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烷烃 分子中只含有碳氢两种元素的化合物称为烃。烃是一类最简单的有机化合物，其他有机化合物可以看作是烃 的衍生物。 烷烃 甲烷。甲烷分子中的碳原子以SP3杂化，，为了让电子云之间的排斥力达到最小的稳定状态，4个SP3杂化轨道分别伸展到正四面体的四个顶点，接下来再一次分别与4个氢原子的S轨道沿着轨道方向，采取头碰头的方式重叠成键，最终生成4个碳氢¢键，C-H键的长度为110pm,∠HCH度数为109.5°。记住4个氢原子位于以碳原子为中心的正四面体的4个顶点。所以分析得出甲烷分子式正四面体结构。 Compounds in the molecule that contain only two elements of hydrocarbons are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are one of the simplest classes of organic compounds, and other organic compounds can be seen as derivatives of hydrocarbons. alkane Methane. The carbon atoms in the methane molecule are hybridized in SP3, and in order to achieve a minimum stable state of repulsion between the electron clouds, the four SP3 hybrid orbitals are extended to the four vertices of the regular tetrahedron, followed by the four hydrogen atoms again The S orbit overlaps into a bond along the direction of the track, head-to-head, and finally generates 4 hydrocarbon bonds, with a length of 1 for the C-H bond At 10pm, the ∠HCH degree is 109.5°. Remember that the 4 hydrogen atoms are located at the 4 vertices of the regular tetrahedron centered on the carbon atoms. Therefore, the analysis yields the regular tetrahedral structure of the methane molecular formula. 乙烷分子中，首先两个碳原子之间各以1个SP3杂化轨道相互重叠形成C-C¢键，其余三个SP3杂化轨道分别与三个氢原子的S轨道重叠形成6个C-H¢键。当我们以每一个碳原子作为中心的时候，都是四面体结构构型。乙烷分子中C-C键长是154pm，C-H键长110pm，键角也是接近109.5°。 了解了甲烷、乙烷分子结构之后。其他的烷烃分子的结构与乙烷分子相类似，因为每个碳原子所连接的4个原子或者基团不是完全相同，所以对键角稍微有影响，但是仍然接近109.5°。以每一个碳原子作为中心，都是呈现四面体结构构型，但是可能不是正四面体了。除了乙烷分子之外，其他烷烃中的碳原子并不是排列在一条直线上，而是以锯齿形的形式存在。 In the ethane molecule, the first two carbon atoms overlap with each other with one SP3 hybrid orbital to form a C-C¢ bond, and the other three SP3 hybrid orbitals overlap with the S orbitals of the three hydrogen atoms to form 6 C-H¢ keys. When we center on each carbon atom, it is a tetrahedral structural configuration. In the ethane molecule, the length of the C-C bond is 154 pm, the length of the C-H bond is 1 10 pm, and the bond angle is also close 109.5°。 After understanding the molecular structure of methane and ethane. The structure of other alkane molecules is similar to that of ethane molecules, since the 4atoms or groups connected by each carbon atom are not exactly the same, so they have a slight influence on the bond angle, but still close to 109.5°. With each carbon atom as the center, it is a tetrahedral structural configuration, but it may not be a regular tetrahedron. With the exception of ethane molecules, the carbon atoms in other alkanes are not arranged in a straight line, but exist in a zigzag form. 烷烃分子中的碳原子都是采取SP3杂化进行成键，各个原子之间以¢单键相互连接。因为¢键是两个成键原子的原子轨道和杂化轨道沿着键轴的方向的 最大重叠，故而键能最大，所形成的键也是相对稳定，¢键电子云沿着键轴方向呈现近似圆柱形对称分布，所以采取¢键成键原子是可以围绕着键轴自由旋转。 |
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