这部分比较长，这里分成两篇文章。
这一篇的大意：
人类对于基础物质需求表现出强烈的情绪和情感，主要归因于一个事实：人有反省能力，会思考，进而患得患失。
对得失的焦虑、恐惧或希望远超过人在当下感受到的快乐或痛苦。而动物总是在享受或承受当下的苦乐，快乐、痛苦一时。而人是快乐痛苦会累积一世。
人藉由反省会去探究痛苦或快乐的源头，这个源头就是给人带来无限麻烦的”人的形象“，即人在别人心目中的形象，这也是叔本华在人生智慧箴言中提到的人的第三个属性。
逐句理解，一些词汇或句式要点在最后的图中。
This arises primarily from the fact that, with him, everything is powerfully enhanced by his thinking of the absent and the future, whereby anxiety, fear, and hope really come into existence for the first time.
whereby：凭借，由此
叔本华认为，人类对于基础物质需求表现出强烈的情绪和情感，主要归因于一个事实，什么事实呢？因为人会思考（人类一思考，上帝就发笑），任何事物放到人前，大脑就会发散，这东西好不好，我缺不缺，有或没它将来会怎样等等。这样顺带着便焦虑、恐惧、希望接踵而来。有了喜欢的东西后会害怕失去；没的东西会种草希望拥有；而最大的患便是老子说的“吾所以有大患者，盖吾有身“。
But then these press much more heavily on him than can the present reality of pleasures or pains, to which the animal is confined.
these 指的是上句中提到的焦虑恐惧希望。这些焦虑恐惧希望对人的折磨，远超过人此刻感受到的现实中的快乐或痛苦。而动物总是在享受或承受当下的快乐或痛苦，他们没有 these 焦虑等情绪。有一句不知道是否科学的说法是：鱼的记忆只有 7 秒。小猫咪被踩了脚，她痛过之后就忘记你踩过她了。遗忘不失为解除焦虑的一个办法。
Thus the animal lacks reflection, that condenser of pleasures and pains which, therefore, cannot be accumulated, as happens in the case of man by means of his memory and foresight.
reflection: 反省
condenser: 冷凝器，聚光器，用在这里我觉得是比喻抽象归纳总结之类的意思
动物缺乏反省能力，人被踩了脚，下次肯定离踩你的人远点，小猫咪则不然，她还会绕着你的脚转转。动物感受到的快乐和痛苦不会因此累积，永远就那么多。（真幸福啊）。人就不一样了，人会记忆不停的加深，越发有先见之明，比如一朝被蛇咬十年怕井绳，杯弓蛇影。
On the contrary, with the animal, the suffering of the present moment always remains, even when this again recurs innumerable times, merely the suffering of the present moment as on the first occasion, and cannot be accumulated. Hence the enviable tranquillity and placidity of animals.
继续展开，动物每次遭受到苦难的当下，感受到的痛苦总会是一样的，不管遭遇多少次，每次都和第一次那么的感受一样，痛苦不会累积，当下发生过了就结束了，下次再来一遍而已。他们的这种安宁温和的品质实在令人羡慕啊。
On the other hand, by means of reflection and everything connected therewith, there is developed in man from those same elements of pleasure and pain which he has in common with the animal, an enhancement of susceptibility to happiness and unhappiness which is capable of leading to momentary, and sometimes even fatal, ecstasy or else to the depths of despair and suicide.
人就不一样了，人有两点不同：一是有反省能力；二是藉由反省能力而关联各种事物和他人。因此，虽然人和动物拥有同样的快乐和痛苦因子，人却从中升级了自己的感受，即对快乐和不快乐更加敏感，比如有人会短暂的甚至要命的陶醉入迷，亦或是绝望至自杀。
More closely considered, things seem to take the following course. In order to heighten his pleasure, man deliberately increases his needs that were originally only a little more difficult to satisfy than those of the animal; hence luxury, delicacies, tobacco, opium, alcoholic liquors, pomp, display, and all that goes with this.
再详细点讲，事物的发展似乎遵循着这样一条路径：为了提升喜悦度即为了更快乐，人会有意地抬高自己的需求，满足这些需求原本只比满足动物同样的需求难那么一丁点儿；于是便应运而生了奢侈品、美味佳肴、烟草、鸦片、酒精，讲究排场和显摆。
Then in addition, in consequence of reflection, there is open to man alone a source of pleasure, and of pain as well, a source that gives him an excessive amount of trouble, in fact almost more than is given by all the others.
此外，经过反省，人也只有人才获得了探究幸福和痛苦源头的能力，人会问为什么。这种探源的能力其实给人带来了相当大的麻烦，这些麻烦比所有其他麻烦的总和还要多。【原来老是喜欢问为什么也不好啊，给自己添麻烦了】
I refer to ambition and the feeling of honor and shame, in plain words, what he thinks of other people's opinion of him.
上面说的的 source，叔本华用来指代人对荣誉和羞耻的野心和感觉，换句话说就是，人在别人心目中的形象，即别人怎样看待自己【活在别人的眼光中，sigh】。想起费曼有本书名就叫 What Do You Care What Other People Think，讲他和他妻子的爱情故事，很感人，推荐看看。叔本华在《人生智慧箴言》（又名人生的智慧）一书中开篇便提到”人在他人心目中的形象“是人的三大属性之一，其他两大属性分别是：人之所是，人之所有，人之形象。【在此推荐李连江先生的译本】
Now in a thousand different and often strange forms this becomes the goal of almost all his efforts that go beyond physical pleasure or pain.
说来真是可悲，人会在意自己的形象，以各种千奇百怪的形式，而这一点几乎成了人所有努力的目标，超越了肉体的快乐或痛苦。
提取的几个句子和词组：
