【原】上海雅舍辛乙堂——中国古建筑·门槛文化

本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂

Yashe  Studio

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门槛作为一种古老的建筑部件，如今的使用率还是非常之高。在流传至今的俗语中，常说某家门槛高，意思就是这个家庭各方面条件好、体面，那么古人为什么要设门槛？其实，门槛的用处是很大的，古人可不是心血来潮。

As an ancient building component, the threshold has a very high utilization rate today. In the popular saying, it is often said that the threshold of a family is high, which means that the family has good and decent conditions in all aspects. 

So why did the ancients set the threshold? In fact, the threshold is very useful. The ancients didn't have a whim.

门槛，跟墙体门窗一样是古建筑中的组成部分，不承载任何力的作用。

The threshold, like the wall doors and windows, is an integral part of the ancient buildings and does not bear any force.

门槛的作用

保护木门

在古代，家家户户都是木门，地面也大都不平整，所以门的底部与地面无法完全密合，随着时间推移，木门渐渐腐朽，地面变得坑洼，门缝也会越来越大。然后聪明的古人就想到造一个门槛之类的建筑结构，这可以更好的起到密合作用，也能在一定程度上起到阻碍风沙水患和虫鼠入侵的功效，还保护了木门不被刮坏。

In ancient times, every household had wooden doors, and the ground was mostly uneven, so the bottom of the door and the ground could not be fully closed. With the passage of time, the wooden door gradually decayed, the ground became potholed, and the door gap became larger and larger.

Then the wise ancients thought of building a building structure such as a threshold, which can better play a close role, and to a certain extent, it can also play a role in preventing sandstorms and floods and insect and rat invasion, and also protect the wooden door from being damaged.

保暖

夏天冷空气下沉从门下流出，屋内温度会升高，冬天冷的时候外面的冷空气会从下面进来，所以人们形成了放置门槛的习惯。显然把下面的门缝提高一点是有好处的。相比于直接门边接地的情况，气密性提高了很多。

In summer, the cold air sinks and flows out from under the door, and the temperature inside the house will rise. When it is cold in winter, the cold air outside will come in from below. 

Therefore, people have formed the habit of placing doorsill. Obviously, it is beneficial to raise the door seam below. Compared with the case of direct door side grounding, the air tightness is greatly improved.

地位象征

随着时间的推移，门槛的存在有了更多的意义，成为一种体现主人尊严和身份的东西。门槛只能一步跨过去，不可以踩在上面，在我国古代，踩人家门槛是对宅主的不尊敬行为。

With the passage of time, the existence of the threshold has more significance and has become something that reflects the dignity and identity of the owner. The threshold can only be crossed in one step. You can't step on it. In ancient China, stepping on someone else's threshold was an act of disrespect to the house owner.

端正举止

中国人讲究温良恭谨让，站有站相，坐有坐相，走有走姿，切不可火急火燎。门槛还有一个作用就是让人们注意自己的言行举止，切不可慌慌张张地闯入门内。

The Chinese people pay attention to being gentle and respectful. They should stand and sit, and walk in a posture. They must not be impatient. Another function of the threshold is to let people pay attention to their words and deeds, and never rush into the door in a hurry.

它矗立在那里，告诫着每一个想登堂入室的客人：先别急着进门，好好整理一下自己的仪容以及想想要办的事。

It stands there, admonishing every guest who wants to enter the room: don't rush into the door first, take good care of your appearance and think about what to do.

聚财

古代的风水中，十分讲究房屋里面的“地气”，（没错就是我们常说的“接地气”中的那个地气）地气一外泄，就意味着属于本家的东西散失，是“不聚财”的体现。为了把地气聚在屋里面，不让它散去，门槛就恰到好处的发挥了这个作用，从此就流传开来了。

In ancient geomantic omen, great attention was paid to the "Earth atmosphere" in the house. (yes, it is the earth atmosphere in the "Earth atmosphere" we often say.) once the earth atmosphere is leaked, it means that the things belonging to the family are lost, which is the embodiment of "not gathering wealth". 

In order to gather the earth gas in the house and prevent it from dispersing, the threshold played this role properly, and it has been spread since then.

聚气

古代十分讲究住宅风水，门槛的作用和门神相似。若将门槛设置得高一些，可以起到将屋内外风水隔离的作用，使室外的一些杂乱的气体不容易流进室内，家中的财气、气运等也不会流出去。这样的可以避免室内的风水杂乱，有利于积聚财气，使家中运势旺盛。

In ancient times, it was very important to pay attention to residential geomancy, and the role of the threshold was similar to that of the door god. If the threshold is set higher, it can play the role of isolating the inside and outside of the house.

 it difficult for some disordered gas outside to flow into the room, and the wealth and gas in the home will not flow out. This can avoid the chaos of Feng Shui in the room, help to accumulate wealth and make the family prosperous.

挡阴气

从风水上来说，晦气一般比较深沉，从下三路显现，根据这种情况，适当的把庭院的门槛提高，可以防止晦气入门。虽然这种方式比较简单，但效果很好，尤其是独门独院在深山老林里的人家，就可以用这种方式让家庭风水稳定。

From the perspective of Feng Shui, bad luck is generally deep and appears from the lower three ways. According to this situation, properly raising the threshold of the courtyard can prevent bad luck from entering. 

Although this method is relatively simple, the effect is very good, especially for the family with a single house in the deep mountains and old forests, it can be used to stabilize the family geomancy.

威慑

从风水上来说，如果家里的门槛比较高，风水的形势也会比周边的环境风水更强势一些，有了这些形势上的优势，家里的风水就会对周围环境形成有利的摄取、循环作用，汲取其中有益的风水元素，摒弃不利的风水，会让家庭风水变得更加顺畅，也会让居家生活变得更稳定。

From the perspective of Feng Shui, if the threshold of the home is relatively high, the situation of feng shui will be stronger than the surrounding environment. With the advantages of these situations.

 Feng Shui in the home will form a favorable absorption and circulation effect on the surrounding environment, absorb the beneficial feng shui elements, and discard the unfavorable Feng Shui, which will make the family Feng Shui more smooth and make the family life more stable.

门槛的类型

门槛常见的有三种，一种是直接固定在门枕石的槽中，高度较小，可以一步跨过；一种是可以活动的，在需要时插在门枕石上的木槽中或用木栓栓在两门枕石之间，高度大概两尺；还有一种门槛（的变式）是大板门下的一对可以自由启闭的小门，高度基本上在三尺以上，个别的甚至达六七尺，在小门下还会有一道两三寸高的木质或石质的小门槛。

There are three common thresholds. One is directly fixed in the groove of the door pillow stone, which is small in height and can be crossed in one step.

One is movable, which can be inserted into the wooden slot on the door pillow stone or bolted between the two door pillow stones with a wooden bolt when necessary, with a height of about two feet.

Another type of threshold (variant) is a pair of small doors that can be opened and closed freely under the large plate door. The height is basically more than three feet, and some even up to six or seven feet. 

There is also a small wooden or stone threshold with a height of two or three inches under the small door.

石头地栿

古代的门槛呢，一般称为地栿，如果是石头的，就称为石地栿。石头地栿不承载任何拉力、侧力、承重力等等作用，它就是门脚下的一块石头，作用就是把“屋里屋外”这个区域分开。这种门槛造价十分便宜，一般出现在古代或者近代的老百姓家里。

In ancient times, the threshold was generally referred to as the earth, and if it was stone, it was called the stone earth. The stone floor does not bear any pulling force, side force, bearing force, etc. 

it is a stone at the foot of the door, which is used to separate the "inside and outside" area. This kind of threshold is very cheap and generally appears in the homes of ancient or modern people.

门槛

木头的门槛一般就比较讲究，古代建筑的木门槛一般都是用松木做的，这样既坚固、结实，又能防虫蚁，再讲究一点的，就用红木做门槛。

The wooden doorsill is generally more exquisite. The wooden doorsill of ancient buildings is generally made of pine, which is solid and solid, and can prevent insects and ants. If it is more exquisite, it is made of mahogany.

拆卸门槛

这类门槛，一般装在机关大院，豪门大宅之类的地方。古代门槛可大都是要过膝的！如此一来，那你让那些想进院子的车马怎么办？这难不倒古人！于是他们就发明了“可拆卸门槛”，很简单，有车马进来的时候拿掉，出去以后再装上。其实这种门槛也没有什么技术含量。不过呢这种门槛一般都是木头的，一来轻便；二来普通百姓家不太用的着。

This kind of threshold is generally installed in places such as the government compound and the luxury mansion. In ancient times, the threshold was mostly above the knee! In this case, what do you want to do with those cars and horses that want to enter the yard? 

This is not difficult for the ancients! So they invented the "detachable threshold", which is very simple. When a car or horse comes in, it is removed and installed again after going out. In fact, this threshold has no technical content. 

However, this kind of threshold is usually made of wood, which is light and light; Second, ordinary people don't need it.

现如今，门槛已经很少存在了，我们的住房门口，已经没有了这样的东西，门槛也就从一样实物变成了一种象征。我们常说的“门槛高”，不是真正的门槛修的有多高，而是完成一件事的难度很大。比如普通人要想进入一个专业领域，一般的员工要想进入一个知名企业，因为难度大都可以说是门槛很高，如果不努力抬起脚是迈不过去的。

Nowadays, the threshold has rarely existed. There is no such thing at the door of our house, and the threshold has become a symbol from a physical object. What we often say about "high threshold" is not how high the real threshold is, but how difficult it is to complete a thing.

For example, if ordinary people want to enter a professional field, and if ordinary employees want to enter a well-known enterprise, it is difficult to say that the threshold is very high. If they do not work hard, they will not be able to pass.