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核心提示：中国古代建筑的防水工程一直秉承着“以排为主，以防为辅”、“多道设防，刚柔并济”的理念。 Core tip: the waterproof engineering of ancient Chinese buildings has always adhered to the concept of "giving priority to platoon, supplemented by defense" and "multi-channel fortification, combining hardness and softness".
中国古代建筑的防水工程一直秉承着“以排为主，以防为辅”、“多道设防，刚柔并济”的理念。 今天，就让我们来看一看，古人在设计建筑的排水系统时，都运用了哪些妙招。 The waterproof engineering of ancient Chinese buildings has been adhering to the concept of "giving priority to drainage, supplemented by prevention" and "multi-channel fortification, combining hardness and softness". Today, let's take a look at the wonderful tricks that the ancients used in designing the drainage system of buildings. 屋顶排水靠“悬山” 古代建筑的屋顶，多采用高屋脊、大坡度的设计，靠近屋脊两侧的坡度超过60°，而檐部的坡度不足30°，利用陡坡使雨水急速流下，再利用惯性让雨水冲出檐外。 The roofs of ancient buildings mostly adopt the design of high ridge and large slope. The slope near both sides of the ridge is more than 60 °, while the slope of the eaves is less than 30 °. The steep slope is used to make the rainwater flow down rapidly, and then the inertia is used to make the rainwater rush out of the eaves. 各种屋顶式样中最有利于排水的，叫做“悬山顶”。所谓悬山，就是屋顶房檐伸出“山墙”外。悬山顶多用于百姓的建筑，不过在著名园林圆明园中，“碧桐书院”的屋顶也采用了这种设计。 Among all kinds of roof styles, the one that is most conducive to drainage is called "hanging on the top of the mountain". The so-called hanging mountain means that the eaves of the roof extend out of the "gable". The overhanging peak is mostly used for people's buildings. However, in the famous garden Yuanmingyuan, the roof of "Bitong academy" also adopts this design. 除了在结构上下功夫以外，屋顶的建筑材料也考虑了排水的需要，这就是瓦的应用。早期的瓦吸水性很强，不利于雨水外排，也很容易造成渗漏；后来瓦的品质得到提升，吸水率降至3％，与瓷器相当。“改进版”的瓦，辅以金属、琉璃和锡等材料，使古代建筑的屋顶成为“排水能手”。 In addition to working hard on the structure, the building materials of the roof also consider the need of drainage, which is the application of tiles. The early tiles have strong water absorption, which is not conducive to rainwater drainage, and it is easy to cause leakage; Later, the quality of the tiles was improved, and the water absorption decreased to 3%, which was equivalent to that of porcelain. The "improved" tiles, supplemented by metal, glass, tin and other materials, make the roofs of ancient buildings "drainage experts".
地面排水靠沟渠 那些从屋顶排出的水流，又将流向哪里呢？ Where will the water flow from the roof flow?
以600年未受积水之苦的故宫为例，故宫的地面上有很多形状像铜钱一样的孔洞，被形象地称为“钱眼”。这些“钱眼”，其实就是排水系统的进水口，从屋顶排出的水流由此进入排水沟渠。 Take the Forbidden City, which has not suffered from ponding for 600 years, as an example. There are many holes shaped like copper coins on the ground of the Forbidden City, which are vividly called "money eyes". These "money eyes" are actually the inlets of the drainage system, from which the water discharged from the roof enters the drainage ditch.
最终，排水沟渠收集的积水会全部汇入流经午门之内、太和门前的“内金水河”，它是紫禁城的内河。故宫北门神武门地平标高46.05米，南门午门地平标高44.28米，地势北高南低。 Finally, the accumulated water collected in the drainage ditch will all flow into the "neijinshui River" in front of Taihe gate and inside the Meridian Gate, which is the inner river of the Forbidden City. The north gate of the Forbidden City is 46.05 meters above the ground level, and the south gate is 44.28 meters above the ground level. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south.
故宫的排水系统，利用中央高、四周低、北部高、南部低的地势，迅速将雨水汇总，排入内河，流出宫外。 The drainage system of the Forbidden City uses the terrain high in the center, low around, high in the north and low in the south to quickly collect rainwater, discharge it into inland rivers and flow out of the palace. 沟渠排水是古代大型建筑（群）主要的排水方案，作为皇家园林的圆明园，也是沟渠遍布。 不过，圆明园作为园林，与故宫还有些不同。园林中，“水”是一个极其重要的元素，圆明园中湖泊水面众多且广阔，这就使雨水经过沟渠的疏导，可以更容易地排入水系，排水效率甚至能更胜一筹。 Ditch drainage is the main drainage scheme of ancient large-scale buildings (groups). As the imperial garden, the Yuanmingyuan is also full of ditches.However, as a garden, the Old Summer Palace is somewhat different from the Forbidden City. In the garden, "water" is an extremely important element. The water surface of the lakes in the Old Summer Palace is numerous and broad, which makes it easier for rainwater to be discharged into the water system through the drainage of ditches, and the drainage efficiency can even be better.
地下排水靠涵洞 如果建筑附近没有水系，沟渠引导的积水又将流向哪里呢？ If there is no water system near the building, where will the accumulated water guided by the ditch flow?
位于故宫西北方向的北海团城已有800多年历史，明代重修城墙时，城墙上找不到一个出水口，地面上也没有任何沟渠。但是不管下多大的雨，地面都不会积水，很快就渗透得一干二净。那么团城是怎么排水的呢？ Beihai Tuancheng, located in the northwest of the Forbidden City, has a history of more than 800 years. When the wall was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, there was no water outlet on the wall and no ditch on the ground. However, no matter how heavy the rain is, the ground will not accumulate water, and it will soon permeate completely. So how does Tuancheng drain water? 这奥秘，就藏在团城地面上铺设的青砖之中。 This mystery is hidden in the green bricks laid on the ground of Tuancheng.
团城的青砖造型很有讲究，除了供人行走的甬路以外，大部分地方铺设的青砖，是上大下小的倒梯形，每块青砖之间都形成了一个三角形的缝隙。 The shape of the green bricks in Tuancheng is very exquisite. Except for the Yonglu road for people to walk, the green bricks laid in most places are inverted trapezoidal from top to bottom, and a triangular gap is formed between each green brick.
这样的造型对排水的帮助是显而易见的，这些青砖本身渗水透气性就不错，雨水透过青砖之间的接口，就进入到地下三角形的缝隙当中。砖缝越向下越开阔，雨水自然不容易停留在表层，而是渗入地下，通过地下水系统缓冲和渗排出去。 It is obvious that such a shape can help drainage. The water permeability of these green bricks is good. The rainwater enters into the underground triangular gap through the interface between the green bricks. The deeper the brick joint is, the wider it is. Naturally, it is not easy for rainwater to stay on the surface, but to penetrate into the ground and be buffered and discharged through the groundwater system.
不仅如此，团城的地下还另有一套排水系统。团城的地面上虽然没有沟渠，但是分布着一些井盖，这是团城排雨水的进水口，井盖的下面是一口口竖井。这些竖井不是互相孤立的，一条“C”字型的涵洞，将这些竖井串联了起来。 Moreover, there is another drainage system under Tuancheng. Although there are no ditches on the ground of Tuancheng, there are some well covers, which are the inlets for drainage of rainwater in Tuancheng. Under the well covers are shafts. These shafts are not isolated from each other. A "C" shaped culvert connects these shafts in series.
这道涵洞高度不高，大概只能容人在其中爬行，涵洞的外围也铺设了青砖。这样，雨水通过竖井进入涵洞，利用青砖良好的渗水性能与地下水系统沟通，从而达到排水的目的。 The culvert is not high enough to allow people to crawl in it, and the periphery of the culvert is also paved with green bricks. In this way, the rainwater enters the culvert through the shaft...so as to achieve the purpose of drainage. 古人以巧妙的结构设计和材料选用，在建筑排水方面取得了显著成效，甚至能做到几百年不受积水之害，让人不由感叹古人的智慧。 With the ingenious structural design and material selection, the ancients made remarkable achievements in building drainage, even being able to avoid the damage of ponding for hundreds of years, which makes people sigh for the wisdom of the ancients.
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