure providers and cultivators (a Iarge number of chickens on a small area will effectively clear all vegetation and tum the soil over by scratching). 田地需要耕种、施肥、播种、收获和贮藏。它为鸡和人提供食物。鸡作为肥料提供者和耕种者可以发挥作用（在一小块土地上放养一大群鸡，可以有效地清除所有植物残茬，并通过翻刨翻耕土壤）。 The Pasture needs cropping, manuring, and storage of ha"v or silage. It gives food for animals (worms and insects included). 牧场地需要耕种、施肥和储存草料或青贮饲料。它为动物提供食物（包括蚯蚓和昆虫）。 The Pond needs some manure. It yields fish, water plants as food, and can reflect light and absorb heat. 池塘需要一些肥料。它能产出鱼，可食用水草，并能反射光和吸收热量。 Simply by' letting chickens behave naturally and range where they are of benefit, we get a lot of "work" out of them. Using the information above, we place the chicken near the (fenced) garden, and probably backing onto the greenhouse. Gates are opened at appropriate ümes into the orchard, pasture, and woodlot so that chickens forage fallen fruit, seeds, and insects, scratching out weeds and leaving behind manures. 仅仅通过鸡的自然习性，把它们放在有益的地方，很多工作，就可以交给它们去完成。 利用上述信息，我们把鸡安置在（有围栏的）花园附近，也可以安置在温室后面。在适当的时间打开门，让鸡进入果园、牧场和林地，这样鸡就可以觅食掉落的水果、种子和昆虫，翻刨杂草，留下肥料。 |
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