1. cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）环磷酸腺苷 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway. cyclic ['saɪklɪk] adj.环状的；循环的；周期的 adenosine [ə'denəsɪn]n.【 生化】腺苷 monophosphate [mɒnə'fɒsfeɪt] n.单磷酸 2. adenyl ['ædənɪl] n.〔生化〕腺苷 The radical or ion of adenine (['ædənɪn] n.【生化】腺嘌呤) cyclase ['saɪkleɪs] n.环化酶 [noun] an enzyme (such as adenylate cyclase) that catalyzes (['kætəlaɪz] v.【化】催化) cyclization ([saɪklɪ'zeɪʃən] n.【化】环合) of a compound. adenyl cyclase un.腺苷酸环化酶 * catalyze ['kætəlaɪz] v.【化】催化 change by catalysis or cause tocatalyze catalyst /'kætəlɪst/ n. <化>催剂，触媒 a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible catalysis [kə'tæləsɪs] n.催化(作用) an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction as a result of the action or use of a catalyst
3. protein kinase A (PKA) 蛋白激酶a In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). kinase ['kɪneɪs] n.【生化】激酶 an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate ([ˈfɒsfeɪt] n.磷酸盐；磷酸酯) group from ATP 4. tyrosine kinase 酪氨酸激酶 tyrosine /'taɪrəsɪn/ 酪氨酸 is one of the amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. 5. protein phosphatase 蛋白磷酸酶 phosphatase /'fɑsfətez/ n. 磷酸(酯) any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst inthe hydrolysis (/haɪ'drɑləsɪs/ n.水解) of organic phosphates 6. synthetic [sɪn'θetɪk] adj.人造的；（人工）合成的；n.合成物// It’s a completely synthetic chocolate substitute.这是一种完全人工合成的巧克力替代品。→ synthesis ['sɪnθəsɪs] n.综合；结合；综合体；（物质在动植物体内的）合成 // They also increase collagen synthesis and fibrosis around the eyes.它们也会增加眼周胶原形成和纤维化。
7. glycogenolysis [glaɪkədʒe'nɒlɪsɪs] n.糖原分解作用 the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. It is started by the production of hormones and also controlled by the anti-hormones when not needed. Insulin converts excess blood sugar into glycogen and stores it in the liver and muscles. Glucagon provokes the enzymes to break it down to release glucose in the bloodstream or muscles. glycogen ['ɡlaɪkədʒən] n.【化】肝糖 glucose [ˈɡluːkəʊz] n.葡萄糖 glucagon ['glu:kəˌgɒn] n.【生化】升血糖激素 8. synthase ['sɪnθeɪs] n.合酶 any of various enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of a substance without involving the breaking of a high-energy phosphate bond(as in ATP) synthetase ['sɪnθɪteɪs] n.合成酶 an enzyme that catalyzes the linking together of two molecules usually using the energy derived from the concurrent splitting off of a pyrophosphate group from a triphosphate (such as ATP) — called also ligase synthase vs. synthetase This is very simple guys! Synthases don't use ATP to make the new bond between substrates while synthetases need an ATP.
9. phosphorylate ['fɒsfərɪleɪt] v.使磷酸化 to add a phosphate ([ˈfɒsfeɪt] n.磷酸盐) group to an organic molecule in order to produce an organic phosphate dephosphorylate 10. reinforce [ˌriːɪnˈfɔː(r)s] v.加固；加强// These laws also reinforce stigma and hatred against sex workers. 法律也将对性工作者的耻辱和仇恨钉在大家心中。 11. substrate ['sʌb.streɪt] n.底物；基底 a substance on which a catalyst or enzyme has a particular effect 12. dephosphorylate 脱磷酸 → dephosphorylation [defɒsfərɪ'leɪʃ(ə)n] n.脱磷酸作用；去脱磷作用 → phosphorylation [fɒsfɒrɪ'leɪʃən] n.〔化〕氧化磷酸化作用 13. carbohydrate [ˌkɑː(r)bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt] n.碳水化合物 14.pancreatic [ˌpæŋkriˈætɪk] adj.胰(腺)的 relating to your pancreas (['pæŋkriəs] n.胰腺) |
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