Sepsis很久以来都是重症领域讨论的热点,从来不缺乏讨论的话题。2020年的一篇有关Sepsis的流行病学研究,在《柳叶刀》杂志发表的Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 告诉我们,全球大概Sepsis每年发病将近5000万人,病死率将近20%,换句话说,有1000万人以上要死掉。 我们团队所做的研究,Sepsis全国每年人数大概是500人,有超过100人死亡,因此Sepsis的发病人数以及死亡人数都很多。从另外一个方面,相信大家也都知道,这么多年以来,从80年代后期到现代时代,在Sepsis方面做了很多临床试图去阻止Sepsis病人死亡,很遗憾都以失败告终。 Why So Many Negative Trials ?今天就由北京协和医院杜斌教授带大家学习一下Heterogeneity of the syndrome以及Heterogeneity of the patient population方面的知识点,以飨读者。 根据“表型”的不同而采取的不同治疗方式 先给大家举个例子: ![]() ![]() 虽然都有感染性休克,但其实两个病例结局好坏一眼明见。同样是Sepsis病人,或者同样是感染性休克病人,我们需要把病人划分一下,比如从临床表现、治疗手段、治疗反应、免疫状态、对预后的判断等是不一样的,不把这两个病人放在一起考虑,其实就是两种不同的病人。 ![]() PSIS Sepsis Classification: · 感染部位方式 · 免疫状态、免疫功能 · 是否合并感染性休克 从这四个角度再去看这两个病人。左边肾移植术后的病人,感染部位在肺里,感染灶的控制不好,器官移植合并了感染休克;右边的年轻病人是泌尿系统感染且已经得到控制,没有免疫功能异常,所以就会在这两方面去区分。 ![]() ![]() 感染性休克病人,临床表现、临床特点是不一样的,所以应该区分对待。大家不要被“表型”两个字迷惑,其实ICU把感染休克病人根据表型区分,采取不同的治疗,是大家每天都在做的。 ![]()
![]() 上图同样是根据“表型”的不同而采取的不同治疗方式。 不满足于原来做的这些,还要想办法去探讨新的东西,最重要的原因是感染性休克病人的病死率太高。所以有了想从另外一个角度去认识它、区分它,客观的办法去把它分成不同类别,同时考虑多个指标进行区分的办法,这才是所谓的新“Sepsis标准” 再来看一个例子: ![]() ![]() ![]() 小鼠在感染以后,根据它的反应分成了两组,分成这两组的意义是什么?于是找到了另外一组小鼠,做了RCT看它对于应用抗生素的反应。一组延迟使用抗生素,一组马上使用抗生素,发现及时使用抗生素可以改善小鼠的生存期。 ![]() 另外一组小鼠也做了RCT,看及时/延迟进行液体复苏小鼠的反应。我们发现,病情进展比较慢的及时进行液体复苏,能够延长它的生存时间;病情进展比较快的及时进行液体复苏,生存时间反而缩短。 ![]() ![]() 在小鼠身上我们看到临床反应不一样,对治疗的反应也不一样。小鼠在感染的反应上和人是不一样的,而小鼠对创伤的反应是和人一样的,那么人在此方面的反应会怎样? ![]() 2533个病人进行每个人、每个器官的sofa评分,看这些病人哪些病人比较相似,于是将他们分成了四类。这四类临床表型不一样,所以结局是不一样的。 ![]() ![]() ![]() Sepsis Phenotypes Conclusions
![]() ![]() 根据Sepsis特点把它分成了四组:
![]() 研究发现:
![]() ![]() ![]() 发现表型是正常的病人和一直是高炎症病人的结局是不一样的。 Conclusions and Relevance In this study,persistent elevation of inflammation and immunosuppression biomarkers occurred in two-thirds of patients who survived a hospitalization for sepsis and was associated with worse long-term outcomes. ![]() JAMA这篇文章用了N多个数据库的病人中的几个数据库去建立表型,用其他的数据库去验证表型,结果找出了四组表型的病:第一组升压药的剂量最低;第二组病人的年龄相对比较大,慢性病比较多,肾功能衰竭的比较突出;第三组炎症反应更多,呼吸功能更差;第四组肝功能的异常更明显,感染性休克比别的组要多。 ![]() 各组的生理指标差异更加明显。 Conclusions and Relevance ·In this retrospective analysis of data sets from patients with sepsis,4 clinical phenotypes were identified that correlated with host-response patterns and clinical outcomes,and simulations suggested these phenotypes may help in understanding heterogeneity of treatment effects.Further research is needed to determine the utility of these phenotypes in clinical care and for informing trial design and interpretation. ![]() ![]() Pitfalls of Novel Sepsis Phenotypes 1、Novel sepsis phenotypes identified with no sound pathophysiological reasons -Fact (hidden pattern or pathophysiology)or fiction (no clinical significance) -Difference in data collection -Difference in clustering models 3、No specific treatment strategy reported 到现在为止,每个人做的表型都不一样,所以彼此之间是没法验证的。更重要的是,到现在为止,没有任何证据说明不同表型就一定得用不同的治疗。 1、Sepsis is a common and fatal clinical syndrome 2、Current diagnosis and treatment strategy based on subjective and simplistic phenotyping approach 3、Emerging phenotyping techniques dependent on the ability of artificial intelligence dealing with multiple variables (big data) as well as identifying hidden associations 4、Targeted specific treatment protocols still lacking 参考文献: [1] Geroulanos S,Douka ET.Historical perspective of the word 'sepsis'.Intensive Care Med 206;32:2077 [2] Rudd KE,Johnson SC,Agesa KM,et al.Global,regional,and national sepsis incidence and mortality,1990-2017:analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.Lancet 2020;395:200-211 [3] Zhou J,Tian H,Du X,et al.Population-based epidemiology of sepsis in a subdistrict of Beijing.Crit Care Med 2017;45:1168-1176 [4] Mebazaa A,Laterre PF,Russell J,et al.Designing phase 3 sepsis trials:application of learned experiences from critical care trials in acute heart failure.J Intensive Care 2016;4:24 [5] Weng L,Zeng X,Yin P,et al.Sepsis-related mortality in China:a descriptive analysis.Intensive Care Med 2018;44:1071-1080 [6] Suffredini A,Munford RS.Novel therapies for septic shock over the past 4 decades.JAMA 2011;306:194-199 [7] Nedeva C,Menassa J,Puthalakath H.Sepsis:inflammation is a necessary evil.Front Cell Dev Biol 2019;7:108 [8] Kalil A,Sweeney DA.Should we manage all septic patients based on a single definition?An alternative approach.Crit Care Med 2018;46:177-180 [9] Seymour CW,Kerti SJ,Lewis AJ,et al.Murine sepsis phenotypes and differential treatment effects in a randomized trial of prompt antibiotics and fluids.Crit Care 2019;23:384 [10] Knox DB,Lanspa MJ,Brewer SC,et al.Phenotypic clusters within sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Intensive Care Med 2015;41:814-822 [11] Zhang Z,Zhang G,Gotal H,et al.Identification of subclasses of sepsis that showed different clinical outcomes and response to amount of fluid resuscitation:a latent profile analysis.Crit Care 2018;22:347 [12] Yende S,Kellum JA,Talisa VB,et al.Long-term host immune response trajectories among hospitalized patients with sepsis.JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e198686 [13] Seymour CW,Kennedy JN,Wang S,et al.Derivation,validation,and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis.JAMA 2019;321:2003-2017 [14] Moser J,van Meurs M,Zijlstra JG.Identifying sepsis phenotypes.JAMA 2019;322:1416 [15] Mayr F,Tang L,Ou Y,et al.Sepsis phenotypes are dynamic and associated with long-term outcomes.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201:A2591 专家简介
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