【原】当代英语中的ch-单词（上）

ch 在当代英语中有4个读音[ʧ] 、[ʃ] 、[k]、[h]，这4个读音都是音变读音、都是从原来的读音[kh=kʻ]音转而来。英语引入[ʧ]是以字母组合tch的出现为标志的，在早期现代英语时期，tch的读音[ʧ]开始传染给ch[kh=kʻ]，使英语出现ch[kh=kʻ＞ʧ]。在当代英语中除了科学（及行业）术语（曾是小众语言）中源自现代拉丁语的ch（绝大多数出自希腊语kh）读作[k]以及来自法语并按法语ch的读音读作[ʃ]外，其它ch基本上都读作[ʧ]。下面是《新牛津英汉双解大词典》所收录的ch-单词。一、ch-读作[ʧ-]的单词Chad'乍得’,chad,chai'<印度>恰依茶’,chal，Cham,chap,char,chat, chav,chaw,chaat,chack,Chaco,chafe,chaff,Chain,chain,chair,champ,chant,chape,chard,charm,charr,chart,chary,chase,chawl,cha- cha (1950s:Latin American Spanish),chacha（from Hindi cācā），Chadic, chafer,chakka(from Hindi cakkā) ,chakra, chalky，chador(from Urdu chādar chaddar,from Persian čādar),chance(《新牛》的实际读音是[ʤ]),chancy,Chaney,change,channa, chapel,charas,charge,charro,chaser,chaste,chat- up,chatty, Chavín,chawal,chaebol,chaffer, chalice,chalkie,challan,chamber,chamcha, chamfer,champak(from Sanskrit campaka),chancel,chancer,changer,channel, chaplet, Chaplin,Chapman,chapman,chappal,chappie, chapter,charged,charger, charity,charkha, charlie,charmed,charmer, charpoy,charter, Chatham,chattel,chatter,Chadwick,chainsaw,chairman,Chambers,Chandler,chapatti,chapelry,chaplain,Chappell,chaprasi,charlady,Charlton,charming,Chartism，chastity,chasuble,chatline,chew, cheap, check,cheek,cheep,cheer,Cheka'契卡’， chert, chess,chest, chevy,chewy,cheers,cheery,cheese,cheesy,Chenab,Chenai,chenar,cheque(美check),cherry,cherub（希伯来语kerubh＞希腊语kheroub＞晚期拉丁语cherub＞中古英语cherub(late 14c)）,chesty,cheapen,cheater,Chechen,check-in,check-up, checked,checker,Cheddar,cheerio,cheerly,cheetah,Cheever,Chekhov'契诃夫’，Chelsea,Chennai,chequer,cherish,Chester, Chetnik,chetrum, Cheviot,Chechnya,checkbox,checkout,checksum,cheerful,Chequers,Cheremis,Cherkasy,cherubic,Cherwell,Cheshire,chessman,chestnut,cheapjack,checkered（同chequered）, checklist,checkmate,checkroom,cheechako(奇努克语), cheekbone,cheerless,Cherenkov, Cherkessk,Chernenko'契尔年科’，Chernihiv,Chernobyl'切尔诺贝利’，chernozem, Cheboksary,checkpoint,cheekpiece,cheerfully,cheeseball,cheesecake,cheesewood,Chelmsford,Cheltenham,chequebook,Chernivtsi,chervonets,chessboard,Chesterton,checkerspot,cheerleader,cheeseboard,cheesecloth,cheesesteak,Chelyabinsk,Cherepovets,checkerberry,checkerboard(<美>chequerboard),cheesemonger,chib,chin,chip,chit（读如'解特’）,Chiba,chick,chide,chief, child,chill,chime,chimp, China,china,chine,ching,Chink,chink, chirp,chirr,chiru'藏羚羊’，chibol,chikan,Childe,chilly,chin- up,chinar(fromPersian chinār),Chinky,chintz,chippy,chirpy, chisel,chital,chitty,chivvy,chicken, chiefly,Chifley,chillax, chiller,chillum,Chiluba,chimney,Chindit,Chinese,Chinook(from Salish tsinúk),Chinook,chintzy,chinwag,chipper,chippie,chipset, chirrup,chitter,Chibchan,Chichewa,childbed,Childers,childish,children,Chinaman,Chindwin'钦敦江’,chinkara，chinless, chipmunk, Chippewa,chipping, chit-chat,Chiangmai'清迈’,chickadee,chickaree, Chickasaw'奇克索人’,chickweed, chieftain,chihuahua,chilblain,childcare,childhood,childlike,chill-cast,chinaberry,Chinatown,chinkapin（同chinquapin）,Chinkiang（同Zhenjiang），chinstrap,chipboard,Chipewyan,chipmaker,cherimoya(同cherimoya)，chiselled,Chichester,childbirth,Childermas,childproof,chinagraph,choc,chop,chow, choil,choke,choky,chomp,choof,chook,choom,chops,chore,chose,choose,chota(from Hindi choṭā),chowk,choccy/'ʧɒkI/读如'巧克力’，chocho(同choko),chocka, choker,chokey,chokra(fromHindi chokrā),Chokwe,choosy,choppy,chosen,chough,chowki,chocker,choisya,cholent(from Yiddish tsholnt),Chomsky（亦作Chomskian）,chopper,chorten(Tibetan)，chortle,choo-choo,chokehold,chophouse,chopsocky,chopstick,chowhound,chowkidar,chocaholic(chocohlic),chockstone,chokeberry,chub,chug,chup,Chubb,Chubu, chuff,chump,chunk,churn,churr（同chirr）, chubby,chuddy,chukar(from Sanskrit cakora),chukka（亦作chukker,from Hindicakkar,from Sanskrit cakra），chunky, chunni,church,chucker,chuckle,chuddar,chuffed,Chukchi,Chumash,chumble,chunder,Chunnel,chunter,churchy,chutney,Chuvash，chuddies,chuffing,chupatty（同chaptti）,churinga, churlish,chuckhole,Churchill,churchky,churchman,churidars, Chuvashia'楚瓦什’， churchgoer,Churchward, churchyard,chucklehead,chucklesome,churchwoman,churchwarden。 下面是将ch-读作[ʧ-]的单词按该单词在英语中出现的时间进行的排序。1、chalk/ʧɔ:k/（读如'qio克’， 百度翻译译作'白垩；粉笔’ 英 [ʧɔ:k]读如[ʃɔ:k] 、美[ʧɑ:k]读如'恰克’； “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʧɔ:k]读如'qio克’ 、美音[ʧɔk]读如'恰克’）'白垩；粉笔’。词源: Old English cealc（also denoting lime）， related to Dutch kalk and German Kalk, from Latin calx（see CALX）. 《培根词汇》chalk (n.)：Old English cealc "chalk, soft white limestone;lime,plaster; pebble," a West Germanic borrowing from Latin calx (2) "limestone, lime (crushed limestone), small stone," from Greek khalix "small pebble," which many trace to a PIE root for "split, break up."古希腊语khalix＞古拉丁语calx＞古英语 cealc "chalk"，古希腊语kh＞古拉丁语c[k]=古英语 c[k]＞中古英语ch[kh] ＞现代英语ch[ʧ]， 古希腊语a=古拉丁语a＞古英语 ea。2、cherry/ˈtʃerɪ/“1.樱桃。2.樱桃树。3.鲜深红色, 樱桃色。4.<非正式 >童贞。”词源：Middle English： from Old Northern French cherise, from medieval Latin ceresia, based on Greek kerasos'cherry tree，cherry'. The final –s was lost because cherise wasInterpreted as plural（compare with CAPER2 and PEA）.《培根词汇》cherry (n.)：pulpy drupe of a well- known type of tree, c. 1300,earlier in surname Chyrimuth (1266, literally "Cherry- mouth");from Anglo- French cherise, from Old North French cherise (Old French,Modern French cerise, 12c.), from Vulgar Latin *ceresia, from late Greek kerasian "cherry," from Greek kerasos "cherry tree," possibly from a language of Asia Minor. Mistaken in Middle English for a plural and stripped of its -s (compare pea). Old English had ciris "cherry" from a West Germanic borrowing of the Vulgar Latin word (cognate with German Kirsch), but it died out after the Norman invasion and was replaced by the French word. Short for cherry- tree from 1620s. As an adjective, "of the color of a cherry," mid-15c. 希腊语kerasos＞晚期希腊语 kerasos＞通俗拉丁语*ceresia＞古法语cerise（12c.）、古北方法语cherise＞盎格鲁法语cherise＞中古英语Chyrimuth（1266）、cherise（c. 1300）＞现代英语cherry，希腊语k=通俗拉丁语*c[k]＞古法语c[k]（12c.）、古北方法语ch[kh]=盎格鲁法语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]（c. 1300）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。“古英语ċires(bēam)'cherry-tree,樱桃树’＜拉丁cerasus'cherry-tree’”（李赋宁《英语史》第73页）古英语cires/ciris同古法语cerise（12c.）非常接近。3、中古英语catel'cattle，财产，牲畜’＜诺曼法语catel，中古英语chatle'chattle，财产，动产’＜中央法语chatel。chattel/ˈtʃætəl/“（普通用法）个人财产。”词源：Middle English： from Old French chatel, from medieval Latin capitale, from Latin capitalis, from caput 'head'. Compare with CAPITAL1 and CATTLE. 《培根词汇》chattel (n.)：early 13c., chatel "property, goods," from Old French chatel "chattels, goods, wealth, possessions, property; profit; cattle," from Late Latin capitale "property" (see cattle, which is the Old North French form of the same word). Application to slaves is from 1640s and later became a rhetorical figure in the writings of abolitionists.拉丁语capitalis＞中世纪拉丁语capitale＞古法语chatel＞中古英语chatel（early 13c.）＞现代英语chattel，拉丁语c[k]=中世纪拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]（early 13c.）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。cattle/ˈkætl/“牛。”词源：Middle English（also denoting personal property or wealth）： from Anglo- Norman French catel, variant of Old French chatel（see CHATTEL）.《培根词汇》cattle(n.)：mid-13c., "property" of any kind, including money,land,income; from Anglo- French catel "property" (Old North Frenchcatel, Old French chatel), from Medieval Latin capitale "property, stock," noun use of neuter of Latin adjective capitalis "principal, chief," literally "of the head," from caput (genitive capitis) "head" (from PIE root *kaput- "head"). Compare sense development of fee, pecuniary.拉丁语capitalis＞中世纪拉丁语capitale＞古法语chatel、古北方法语catel＞盎格鲁法语catel＞中古英语catel（mid-13c.）＞现代英语cattle，拉丁语c[k]=中世纪拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh]、古北方法语c[k]=盎格鲁法语c[k]=中古英语c[k]（mid-13c.）=现代英语c[k]。4、①、churl/ʧɜ:l/'粗暴卑鄙的人。<古 >守财奴, 吝啬鬼。<古 >出生低贱的人; 农民。’词源：Old English ceorl, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch kerel and German Kerl 'fellow',also to CARL.《培根词汇》churl (n.)： Old English ceorl“peasant,one of the lowest class of freemen, man without rank,"from Proto- Germanic *kerlaz, *karlaz（source also of Old Frisian zerl“man, fellow," Middle Low German kerle, Dutch kerel”freeman of low degree," German Kerl "man, husband," Old Norse karl "old man, man"). It had various meaning in early Middle English, including "man of the common people," "a country man," "husbandman," "free peasant;" by 1300, it meant "bondman, villain," also "fellow of low birth or rude manners."古英语ceorl或可比对为上古汉语周*cul=鬼*kul；周*cul=鬼*kul演变成突厥语kul'奴隶’，küŋ'农奴’ 。carl/kɑːl/“<古 >农夫; 下层人。”词源：Old English（denoting a peasant or villein）： from Old Norse karl 'man, freeman', of Germanic origin; related to CHURL.赤狄蒲类Bar以白狄羯（Kar）人为奴。 《培根词汇》carl(n.)：c. 1300, "bondsman; common man, man of low birth," from Old Norse karl "man (as opposed to "woman"), male, freeman," from Proto-Germanic *karlon- (source also of Dutch karel "a fellow," Old HighGerman karl "a man, husband), the same base that produced Old English ceorl "man of low degree" (see churl) and the masc. proper name Carl. 《培根词汇》Carl：masc. proper name, from continental sources such as Danish Carl, Middle High German Karl, from the common noun meaning "man, husband" (see carl).  ②、Charles/ʧɑ:lz/'查理’。《培根词汇》Charles：masc. proper name, from French Charles, from Medieval Latin Carolus, from Middle High German Karl, literally "man, husband" (see carl).        中古高地德语Karl＞中世纪拉丁语 Carol＞法语Charles＞英语Charles，中古高地德语K＞中世纪拉丁语 C[k]＞法语Ch＞英语Ch[ʧ]。17世纪法语之ch有可能就是利玛窦（《西字奇迹》，1605年）、金尼阁（《西儒耳目资》，1626年）的ch[tʂ]。查理一世（1600-1649, 詹姆斯一世之子, 1625-1649年在位。统治期间, 宗教和宪法危机深化, 导致1642-1649年的英国内战; 内兹比战役后, 查理意图通过与苏格兰人结盟重掌大权, 但其军队于1648年溃败, 其本人遭特别议会法庭审判, 后被斩首）。5、古英语ċild'child，儿童’＞中古英语chīld'child’， 古英语ċildru'children，儿童’＞中古英语chǐldren'children’。 child/tʃaɪld/“小孩, 儿童。”词源：Old English cild, of Germanic origin. The Middle English plural childer or childre became childeren or children by association with plurals ending in –en, such as brethren. 《培根词汇》child(n.)：Old English cild "fetus, infant, unborn or newly born person," from Proto- Germanic *kiltham (source also of Gothic kilþei "womb, "inkilþo "pregnant;" Danish kuld "children of the same marriage;" Old Swedish kulder "litter;" Old English cildhama "womb," lit. "child-home"); no certain cognates outside Germanic. "App[arently] originally always used in relation to the mother as the 'fruit of the womb'" [Buck]. Also in late Old English, "a youth of gentle birth" (archaic, usually written childe). In 16c.-17c. especially "girl child."古英语cild＞中古英语child＞现代英语child，古英语c[k]＞中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。6、古英语ċēowan＞中古英语chẹwen,chọwen'to chew，咀嚼’ 。chew/tʃuː/“咀嚼（尤指嚼碎）。”词源：Old English cēowan,of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch kauwen and German kauen.《培根词汇》chew (v.)：Old English ceowan "to bite, gnaw,chew," from West Germanic *keuwwan (source also of Middle Low German keuwen, Dutch kauwen, Old High German kiuwan, German kauen), perhaps from PIE *gyeu- "to chew" (source also of Old Church Slavonic živo "to chew," Lithuanian žiaunos "jaws," Persian javidan "to chew"). 古英语ceowan＞中古英语chewen＞现代英语chew，古英语c[k]＞中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。7、中古英语cǫupen'to buy，购买’来自古诺斯语kaupa,OED coup,cowp,v.,而中古英语chēpen'to buy’则来自古英语ċēapian, OED cheap,v.。 cheap/tʃiːp/“（商品）便宜的。”词源：late 15th cent.： from an obsolete phrase good cheap 'a good bargain'， from Old English cēap 'bargaining， trade'， based on Latin caupo 'small trader， innkeeper'. 《培根词汇》cheap (adj.)："low in price, that may be bought at small cost," c. 1500, ultimately from Old English noun ceap "traffic, a purchase," from ceapian (v.) "to trade, buy and sell," probably from early Germanic borrowings of Latin caupo "petty tradesman, huckster, peddler," cauponari "to haggle" (see chapman). Compare, from the same borrowing, German kaufen "to buy," Old Norse kaupa "to bargain, barter," Gothic kaupon "to traffic, trade."拉丁语caupo＞古英语ceap＞中古英语chep＞现代英语cheap，拉丁语c[k]=古英语c[k] ＞中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。[现代英语teach[ti:ʧ]＜晚期中古英语tēch[te:ʧ]＜中古英语tēchen['tε:ʧən]＜古英语tǣċan['tæ:ʧən]。teach/tiːtʃ/“教”词源：Old English tǣcan 'show, present, point out', of Germanic origin; related to TOKEN, from an Indo- European root shared by Greek deiknunai 'show', deigma 'sample'. 《培根词汇》teach (v.)： Old English tæcan (past tense tæhte, past participle tæht) "to show, point out, declare, demonstrate," also "to give instruction, train, assign, direct; warn; persuade," from Proto- Germanic *taikijan "to show" (source also of Old High German zihan, German zeihen "to accuse," Gothic ga-teihan "to announce"), from PIE root *deik- "to show, point out." Related to Old English tacen, tacn "sign, mark" (see token). 古英语tæcan＞中古英语techen＞晚期中古英语tech＞现代英语teach，古英语c[k]＞中古英语ch[kh]=晚期中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。 token/ˈtəʊkən/“1.标志, 象征。2.（多指作为礼品或促销用的）礼券, 代金券。3.标记。”词源：Old English tāc（e）n， of Germanic origin; related to Dutch teken and German Zeichen, also to TEACH.《培根词汇》token (n.)：Old English tacen "sign, symbol, evidence" (related to verbtæcan "show, explain, teach"), from Proto-Germanic *taikna- (source also of Old Saxon tekan, Old Norse teikn "zodiac sign, omen, token," Old Frisian tekan, Middle Dutch teken, Dutch teken, Old High German zeihhan, German zeichen, Gothic taikn "sign, token"), from PIE root *deik- "to show," also "pronounce solemnly."古英语tæcan、tacen＞中古英语＞现代英语token，e前之c在中古英语中保持本来的读音[k]、并未音转成ch[kh]。 ]8、chervil/'ʧɜ:vIl/“蜡叶峨参。”词源：Old English， from Latin chaerephylla, from Greek khairephullon. 《培根词汇》chervil (n.)：type of garden herb, Old English cerfelle "chervil," from Latin chaerephyllum, from Greek khairephyllon; second element phyllon "leaf" (from suffixed form of root *bhel- (3) "to thrive, bloom"); first element perhaps from khairein "to rejoice" (from PIE root *gher- (2) "to like, want").拉丁语chae-(=希腊语khai-)＞古英语ce-＞中古英语che-，拉丁语ch-(=希腊语kh-)＞古英语c[k]-＞中古英语ch[kh]-，拉丁语ae(=希腊语ai)＞古英语e。古英语无ch[kh]。9、champion '战士，冠军’（＜中古英语champion＜古法语champion＜中世纪拉丁campio'gladiator，古罗马的斗剑士’＜拉丁campus'field,camp，田地，营地’）。《新牛津英汉双解大词典》champion/ˈtʃæmpɪən/（读如'抢皮嗯’， 百度翻译英式/'ʧæmpIən/读如'抢皮嗯’，美式['ʧæmpiən] 读如'抢必嗯’）“1.冠军。2.斗士; 提倡者; 捍卫者。”词源：Middle English（denoting a fighting man）：from Old French， from medieval Latin campio（n-）'fighter'， from Latin campus（see CAMP1）.《培根词汇》champion (n.)：early 13c., "doughty fighting man, valorous combatant," also (c. 1300) "one who fights on behalf of another or others, one who undertakes to defend a cause," from Old French champion "combatant, champion in single combat" (12c.), from Late Latin campionem (nominative campio) "gladiator, fighter, combatant in the field," from Latin campus "field (of combat);" see campus.拉丁语campus ＞晚期拉丁语campio＞古法语champion (12c.)＞中古英语champion (early 13c)＞现代英语champion，拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh] (12c.)=中古英语ch[kh] (early 13c)＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。    campus/ˈkæmpəs/“大学校园”词源：late 18th cent. （originally US）： from Latin campus'field（see CAMP1）.《培根词汇》campus (n.)："college grounds," 1774, from Latin campus "flat land, field," from Proto-Italic *kampo- "field," of uncertain origin. De Vaan finds cognates in Greek kampe "a bending, bow, curvature;" Lithuanian kampas "corner," kumpti "to bend," kumpas "curved;" Gothic hamfs "mutilated, lame," Old High German hamf, and concludes the source "could well be a European substratum word from agricultural terminology." First used in college sense at Princeton.camp1/kæmp/“1.（尤指士兵、难民或旅行者的）临时居住地, 营地。2.（由某政党或某学说支持者组成的）阵营。3.<南非 >（有围栏或圈围的）放牧区。4.<南非>年度短期兵役（其中几次通常为服完国家兵役之后须服的义务兵役）。”词源：early 16th cent.： from French camp, champ, from Italian campo, from Latin campus 'level ground', specifically applied to the Campus Martius in Rome, used for games, athletic practice, and military drill. 《培根词汇》camp (n.)：1520s, "place where an army lodges temporarily," from French camp, in this sense from Italian campo, from Latin campus "open field, level space," especially "open space for military exercise" (see campus).10、①、check1/tʃek/“1.检查, 检验。2.制止; 控制。3.【棋】将军。4.（扑克牌用语）不下赌注（把下注权让给其他牌手）。5.（猎犬）暂停以确认气味或重新嗅得气味。”词源：Middle English（originally as used in the game of chess）： the noun andexclamation from Old French eschec, from medieval Latin scaccus, via Arabic from Persian šāh 'king'; the verb from Old French eschequier 'play chess, put in check'. The sense 'stop or control' arose from the use in chess, and led（in the late 17th cent.）to 'examine theaccuracy of'.波斯语šāh＞中世纪拉丁语scaccus＞古法语eschec＞中古英语check（c. 1300）＞现代英语check，波斯语š[ʃ]＞中世纪拉丁语sc[sk]（或[sh=sʻ]，意大利语sc[ʃ]）＞古法语sch[skh]（或[ssh=长sʻ]，法语ch[ʃ]，德语sch[ʃ]）＞中古英语ch[kh]（或[sh=sʻ]）（c. 1300）＞现代英语ch[tʃ]。check2/tʃek/“小方格图案”词源：late Middle English：probably from CHEQUER.chequer/ˈtʃekə(r)/（<美>checker） “1. （尤指双色的）格子图案。2.<北美 >国际跳棋。”词源：Middle English： from EXCHEQUER. The original sense 'chessboard' gave rise to chequered meaning 'marked like a chessboard'; hence sense 1（early 16th cent.）.check3/tʃek/“<美>同 CHEQUE.”《培根词汇》check(n.1)：c. 1300, in chess, "a call noting one's move has placed his opponent's king (or another major piece) in immediate peril," from Old French eschequier "a check at chess" (also "chess board, chess set"), from eschec "the game of chess; chessboard; check; checkmate," from Vulgar Latin *scaccus, from Arabic shah, from Persian shah "king," the principal piece in a chess game (see shah; also compare checkmate (n.)). 由于阿拉伯语、波斯语之sh(š)的读音是[ʃ]，拉丁语以sc[ss]（法语sch[ssh]）表明当时拉丁语、法语尚无[ʃ]音素。拉丁语以sc对音阿拉伯语、波斯语之sh(š) [ʃ]，结果使意大利语之sc沾染上并最终音转为[ʃ]。②、checkmate/ʧekmeIt/'将死象棋中的国王’（＜中古法语eschec mat＜波斯语shāhmāt'the king is left unable to escape，国王陷入无法逃脱之困境’）。 checkmate/ˈtʃekmeɪt/“【棋】（“王”的）将死。”词源：Middle English： from Old French eschec mat,from Arabic šāh māta, from Persian šāh māt 'the king is dead'.《培根词汇》checkmate (n.)：mid-14c., in chess, said of a king when it is in check and cannot escape it, from Old French eschec mat (Modern French échec et mat), which (with Spanish jaque y mate, Italian scacco- matto) is from Arabic shah mat "the king died" (see check (n.1)), which according to Barnhart is a misinterpretation of Persian mat "be astonished" as mata "to die," mat "he is dead." Hence Persian shah mat, if it is the ultimate source of the word, would be literally "the king is left helpless, the king is stumped."③、chess/tʃes/“国际象棋。”词源：Middle English： fromOld French esches, plural of eschec 'a check'（see CHECK1）.《培根词汇》chess(n.)：very ancient game of skill with 32 pieces,played by two on a checkered board of 64 squares, 13c., from Old French esches "chessmen," plural of eschec "game of chess, chessboard; checkmate" (see check (n.1)), from the key move of the game. Modern French distinguishes échec "check, blow, rebuff, defeat," from plural échecs "chess."11、①、chastise/tʃæˈstaɪz/“厉声训斥; 严厉谴责”词源：Middle English： apparently formed irregularly from the obsolete verb chaste（see CHASTEN）.《培根词汇》chastise (v.):"to inflict pain upon to punish and recall to duty, to punish for the purpose of correcting or reclaiming," c. 1300, chastisen, from Old French chastiier "to warn, advise, instruct; chastise, admonish; punish; dominate, tame" (12c., Modern French châtier), from Latin castigare "to set or keep right, to reprove, chasten, to punish," literally "to make pure" (see castigate). Or perhaps from Middle English chastien (see chasten) -ise, though this would be early for such a native formation. The form of the modern word "is not easily accounted for" [OED].拉丁语castigare＞古法语chastiier＞中古英语chastisen（c. 1300）＞现代英语chastise，拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh]＞中古英语ch[kh]（c. 1300）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。②、chasten/'ʧeIsən/词源：early 16th cent.：from an obsolete verb chaste, from Old French chastier, from Latin castigare 'castigate'， from castus 'morally pure， chaste'.《培根词汇》chasten(v.)："inflict trouble or pain on for the purpose of correction," 1520s, with -en (1) the word it replaced, obsolete verb chaste "to correct（someone's) behavior" (Middle English chastien, c. 1200), from Old French chastiier "to punish" (see chastise). 12、chisel /'ʧIzəl/《培根词汇》chisel(n.):"tool with a beveled or sloping cutting edge at one end, used for paring, splitting, gouging, or cutting out," early 14c., from Anglo-French cisel, Old Frenchcisel "chisel," in plural, "scissors, shears" (12c., Modern French ciseau), from Vulgar Latin *cisellum "cutting tool," from Latin caesellum, diminutive of caesus, past participle of caedere "to cut" (from PIE root *kae-id- "to strike"). 拉丁语caesellum＞通俗拉丁语*cisellum＞古法语cisel=盎格鲁法语cisel＞中古英语chisel（ early 14c.）＞现代英语chisel，拉丁语cae[kai]＞通俗拉丁语*ci[ki]＞古法语ci[si]（或[ki]）=盎格鲁法语ci[si]（或[ki]）＞中古英语chi[shi=sʻi]（或[khi=kʻi]）（ early 14c.）＞现代英语chi[ʧI]。13、中古英语charmyd'charmed,bewitched，中妖术的’。charm/tʃɑːm/“1.吸引力; 魅力。2.项链（或手镯）的坠饰。3.魔物; 魔法; 魔咒。4.【物理】粲, 粲数。”词源：Middle English（in the senses 'incantation or magic spell' and 'to use spells'）： from Old French charme（noun）， charmer（verb）， from Latincarmen 'song， verse， incantation'. 《培根词汇》charm (n.)：c. 1300, "incantation, magic charm," from Old French charme (12c.) "magic charm, magic spell incantation; song, lamentation," from Latin carmen "song, verse, enchantment, religious formula," from canere "to sing" (from PIE root *kan- "to sing"), with dissimilation of -n- to -r- before -m- in intermediate form *canmen (for a similar evolution, see Latin germen "germ," from *genmen). The notion is of chanting or reciting verses of magical power.    拉丁语carmen＞古法语charme (12c.)＞中古英语charm（c. 1300）＞现代英语charm，拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh] (12c.)=中古英语ch[kh]（c. 1300）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。14、①、中古英语chǫis'choice，选择’（＜古法语chois=现代法语choix,＜choisir'to choose，选择’＜高卢拉丁*causīre＜日耳曼语*kausjan'to choose’）。 choice/ʧɔIs/'选择；抉择’ 《培根词汇》choice(n.)：mid-14c., "that which is choice," from choice (adj.) blended with earlier chois (n.) "action of selecting" (c. 1300); "power of choosing" (early 14c.), "the person or thing chosen" (late 14c.), from Old French chois "one's choice; fact of having a choice" (12c., Modern French choix), from verb choisir "to choose, distinguish, discern; recognize, perceive, see," which is from Frankish or some other Germanic source and related to Old English ceosan "to choose, taste, try" (from PIE root *geus- "to taste; to choose"). 《培根词汇》choice(adj.)："worthy to be chosen, distinguished, excellent," mid-14c., from choice (n.). 古法语chois＞中古英语chois (n.) (c. 1300)、choice (adj.)（mid-14c.）＞现代英语choice，古法语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]，古法语-s=中古英语-s (c. 1300)=-ce [s]（mid-14c.）=现代英语-ce[s]。②、古英语ċēosan＞中古英语chēsen,chōsen'to choose，选择’ 《培根词汇》choose (v.)：Old English ceosan "choose, seek out,select from two or more; decide, test, taste, try; accept, approve" (class II strong verb; past tense ceas, past participle coren), from Proto-Germanic *keus- (source also of Old Frisian kiasa, Old Saxonkiosan, Dutch kiezen, Old High German kiosan, German kiesen, Old Norse kjosa, Gothic kiusan "choose," Gothic kausjan "to taste, test"), from PIE root *geus- "to taste; to choose." Only remotely related tochoice. Variant spelling chuse is Middle English, very frequent 16c.-18c. The irregular past participle leveled out to chosen by 1200.古英语ceosan＞中古英语chesen,chosen（1200）＞现代英语choose，古英语c[k]＞中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。古英语ċēas'I,he chose’＞中古英语北部方言chās, 中古英语南部方言和中部方言chǭs。《培根词汇》chose：past tense ofchoose (q.v.).15、chariot/'ʧærIət/'马车’词源：late Middle English：from Old French， augmentative of char 'cart'， based on Latin carrus'wheeled vehicle'.《培根词汇》chariot (n.):"ancient two-wheeled vehicle used in war, racing, and private life," mid-14c., from Old French charriot "wagon" (13c.), augmentative of char "car," from Late Latin carrum "chariot" (see car).晚期拉丁语 carrum＞古法语 char、charriot (13c.)＞中古英语chariot（mid-14c.）＞现代英语chariot，晚期拉丁语 c[k]＞古法语 ch[kh] (13c.)＞中古英语ch[kh]（mid-14c.）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。car/kɑː(r)/“汽车”词源：late Middle English（in the generalsense 'wheeled vehicle'）： from Old Northern French carre, based on Latin carrum， carrus， of Celtic origin. 《培根词汇》car(n.):c. 1300, "wheeled vehicle," from Anglo-French carre, Old NorthFrench carre, from Vulgar Latin *carra, related to Latin carrum, carrus (plural carra), originally "two-wheeled Celtic war chariot," fromGaulish karros, a Celtic word (compare Old Irish and Welsh carr "cart, wagon," Breton karr "chariot"), from PIE *krsos, from root *kers- "to run."車（昌麻）khlja（尺遮）、（见鱼）kla（九鱼），上古汉语的車为carr（同于古爱尔兰语）：車carr＞char＞tʂha＞tʂhe=chē,車carr＞cü＞ʤü=jū。16、①、chanter/'ʧɑ:ntə(r)/'歌唱者；吟咏者’：词源：late Middle English：from Old French chanteor, from Latin cantator, from cantare（see CHANT）. 《培根词汇》chanter(n.):"singer, composer," late 14c., from Old French chanteor (Modern French chanteur), from Latin cantorem "singer," from cantare "to sing" (from PIE root *kan- "to sing").拉丁语 cantorem＞古法语 chanteor＞中古英语chanter（ late 14c.）＞现代英语chanter，拉丁语 c[k]＞古法语 ch[kh]＞中古英语ch[kh]（ late 14c.）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。②、chant/'ʧɑ:nt/“1、（尤指众人齐喊或合唱的）反复而有节奏的短句。2、【乐】（配唱无韵词的）短小乐段; 圣歌; 颂歌。”词源：late Middle English（in the sense 'sing'）：from Old French chanter 'sing'， from Latin cantare, frequentative of canere'sing'.《培根词汇》chant(v.):late 14c., "to sing," from Old French chanter“to sing, celebrate" (12c.), from Latin cantare "to sing,"originally frequentative of canere "sing" (which it replaced), from PIE root *kan- "to sing."拉丁语 cantare＞古法语chanter (12c.)＞中古英语chant（ late 14c.）＞现代英语chant，拉丁语 c[k]＞古法语 ch[kh] (12c.)＞中古英语ch[kh]（ late 14c.）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。③、chantry/'ʧɑ:ntrI/“（供牧师为创建人灵魂主持弥撒用的）捐赠。”:late Middle English： from Old French chanterie, from chanter 'to sing'.17、chandler/'ʧɑ:ndlə(r)/《培根词汇》："maker or seller of candles," late 14c., attested as a surname from late 13c. (also, from early 14c. "candle-holder;" see chandelier), from Old Frenchchandelier (n.2) "candle-maker, candle-seller; person in charge oflighting a household, monastery, etc.," from Medieval Latin candelarius "a candle-maker," from candela "candle" (see candle). 拉丁语 candela＞中世纪拉丁语 candelarius＞古法语chandelier＞中古英语chandler（ late 14c）＞现代英语chandler，拉丁语 c[k]=中世纪拉丁语 c[k]＞古法语ch[kh]＞中古英语ch[kh]（ late 14c）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。                                                                                          candle/ˈkændl/“蜡烛。”词源：Old English candel, fromLatin candela, from candere 'be white or glisten'.《培根词汇》candle(n.)："cylindrical body of tallow, wax, etc., formed on a wickand used as a source of artificial light," Old English candel "lamp, lantern, candle," an early ecclesiastical borrowing from Latin candela "a light, torch, candle made of tallow or wax," from candere "to shine," from PIE root *kand- "to shine."  The Latin word is also the source of French chandelle, Spanish candela, Irish coinneal, Welsh canwyll, Russian kandilo, Arabic qandil, etc. Candles were unknown in ancient Greece (where oil lamps sufficed), but common from early times among Romans and Etruscans. Candles on birthday cakes seem to have been originally a German custom. To hold a candle to originally meant "to help in a subordinate capacity," from the notion of an assistant or apprentice holding a candle for light while the master works (compare Old English taporberend "acolyte"). To burn the candle at both ends "consume or waste prodigiously" is recorded from 1730.拉丁语 candela＞古英语candel＞中古英语candle=现代英语candle，拉丁语 c[k]=古英语c[k]=中古英语c[k]=现代英语c[k]。18、chicory/'ʧIkərI/《培根词汇》chicory (n.): popular name of a common blue- flowered plant (Cichorium intybus) cultivated for its root, late 14c., cicoree (modern form from mid-15c.), from Old French cicorée "endive, chicory" (15c., Modern French chicorée), from Latin cichoreum, from Greek kikhorion (plural kikhoreia) "endive," which is of unknown origin. Klein suggests a connection with Old Egyptian keksher "chicory" (the plant is said to have been grown and used in ancient Egypt). 在中古英语时期，英语ci-的读音是[si-]。古埃及语keksher＞希腊语kikhorion＞拉丁语 cichoreum＞古法语cicorée＞中古英语cicoree（ late 14c）、chicory（mid-15c）＞现代英语chicory，古埃及语keksh＞希腊语kikh=拉丁语 cich[kikh]＞古法语cic[sik]=中古英语cic[sik]（ late 14c）＞中古英语chic[shik=sʻik]（或[ʃik]）（mid-15c）＞现代英语chic[ʧIk]。19、chives/'ʧaIvz/《培根词汇》chives (n.):common name of an edible herb closely related to garlic, c. 1400, from Old North French chive (Old French, Modern French cive, 13c.), from Latin cepa "onion" (see onion).古法语cive（13c.）＞北部法语 chive＞中古英语chives（c. 1400）＞现代英语chives，古法语ci[si]（13c.）＞北部法语 chi[ʃi]（或[shi=sʻi]）=中古英语chi[ʃi]（或[shi=sʻi]）（c. 1400）＞现代英语chi[ʧaI]。20、charnel/'ʧɑ:nəl/《培根词汇》："common repository for deads bodies," late 14c., from Old French charnel (12c.) "fleshly," from Late Latin carnale "graveyard," properly neuter of adjective carnalis, from Latin carnis "of the flesh," genitive of caro "flesh, meat," "flesh," originally "a piece of flesh," from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut." As an adjective from 1813. The Late Latin word was glossed in Old English as flæschus "flesh-house." Charnel house isattested from 1550s.晚期拉丁语carnale＞古法语charnel（12c.）＞中古英语charnel（ late 14c.）＞现代英语charnel，晚期拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh]（12c.）=中古英语ch[kh]（ late 14c.）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。21、Chaucer/'ʧɔ:sə(r)/（读如'久啥’ ，百度翻译美['ʧɔsər]读如'掐赛儿’； “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧɔ:sə]读如'掐赛儿’ 、美音['ʧɔsɚ]读如'掐赛儿’）“乔叟, 杰弗里（约1342-1400, 英国诗人, 其最出名的著作《坎特伯雷故事集》［约1387-1400］通过一群朝圣者之口讲述一组互有关联的故事; 其刻画人物、运用幽默、采用多样文风等技巧使其成为英国第一位伟大诗人; 其他代表作品：《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》[1385]）”。22、cheat/ʧi:t/(v.)《培根词汇》：mid-15c., "to escheat, to seize as an escheat," a shortening of Old French escheat, legal term for revision of property to the state when the owner dies without heirs, literally "that which falls to one," past participle of escheoir "happen, befall, occur, take place; fall due; lapse (legally)," from Late Latin *excadere "fall away, fall out," from Latin ex- "out" (see ex-) cadere "to fall" (from PIE root *kad- "to fall").escheat/ɪsˈtʃiːt/“（财产主人死后若无法定继承人）财产的转归国家（或领主）。”词源：Middle English： from Old French eschete, based on Latin excidere 'fall away', from ex- 'out of, from' cadere 'to fal'.《培根词汇》escheat(n.)：the reverting of land to a king or lord in certain cases, early 14c., from Anglo-French eschete (late 13c.), Old French eschete "succession, inheritance," literally "that which falls to one," noun use of fem. past participle of escheoir "happen, befall, occur, take place; fall due; lapse (legally)," from Late Latin *excadere "to fall out," from Latin ex "out, away" (see ex-) cadere "to fall" (from PIE root *kad- "to fall"). As a verb,from late 14c. Related: Escheated; escheating. Late Latin *excadere represents a restored form of excidere, which yielded excise.晚期拉丁语*excadere＞古法语eschete＞盎格鲁法语eschete(late 13c.)＞中古英语eschet(early 14c)＞现代英语escheat，晚期拉丁语ca[ka]＞古法语che[she=sʻe]＞盎格鲁法语che[she=sʻe]（或者[ʃe]）(late 13c.)=中古英语che[she=sʻe]（或者[ʃe]）(early 14c)＞现代英语chea[tʃiː]。23、①、China/ˈtʃaɪnə/“中国”《培根词汇》China (n.):Asian country name,1550s (earliest European usage is in Italian, by Marco Polo), of uncertain origin, probably ultimately from Sanskrit Cina-s "the Chinese,"perhaps from Qin dynasty, which ruled 3c. B.C.E. Latinized as Sina, hence Sinologist. The Chinese word for the country is Chung-kuo (Wade-Giles), Zhongguo (Pinyin). 意大利语的“中国”为Cina,与梵语相同。但马可波罗的“中国”肯定不是来自梵语，而是来自波斯语。现代欧洲诸语言的“中国”大多出自意大利语Cina。Cīna是古代印度人对中国（人）的称呼，最早见于憍底利耶（Cāṇakya或Kauṭilya）所著《政事论》（Arthaçāstra），也见于著成于公元前后的两大史诗《摩诃婆罗多》、《罗摩衍那》以及《摩奴法论》等印度古书中。Cīna在汉语译经中被译为“支那”、“至那”、“脂那”等。古代印度人还称中国为Cīnisthāna，中文佛教经籍译作震旦。东晋帛尸棃蜜多罗译《佛说灌顶经》卷六云：“阎浮界内有震旦国”，即此。异译亦作振旦、真丹、神丹等。《楼炭经》解释震旦这一译名称：“葱河以东名为震旦，以日初出曜于东隅故。”玄应《一切经音义》卷四称：“振旦，或言真丹，并非正音，应言支那，此云汉国也。”梵语称桃子为“至那儞”（cīnanī）(“中国果”)、称梨为“至那罗闍弗呾逻”（cīnarājaputra）(“中国王子”)，用“China”组成的印度名称还有：cīnapista（“朱色”）、cīnaka（“Panicum miliaceum”,茴香，一种樟脑）、cīnakarpūra（一种樟脑）、cīnavaṅga（“铅”）。Cīna传人波斯语中作čīnī或čīn，阿拉伯语作ṣīnī、sīnī、sīn。肉桂的波斯名字dār-čīnī或dār-čīn，阿拉伯语dār-ṣīnī。在波斯语里中国产的大黄也叫čīnī，阿拉伯语叫sīnī。阿拉伯语称“白铜”为xār-sīnī“中国石”，它派生出西班牙语kazini。在第十三世纪阿拉伯人认识了来自中国的硝石，他们称之为thelg-as-sīn（“中国雪”）。 伊本·巴伊塔尔（1197？——1248）《药草志》第1018号“大黄”：“波斯人称其为摩诃支那（Čīn Māčīn），和[阿拉伯语]秦阿秦（Čīn al- Čīn）的叫法是一样的，因为他们[波斯人]称中国为Šīn，而称中国大黄为rāwand šinī。”Čīn Māčīn源自梵文的摩诃支那Cīna Mahācīna, Čīn al- Čīn的现代发音为Ṣīn aṣ-Ṣīn。费瑯称：“现代阿拉伯文中活动的摩擦音ṣ是由过去的腭音č演变来的。”Cīna在希腊语变作Thin（θin），在罗马的著述中变成Sinae；Sinae为拉丁文homo sinensis（汉人、中国人）、sincis（中国的）的词根。Cīna在英语中变作China和Sina，C音转为S、腭化为Ch。吉拉德图解大黄草并注解说：“它是出在西那（Sina）国（通称'支那’）此国在印度北部偏东”（The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantos,p.317(London ,1597)）。劳费尔称“在波斯语里称'中国’为Čīn，Čīnistān或Čīnastān。在中古波斯语里除了Čēn和Čēnastān之外，我们看见过'弗尔瓦尔丁（神）赞美诗’里的Sāini和帕拉菲古经《创世记》里的Sīni。带有当头腭音的字，一方面亚美尼亚语的Čen-k'，Čenastan，Čenbakur（'中国皇帝’），Čenazneay（'开始于中国’），čeniḳ（'中国的’）等字已为之证实了；在另一方面，又为粟特语的Čynstn（Čīnastān）所证实。当头č和s并用恰恰等于希腊语里的对似语Σιναί和θιναί（=Čīnai），伊朗语带有č的写法在梵语的相对字是Cīna(Čīna)。由这情形看来，或许可以假定中国在印度语、伊朗语和希腊语里的名称是出于一个共同的来源，而且这个原字或许可以在中国国内去找。我现在觉得那个陈旧的理论或许有几分可信，它说'支那’这个名称应该可以推原到秦朝。以前我不接受这理论，只是因为一直没有人能提出有力的论证；伯希和在当时所提的起源于秦朝的论证也没有使我改变看法。伯希和引证了几个实例，从中可看出即使到了汉朝中国人在亚洲中部还是被人称为'秦人’。这件事本身是有趣的，但是并不足以证明Čīna，Čen等外国名字都是根据这'秦’字。必须能在语音上证明这种转生语是可能的，而这正是伯希和所不能证明的：它连想都不想'秦’字古代发音的问题。如果这字在古代的发音和现在一样，那么所说的与外国名字语音相合就没有什么价值了。古代'秦’字的发音是当头带有齿音或腭音的din，dzin，džin（jin），džͨin；汉语当头的dž音到了伊朗语里成了无声腭音č是可能的，而且也合乎语音规律的。一方面是语音上的一致，另一方面是梵语、伊朗语、希腊语里对中国的称法相同，因此使得我承认'秦’字语原是站得住的理论；没有人能肯定地说这字确是如此转生来的。”（第403-404页）英语字母c有[k]、[s]两个读音，俄语字母c则读为[s]。从凯撒Caesar借入日耳曼语后的读音来看，古拉丁字母c的读音是[k]，c[k]读为[s]当是发生[k]＞[s]音转的缘故。劳费尔“波斯语čūbi čīnī（'中国根’），新梵语cobacīnī或copacīnī（在印度市集上称kub- čīnī）是Smilax pseudo-china的根，即所谓中国的撒尔沙帕利拉（sarsaparilla）（土茯苓），它是治疗'美洲病’的良药……加西亚达奥马有一篇很详细的叙述这种灌木的文章，他说中国人呼此灌木为lampatam[C.Acosta(Tractado de las drogas,p.80)将此字写作lampatan]，这译音相当于汉语'冷饭团’，即'土茯苓’的别名，在粤语读做laṅ-fan-t'ün，厦门话读做liṅ-hoan-toan。……这种树根的葡萄牙语名称是raiz da China（'中国的树根’）”（《中国伊朗篇》第390-391页）葡萄牙语raiz da China（'中国的树根’）是对波斯语čūbi čīnī（'中国根’）的意（'根’） 音（波斯语čīnī'中国’音译成葡萄牙语China）译。从语音上讲，英语的China出自波斯语的Čīnastān或意大利语的Cina。虽然当代意大利语Cina和当代英语China的读音基本相同，但意大利语Cina中的Ci在16世纪很可能是[si]而非[ʧi]；16世纪50年代，英语China中的chi也可能读作[shi=sʻi]或[ʃi]。意大利语ci读[ʧi]是受汉语çi读[ʧi]的影响，çi的读音[ʧi]传入意大利语是在利玛窦发明以çi表示[ʧi]（《西字奇迹》，1605年）之后。如果当时意大利语ci已读[ʧi]，利玛窦就不会画蛇添脚地以çi表示[ʧi]。当时欧洲语言之c也不可能是[ts]，因为利玛窦实无必要画蛇添脚地以ç表示[ts]。最有可能的是，英语创造性地以China转写波斯语Čīnastān中的Čīna，结果使ch具有了波斯语Č的音值[ʧ]，从而在英语中开启了ch>č[ʧ]音转。“德语助手”China['çi:na,(emph) 'ki:na]“西那”：“德语例句库”20个例句全部读为['ki:na]，而10个“原声例句”除了第一个例句读为[ki:na]，其余9个全部读作“西那”。“西语助手”China['ʧina]发音为“己那”。 “法语助手”chiner[∫ine] 发音“西尼”。 “FORVO”“China如何发音”：德语19例（6例[ki:na]（4例奥地利人发音全是这个读音），13例“西那”）、葡萄牙语“西/洗那”、荷兰语、佛兰德语“西那”，意大利语发音1例“己那”(发音者 pillola,女，来自意大利)1例[ki:na]（发音者 giorgiospizzi，男，来自意大利)，罗马尼亚语“己那”（发音者 RoxanaC，女，来自西班牙)，低地德语“西那”（发音者 Bartleby，男，来自德国)，卢森堡语“洗那”（发音者 piral58，男，来自卢森堡)，瑞士德语“嘿那”（发音者 flovo，男，来自瑞士)。梵语Cīna，演变出阿拉伯语Siin、希伯來语sin、拉丁语Sina；意大利语Cina（阴），英语、德语（中）、荷兰语（中）、西班牙语（阴）、葡萄牙语（阴）、罗马尼亚语（阴）China，法语Chine（阴），波兰语Chiny（复）；China[khina]之kh=kʻ失去送气变作k演变出德语China['ki:na]，丹麦语、挪威语、瑞典语、克罗地亚语（阴）、波斯尼亚语（Kина阴）Kina，希腊语（Kίνα阴）、马其顿语（Kина阴）、匈牙利语Kína，芬兰语Kiina；China[khina]之kh＞h演变出爱沙尼亚语Hiina和瑞士德语“嘿那”； Cīna之c[ts]颚化为Č [ʧ]，产生波斯语、印地语Čīn，土耳其语Çin，捷克语Čina（阴），亚美尼亚语Činastan，英语、西班牙语China，意大利语Cina。《回回馆杂字》197.khatāyī，汉人，黑29他11衣5。此字来源于“契丹”。在元代“汉人”指原辽金朝遗民，穆斯林则称之为“契丹人”。明火原洁《华夷译语·人物门》有qitad，注音“乞塔惕”，汉译“汉人”。明初朝鲜称中国北方为“乞大”。今新疆有些少数民族与汉族发生纠纷时称汉人为“黑大爷”，即此。吉尔吉斯人中有部落名“黑太”，亦即此字。“乞塔惕” qitad演变成蒙古语Hyátad以及俄语、乌克兰语、白俄罗斯语、保加利亚语Kitáj（Kитай阳） [pitch1/pɪtʃ/“1.<英>（户外集体运动的）场地。2.音高; 音调高低。3.（尤指屋顶的）倾斜度。4.强度, 程度。5.【棒球】投球。6.推销行话, 推销用语。7.<英>（路边摊贩的）摊位;（街头艺人的）表演场所。8.（船、飞机或车辆的）前后颠簸, 纵摇。9.<技>螺距; 节距。”词源：Middle English（as a verb in the senses 'thrust（something pointed）into the ground）' and 'fallheadlong'： perhaps related to Old English picung 'stigmata', of unknown ultimate origin. The sense development is obscure. 《培根词汇》pitch(n.1)：1520s, "something that is thrust in or fixed or pierced," from pitch (v.1). Sense of "slope, degree, inclination" is from 1540s; from 1550s as "highest point or reach;" from 1620s as "height" in general. Meaning "height of an arched roof above the floor" is by 1610s. 《培根词汇》pitch(v.1)：c. 1200, "to thrust (something) in, drive (a stake), pierce with a sharp point," senses now obsolete, also "to fasten, settle," probably from an unrecorded Old English *piccean, related to prick (v.). The original past tense was pight. The sense of "set upright" (mid-13c.) as in pitch a tent (late 13c.), is from the notion of driving or thrusting the pegs into the ground. The meaning "incline forward and downward" is from 1510s. 古英语*piccean＞中古英语*picchen（c. 1200）＞现代英语pitch。pitch2/pɪtʃ/ “沥青。”词源：Old English pic（noun）, pician（verb）, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch pek and German Pech; based on Latin pix, pic-. 《培根词汇》pitch(n.2)："thick, tenacious, resinous substance obtained from tar or turpentine, wood tar," late 12c., pich, piche, from Old English pic "pitch," from a Germanic borrowing (compare Old Saxon and Old Frisian pik, Middle Dutch pik, Dutch pek, Old High German pek, German Pech, Old Norse bik) of Latin pix (genitive picis) "pitch" (source of Old French poiz), from PIE root *pik- "pitch" (source also of Greek pissa（Attic pitta), Lithuanian pikis, Old Church Slavonic piklu "pitch,"Russian peklo "scorching heat, hell"). The English word was improperly applied to sap from pine bark from late 14c. As a type of blackness from c. 1300. Pitch-black "as black as pitch" is attested from 1590s; pitch-dark "as dark as pitch, very dark" from 1680s.《培根词汇》pitch(v.2)："to smear or cover with pitch," Middle English pichen, from Old English pician, from the source of pitch (n.2).拉丁语pix＞古英语pic＞中古英语 pich, piche（late 12c.）＞现代英语pitch，拉丁语-x[ks]＞古英语-c[k]＞中古英语 -ch[kh]（late 12c.）＞现代英语tch[tʃ]。 ]②、china/ˈtʃaɪnə/“1.瓷料；瓷器。2.英, 非正式 朋友。”词源：late 16th cent.（as an adjective）： from Persian chīnī used attributively relating to China， where it was originally made.《培根词汇》china (n.):"porcelain imported from China,"1650s, short for China-ware (1630s), China dishes (1570s), etc.; from the country name (see China). ③、Chino-/'ʧaInəʊ/'同Sino-’ Sino-/'saInəʊ/'中国的’《培根词汇》Chino-:word-forming element meaning "Chinese, of China and，”from China.《培根词汇》Sino-:before vowels Sin-, word-forming element meaning "Chinese," 1879, from Late Latin Sinæ (plural) "the Chinese," from Ptolemaic Greek Sinai, from Arabic Sin "China," probably from Chinese Ch'in, name of the fourth dynasty of China (see China).梵语Cīna＞Sāini（'弗尔瓦尔丁（神）赞美诗’）、Sīni（帕拉菲古经《创世记》）＞阿拉伯语ṣīnī/Ṣīn=Sin＞托勒密希腊语Sinai＞晚期拉丁语Sinæ＞现代英语Sino-（1879年）。《培根词汇》Sinic(adj.):"Chinese," 1660s, from Medieval Latin Sinicus, from Sina "China," from Late Latin Sinae (plural) "the Chinese" (see Sino-).梵语Cīna＞Sāini（'弗尔瓦尔丁（神）赞美诗’）、Sīni（帕拉菲古经《创世记》）＞阿拉伯语ṣīnī/Ṣīn=Sin＞托勒密希腊语Sinai＞晚期拉丁语Sinae＞中世纪拉丁语Sinicus＞现代英语Sinic（1660s）。梵语Cīna＞波斯语Čīn＞阿拉伯语Šīn/šīnī、英语China、意大利语Cina、法语Chine。《培根词汇》Sinologist(n.):1814; see Sino- -logy -ist. Related: Sinology (1834).④、Chinese/ˌtʃaɪˈniːz/“adj.（与）中国（有关）的;（与）汉语（有关）的;（与）中国文化（有关）的;（与）中国人（有关）的。n.1.中文, 汉语。2.中国人; 华侨; 华裔。”《培根词汇》Chinese(adj.):"of or pertaining to China," 1570s,from China -ese.As a noun from c. 1600. Chinee (n.) is a vulgar back-formationfrom this word on the mistaken notion that Chinese is a plural. As an adjective, Chinian, Chinish also were used 16c. Chinese fire-drill "chaotic situation of many people rushing around futilely" is attested by 1962, U.S. military slang, perhaps with roots in World War II U.S. Marine Corps slang. The game Chinese-checkers is attested from1938. Chinese-lantern is from 1825.⑤、《培根词汇》chine (adj.):"in Chinese fashion," French chiné, past participle of chiner "to color in Chinese fashion," from Chine "China" (see China).⑥、chine1/tʃaɪn/“（尤指动物肉块中的）脊骨, 脊柱。”词源：Middle English： from Old French eschine, based on a blend of Latin spina 'spine' and a Germanic word meaning 'narrow piece'， related to SHIN. 《培根词汇》chine (n.):"spine, backbone," c. 1300,from Anglo-French achine, Old French eschine(11c., Modern French é chine), a word of uncertain origin, perhaps from Germanic(compare Old English scinu "shinbone;" see shin).古法语 eschine（11c）＞盎格鲁法语achine＞中古英语chine （c. 1300）＞现代英语chine，古法语 schi[ssʻi]（11c）＞盎格鲁法语chi[sʻi]＞中古英语chi[sʻi] （c. 1300）＞现代英语chi[tʃaɪ]shin/ʃɪn/“胫, 胫部。”词源：Old English scinu, probably from a Germanic base meaning 'narrow or thin piece'; related to German Schiene 'thin plate' and Dutch scheen. The verb was originally in nautical use（early 19th cent.）.《培根词汇》shin(n.)：Old English scinu "shin, fore part of the lower leg," from Proto-Germanic *skino“thin piece" (source also of Dutch scheen, Old High German scina, German Schienbein "shin, shinbones"), from PIE root *skei- "to cut, split." Shin splints is attested from 1930.古英语scinu＞中古英语schin＞现代英语shin，古英语sci[ski]＞中古英语schi[ssʻi]＞现代英语shi[ʃɪ]。 chine2/tʃaɪn/“（怀特岛或多塞特郡的）狭窄深谷。”词源：Old English cinu 'cleft， chink'， of Germanic origin; related to Dutch keen, also to CHINK1.  古英语 cinu ＞中古英语chine＞现代英语chine，古英语 c[k] ＞中古英语ch[kh]或[sh=sʻ]＞现代英语ch[tʃ]chink1/tʃɪŋk/“（尤指透光的）裂口; 裂缝。”词源：mid 16th cent.： related to CHINE2.《培根词汇》chink(n.1)："a split, crack," 1530s, with unetymological -k Middle English chine (and replacing this word) "fissure, narrow valley," from Old English cinu, cine "fissure," which is related to cinan "to crack, split, gape," from Proto-Germanic *kino-(source also of Old Saxon and Old High German kinan, Gothic uskeinan, German keimen "to germinate;" Middle Dutch kene, Old Saxon kin, German Keim "germ"). The connection being in the notion of bursting open.   chine3/tʃaɪn/“舭缘线, 颌线。”词源：late Middle English variant of CHIME2（the original sense）.24、chuck/ʧʌk/'v.抚弄；轻拍（某人的）下巴’词源：early 17th cent. （as a noun）： probably from Old French chuquer，later choquer 'to knock, bump', of unknown ultimate origin. 《培根词汇》chuck(v.1)："to throw," 1590s, variant of chock "give a blow under the chin" (1580s), possibly from French choquer“to shock, strike against," imitative (see shock (n.1)). shock/ʃɒk/'n.令人惊愕的事件（或经历）’词源：mid 16th cent.： from French choc（noun）, choquer（verb）, of unknown origin. 《培根词汇》shock(n.1)：1560s, "violent encounter of armed forces or a pair of warriors," a military term, from French choc "violent attack," from Old French choquer "strike against," probably from Frankish, from a Proto-Germanic imitative base (compare Middle Dutch schokken "to push, jolt," Old High German scoc "jolt, swing").法语choc写作英语之shock多半意味着当时（1560s）法语ch和英语sh都已经是[ʃ]了。25、chock/ʧɒk/'楔子；垫木’词源：Middle English：probably from an Old Northern French variant of Old French  çouche, çoche'block， log'， of unknown ultimate origin. 《培根词汇》：1670s, "piece of wood, block" (especially one used to prevent movement), possibly from Old North French choque "a block" (Old French çoche "log," 12c.; Modern French souche "stump, stock, block"), from Gaulish *tsukka "a tree trunk, stump."古法语coche（12c）＞（现代法语souche）古北方法语choque＞现代英语chock（1670s），古法语c[k]（12c）＞（现代法语s）古北方法语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]（1670s）。下列各词来自梵文：26、chintz '擦光印花布’ （＜兴都斯坦语chhint＜梵文citra'spotted,bright，有斑点的，光亮的’）。 chintz/tʃɪnts/“（尤指制作窗帘和装潢用）轧光印花棉布”词源：early 17th cent.（as chints, plural of chint, denoting a stained or painted calico cloth imported from India）： from Hindi chīṃṭ 'spattering， stain'.《培根词汇》chintz (n.)："cotton cloth printed with flowers or other colorful patterns," 1719, plural of chint (1610s), from Hindi chint, from Sanskrit chitra- s "clear, bright" (compare cheetah). The plural(the more common form of the word in commercial use) came to be regarded as singular by late 18c., and for unknown reason shifted -s to –z; perhaps after quartz. Disparaging sense, from the commonness of the fabric, is first suggested by 1851 (in George Eliot's use of chintzy). 梵文字母c[ts]相当于汉语精母，在蒙古语的[ʧ]传入印地语以后音转为č（即现代英语ch）[ʧ]，梵文字母ch相当于汉语清母tsʻ。27、Cherokee/ˌʧerə'ki:/'切罗基人；切罗基语’读如'恰罗ki’词源：from obsolete Cherokee tsaraki, earlier form of tsaliki. 《培根词汇》：native North American people, also their Iroquoian language, 1670s, Chorakae, from Cherokee tsaragi. ts＞ch[ʧ]即梵语c[ts]＞č=ch[ʧ]。28、chum/ʧʌm/'密友，好友’词源：late 17th cent. (originally Oxford University slang, denoting a room- mate）： probably short for chamber-fellow. Compare with COMRADE and CRONY. 《培根词汇》："friend, intimate companion," 1680s, originally university slang for "roommate," an alternative spelling of cham,short for chamber(mate); the formation is typical of the late-17c. fondness for clipped words. Among derived forms used 19c. were chumship; chummery "shared bachelor quarters," chummage "system of quartering more than one to a room."comrade/'kɒmreId/'同伴，伙伴；合作者；同事’词源：mid 16th cent. （originally also camerade）： from French camerade, camarade（originally feminine）， from Spanish camarada 'room- mate'， from Latin camera 'chamber'. Compare with CHUM1. 《培根词汇》：1590s, "one who shares the same room," hence "a close companion," from French camarade (16c.), from Spanish camarada "chamber mate," or Italian camerata "a partner," from Latin camera "vaulted room, chamber" (see camera). In Spanish, a collective noun referring to one's company. In 17c., sometimes jocularly misspelled comrogue. Used from 1884 by socialists and communists as a prefix to a surname to avoid "Mister" and other such titles.29、chum/ʧʌm/'（鱼块、鱼汁等作的）鱼饵’词源：mid 19th cent.: of unknown origin. 《培根词汇》chum(n.2)："fish bait," consisting usually of pieces of some other fish, 1857, perhaps from Scottish chum "food."30、chum/ʧʌm/'大麻哈鱼’词源：early 20th cent.： from Chinook Jargon tzum（samun）, literally 'spotted（salmon）'.31、chickpea/'ʧIkpi:/《培根词汇》chickpea (n.):also chick-pea, 1712, a false singular of chich- pease (1540s), earlier simply chich (late 14c.), cich, from Old French chiche "chick- pea" (13c.),from Latin cicer "pea," which is of uncertain origin, but with likely cognates in Greek kikerroi "pale," Armenian sisern "chick-pea," Albanian thjer "lentil." The Latin plural, cicera, is also the source of Italian cece and was borrowed into Old High German as chihhra (German Kichererbse).拉丁语 cicer＞古法语chiche＞中古英语cich、chich (late 14c.)＞现代英语chich- pease (1540s)、chick-pea（1712），拉丁语 cice[kike]＞古法语chiche[khikhe]＞中古英语cich[sikh]、chich[khikh] (late 14c.)＞现代英语chich- [khik](1540s)、chick-[ʧik]（1712）32、Choctaw/'ʧɒktɔ:/'乔克托人’词源：from Choctaw čahta。《培根词汇》Choctaw：native people formerly of southeastern U.S., 1722,from Choctaw (Muskogean) Chahta, of uncertain meaning, but also said to be from Spanish chato "flattened," for the tribe's custom of flattening the heads of male infants. As a figure skating step, first recorded 1892, probably based on Mohawk (it is a variation of that step). Sometimes used in 19c. American English as typical of a difficult or incomprehensible language (compare Greek in this sense from c. 1600).33、从法国移民的法语，美国英语创造了chowder一词，义为'魚羹’、'肉粥’，来自法语chaudière，义为'汤锅’。 chowder/ˈtʃaʊdə(r)/（读如'巧得’， 百度翻译英式/'ʧaʊdə(r)/读如'巧得’、美式['ʧaʊdər] 读如'巧得儿’）“以鱼、蛤或玉米辅以土豆、洋葱煨成的）杂烩浓汤, 羹”词源：mid 18th cent.： perhaps from French chaudière 'stew pot'， related to Old Northern French caudron（see CAULDRON）.《培根词汇》chowder (n.)："thick fish soup," 1751, American English,apparently named for the pot it was cooked in: French chaudière "a pot" (12c.), from Late Latin caldaria "cooking pot" (source of Spanish calderon, Italian calderone), from Latin calidarium "hot bath," from calidus "warm, hot" (from PIE root *kele- (1) "warm"). 拉丁语calidarium＞晚期拉丁语caldaria＞法语chaudière (12c.)＞美国英语chowder（1751），拉丁语c[k]=晚期拉丁语c[k]＞法语ch[kh] (12c.)＞美国英语ch[k]（1751）。现代法语ch读[ʃ]，现代英语ch读[ʧ]、[k]；由于法语au被改写成当时英语ow[au]，如果当时该单词的ch已经腭化，那么法语ch当会被改写成sh[ʃ]。法语ch直接写作英语ch，表明当时该词中的ch在法语、英语中都读作[k]。34、chowderhead/'ʧaʊdəhed/'<北美，非正式>傻瓜，呆子，蠢蛋’（相当于'脑瓜子进水’）词源：mid 19th cent.： probably a variant form of early 17th-cent.jolter-head 'thick-headed person'.35、chipolata/ˌʧIpə'lɑ:tə/'<英>契普拉塔香肠’词源：late 19th cent.: from French， from Italian cipollata 'a dish of onions'， from cipolla 'onion'.  36、chi-chi/'ʧi:ʧi:/（亦作chee-chee）读如'西系’，其读音是受chichi/'ʃi: ʃi:/的影响。词源：early 20th cent.（in the sense 'showiness or pretentious object'）： from French， of imitative origin.37、chokka/'ʧɒkə/'<南非>（尤指作鱼饵用）浅水鱿鱼；浅水墨鱼’词源：from Afrikaans tjokka, perhaps from Portuguese choco,denoting a species of cuttlefish.38、chempaka/'ʧempəkə/（读如'羌帕克’）'同champak’读如'堪p客’ ，百度翻译译作'切姆帕卡’读如'形帕克’。champak/'ʧæmpæk/'金香木，黄玉兰，黄兰’词源：from Sanskrit campaka.39、Cherkess/ʧə'kes/'同Circassian’读如'掐开似’Circassian/sɜ:'kæsIən/'切尔克斯人’词源：from Circassia, Latinized form of Russian Cherkes, denoting a district in the northern Caucasus. 《培根词汇》Circassian：1550s, in reference to a people people of the northern Caucasus along the Black Sea, from Circassia, Latinized from Russian Cherkesŭ, which is of unknown origin. Their name for themselves is Adighe. Their language is non-Indo-European. 40、Chernorechye/ˌʧɜ:nə'reʧjə/'切尔诺列奇(Dzerzhinsk的原称[1919年前])’ Dzerzhinsk/dzɜ:'ʒInsk/'捷尔任斯克（俄罗斯中西部城市，位于下诺夫哥罗德以西）’41、chana/'ʧʌnə/（读如'贾nə’， 百度翻译译作'香奈儿’美[ʧænə]读如'china’。）'<印>鹰嘴豆’（亦作channa）词源:from Hindi canā. 梵语之c为[ts]。42、chameli/ʧʌ'meIlI/（读如'恰里’）'<印>同jasmine’词源:from Hindi cameli. jasmine/'ʤæsmIn/'素馨，茉莉’读如'嘉士抿’。词源：mid 16th cent.： from French jasmin and obsolete French jessemin, from Arabic yāsamīn, from Persian yāsamīn. 受jam'果酱’中j的读音影响，英语发生了广泛而彻底的j[j] ＞[ʤ]音转。 来自西班牙语之ch-的读音Chuquisaca/ˌʧu:ki:'sɑ:kə/（读如'裘亏斯卡’）'丘基萨卡’。1539年西班牙人把它命名为丘基萨卡，1825年为纪念安东尼奥·何塞·苏克雷改为苏克雷Sucre。 1539年，西班牙语中的ch可能仍是[kh]。希腊字母Χχ的东部读音为kh（拉丁字母转写为ch、kh），西部读音为ks；ks分离为k、s，西班牙语的x音转为s。chocolate/'ʧɒkələt/（读如'巧克辣特’，百度翻译译作'巧克力’ 英 ['ʧɒklət]读如'恰克来特’ 、美['ʧɔ:klət读如'掐克来特’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧɒklət]读如'巧克辣特’ 、美音['ʧɒkəlIt, 'ʧɒklIt]读如'恰克来特’）'巧克力。’词源：early 17th cent.（in the sense 'a drink made with chocolate'）： from French chocolat or Spanish chocolate, from Nahuatl chocolatl'food made from cacao seeds'， influenced by unrelated cacaua-atl'drink made from cacao'. 《培根词汇》：c. 1600, from Mexican Spanish chocolate, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) chocola-tl, "chocolate," and/or cacahua-tl "chocolate, chocolate bean." chinch/ʧInʧ/'麦长蝽’（百度翻译“中国佬；臭虫”）词源：early 17th cent.（in the sense 'bedbug'）：from Spanish chinche,from Latin cimex, cimic-.《培根词汇》chinch (n.)："bedbug," 1620s, from Spanish/Portuguese chinche (diminutive chinchilla) "bug," from Latin cimicem (nominative cimex) "bedbug," a word of uncertain origin. 英语中的ch[ʧ]-开头的西班牙语借词进入英语的最早时间是在17世纪初，在这一时间里ch[kh>ʧ]音变正在英语中传播扩散。Chile/'ʧIlI/'智利’。《培根词汇》Chile：South American country, probably named from a local native word subsequently confused with Mexican Spanish chile "chili pepper" (see chili). chile/'ʧIlI/ '同chilli’、 chili/'ʧIlI/ '<美>同chilli’。 chilli/'ʧIlI/'辣椒’词源：early 17th cent.： from Spanish chile,from Nahuatl chilli. 《培根词汇》chili：also chilli, "pod or fruit of a type of American pepper, used as a condiment," 1660s, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) chilli, native name for the peppers. Not named for the South American country. As short for chile con carne and similar dishes, attested by 1846.Choctaw/'ʧɒktɔ:/'乔克托人’词源：from Choctaw čahta。《培根词汇》Choctaw：native people formerly of southeastern U.S., 1722,from Choctaw (Muskogean) Chahta, of uncertain meaning, but also said to be from Spanish chato "flattened," for the tribe's custom of flattening the heads of male infants. As a figure skating step, first recorded 1892, probably based on Mohawk (it is a variation of that step). Sometimes used in 19c. American English as typical of a difficult or incomprehensible language (compare Greek in this sense from c. 1600).chigger/'ʧIgə(r)/（亦作jigger/'ʤIgə(r)/）《培根词汇》chigger (n.):"minute fle-like insect of the West Indies and South America," 1756, from West Indies chigoe (1660s), possibly from Carib, or from or influenced by words from African languages (such as Wolof and Yoruba jiga "insect").cherimoya/ˌʧerI'mɔIə/（亦作chirimoya）词源：mid 18th cent.： from Spanish， from Quechua， from chiri 'cold or refreshing' muya 'circle'.choko/'ʧəʊkəʊ/（读如'裘扣’）'<澳/新西兰>佛手瓜’词源：mid 18th cent.： from Spanish chocho, from a Brazilian Indian word. The current spelling dates from the early 20th cent.cholo/'ʧəʊləʊ/（读如'裘娄’， 百度翻译译作'乔洛’英 ['ʧəʊləʊ]读如'裘娄’ 、美['ʧoʊloʊ]读如'秋娄’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['kɒlə]读如'喀娄’ 、美音['kɒlə]读如'秋娄’。）'印第安血统拉美人；欧洲人和印第安人混血儿’词源：mid 19th cent.:American Spanish， from Cholollán（now Cholula）， in Mexico. 《培根词汇》："Indian or mixed-race person of Latin America" (fem. Chola), 1851, from American Spanish (c. 1600), said to be from Nahuatl (Aztecan) xolotl "dog, mutt." Proposed derivation from Mexican city of Cholula seems too late, if this is the same word. In U.S., used of lower-class Mexican immigrants, but by1970s the word began to be embraced in Latino gang slang in a positive sense.chola/'ʧəʊlə/（读如'丑辣’， 百度翻译译作'乔拉’英 ['ʧəʊlə]读如'丑辣’ 、美['ʧoʊlə]读如'宙辣’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧəʊlə]读如'考辣’ 、美音['ʧoʊlə]读如'秀辣’）'女性印第安血统拉美人’词源：mid 19th cent.： American Spanish（see CHOLO）.chorizo/ʧə'ri:zəʊ/（读如'切瑞肉’， 百度翻译译作'香肠’ 英 [ʧə'ri:zəʊ]读如'切瑞肉’ 、美[ʧə'ri:zoʊ读如'切瑞肉’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʧə'ri:zəʊ]读如'切瑞肉’ 、美音[ʧə'rizo,-so]读如'渴rua肉’）'口利佐香肠（一种香辣味西班牙香肠）。’词源：Spanish.《培根词汇》："spiced pork sausage," 1846, from Spanish chorizo, ultimately from Medieval Latin salsicia "sausage" from Latin salsicus "seasoned with salt" (see sausage).chayote/ʧɑ:'jəʊteI/（读如'贾有替’ ， 百度翻译译作'佛手瓜’读如'舍有听’， “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʧɑ:'jəʊteI]读如'查有儿贼’ 、美音[ʧɑ:'joʊteI]读如'系有得’。）'佛手瓜’词源：late 19th cent.:from Spanish,from Nahuatl chayotli.chufa/'ʧu:fə/（读如'齐法’， 百度翻译译作'楚法’读如'写法’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧu:fə]读如'羌发’ 、美音['ʧu:fə]读如'丘法’）'铁荸荠。’词源：mid 19th cent.： from Spanish.    Churrigueresque/ˌʧʊərIgə'resk/（读如'丘儿革瑞似克’）'【建筑】丘里格拉风格的，（与）装饰繁华的西班牙巴洛克晚期风格（有关）的。’词源：mid 19th cent.： from the name José Benito de Churriguera（1665-1725）, a Spanish architect who worked in this style.cholla/'ʧəʊljɑ:/（读如'qio以ə’， 百度翻译译作'乔拉’读如'巧拉’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧɒIə]读如'超以ə’ 、美音['ʧɒIə]读如'渣剌’）'仙人掌属植物。’词源：mid 19th cent.： Mexican Spanish use of Spanish cholla 'skull， head'， of unknown origin.    chicle/'ʧIkl/词源：via Latin American Spanish，from Nahuatl tzictli.《培根词汇》chicle(n.)："elastic substanceobtained from a tropical American tree, formerly used in the manufacture of chewing-gum," 1877, American English (in chicle-gum), from Mexican Spanish chicle, from Nahuatl (Aztecan) tzictli.chuckwalla/'ʧʌkˌwɒlə/（读如'恰颗勒’）'变色蜥。’词源：late 19th cent.： from Mexican Spanish chacahuala, from American Indian.charango/ʧə'ræŋgəʊ/（读如'裘软苟’ ， 百度翻译译作'查兰戈’读如'息软苟’）'查兰戈琴，安第斯吉他’词源：1920s:from South American Spanish。chino/'ʧi:nəʊ/词源：1940s： from Latin American Spanish，literally 'toasted'（referring to the typical colour）.Chicano/ʧi:'kɑ:nəʊ/'<主美>奇卡诺人（原籍或祖籍墨西哥的北美人）’词源：Mexican Spanish， alteration of Spanish mejicano（masculine）'Mexican'. 《培根词汇》Chicano (n.)："person of Mexican heritage in the U.S.," 1947, from Mexican Spanish dialectal pronunciation of Mexicano "Mexican," with loss of initial unaccented syllable [Barnhart]. Said to have been in use among Mexican-Americans from c. 1911. Probably influenced by Spanish chico "boy," which also is used as a nickname. The adjective in English is attested by 1967. Fem. form is Chicana.Chicana/ʧI'kɑ:nə/'<主美>女奇卡诺人（原籍或祖籍墨西哥的北美女性）’词源：Mexican Spanish， alteration of Spanish mejicana（feminine）'Mexican'.Chipotle/ʧI'pəʊtl/（读如'奇剖特勒’， 百度翻译译作'干红辣椒’读如'奇趴豆’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʃIpɒtlə]读如'奇普勒’ 、美音[ʃIpɒtlə]读如'奇普勒’）'<墨西哥烹饪>熏辣椒’词源：Mexican Spanish， from Nahuatl.。《培根词汇》："smoke-dried jalapeño chili," 1950, from Mexican Spanish, ultimately a Nahuatl (Aztecan) word, said to be a compound of chilli "chili pepper" (see chili) poctli "smoke."Chimenea/ˌʧImI'neIə/词源：1990s:Spanish,'chimney’. 希腊κάμιυος＞拉丁camīnus＞古法语cheminée＞中古英语chimeneie、chimneie＞现代英语chimney。chimney/ˈtʃɪmnɪ/“烟囱, 烟筒。”词源：Middle English（denoting a fireplace or furnace）： from Old French cheminee'chimney， fireplace'， from late Latin caminata, perhaps from camera caminata'room with a fireplace'， from Latin caminus'forge， furnace'， from Greek kaminos 'oven'.《培根词汇》chimney(n.): late 13c., "furnace;" late 14c., "smoke vent of a fireplace, vertical structure raised above a house for smoke to escape to the open air;" from Old French cheminee "fireplace; room with a fireplace; hearth; chimney stack" (12c., Modern French cheminée), from Medieval Latin caminata "a fireplace," from Late Latin (camera) caminata "fireplace; room with a fireplace," from Latin caminatus, adjective of caminus "furnace, forge; hearth, oven; flue," from Greek kaminos "furnace, oven, brick kiln," which is of uncertain origin.希腊语kaminos ＞拉丁语caminus＞晚期、中世纪拉丁语caminata＞古法语cheminee（12c.）＞中古英语chimeneie、chimneie＞现代英语chimney，希腊语k=拉丁语c[k]=晚期、中世纪拉丁语c[k]＞古法语ch[kh]（12c.）=中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。chicha/'ʧIʧə/（读如'妻奇ə’， 百度翻译译作'奇卡’读如'妻奇ə’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʃi:ʧə]读如'西奇ə’ 、美音['ʧIʧɑ:]读如'妻奇ə’：吉开酒）'吉开酒，吉查酒’词源：American Spanish， from Kuna.。churro/'ʧʊrəʊ/（读如'裘肉’， 百度翻译译作'丘罗’读如'喀娄’）'西班牙甜甜圈。’词源：Spanish, of uncertain origin; perhaps related to churro 'coarse, rough'.    churrasco/ʧʊ'ræskəʊ/（读如'旧rua似狗’， 百度翻译译作'丘拉斯科’读如'齐ruai似狗’）'南美烤牛肉（排）。’词源：South American Spanish, probably from Spanish dialect churrascar 'to burn', related to Spanish soccarar 'to scorch'.  churrascaria/ʧʊˌræskə'rIə/（读如'齐rua似革瑞ə’， 百度翻译译作'丘拉斯卡里亚’读如'卡瑞斯改瑞儿’。）'南美烤肉店。’词源：South American Spanish.Chimu/ʧi:'mu:/'奇穆人’词源：from Spanish.Chibcha/'ʧIbʧə/'奇布查人’词源：American Spanish， from Chibcha zipa 'chief， hereditary leader'.Chichimec/ˌʧi:ʧI'mek/（读如'乞奇麦克’， 百度翻译译作'奇奇梅克’读如'开庆克’）'奇奇梅克人’词源：Spanish,from Nahuatl.Chihuahua/ʧI'wɑwə/'奇瓦瓦（奇瓦瓦州首府，墨西哥中北部主要城市）’Chiapas/ʧI'ɑ:pəs/'恰帕斯州（墨西哥南部一州）’Chetumal/ˌʧetʊ'mɑ:l/（读如'切妻母’； 百度百科：在现代玛雅语中意为'红木之地’）'切图马尔城（墨西哥东南部海港，位于尤卡坦半岛）’。chaps/ʧæps/（读如'恰ps’）（chaparajos/ˌʃæpə'reIjos/的简称）。 chaparajos/ˌʃæpə'reIjos/（读如'夏普瑞儿似’ ， 百度翻译译作'查帕拉乔斯’读如'夏婆拉教似’， “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [kə'pærəʤɒz]读如'瞎布儿rua教似’ 、美音[kə'pærəʤɒz]读如'瞎布儿rua教似’） （亦作chaparejos）“<北美 >（牛仔穿的）皮护腿套裤。”词源：mid 19th cent.:from Mexican Spanish chaparreras.chaconne/ʃə'kɒn/（读如'协康’ ， 百度翻译译作'查康内’读如'霞康姆’， “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʃə'kɒn]读如'霞康n’ 、美音[ʃə'kɔ:n]读如'xiai坎’）'【乐】恰空舞曲’词源：late 17th cent.:from French,from Spanish chacona。chamise/ʃə'mi:z/（读如'血美以日’， 百度翻译Chamise译作'倒角’读如 '渴麦思’）词源：mid 19th cent.:from Mexican Spanish chamiso.chalupa/ʃə'lu:pə/（读如'吃里扒’， 百度翻译译作'查鲁帕’读如'卡搂帕’， “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧælʊpə]读如'夏洛帕’ 、美音['ʧælʊpə]读如'土罗拔’。）'（西班牙及拉丁美洲）轻便小船；独木舟’词源：late 19th cent.： Spanish， ultimately related to Dutch sloep 'sloop'. ch[ʃ]的来源在法语中，字母组合ch的读音是[ʃ]；英语中将ch读作[ʃ]的单词主要来自法语。1、chemise/ʃə'mi:z/词源：Middle English： from Old French，from late Latin camisia 'shirt or nightgown'.《培根词汇》:late Old English, cemes "shirt, undershirt," from Old French chemise "shirt, undertunic, shift," or directly from Late Latin camisia "shirt, tunic" (Jerome; also source of Italian camicia, Spanish camisa); originally a soldier's word, probably via Gaulish, from Proto-Germanic *hamithjan (source also of Old Frisian hemethe, Old Saxon hemithi, Old English hemeðe, German hemd "shirt"), which is of uncertain origin.晚期拉丁语camisia＞晚期古英语cemes、古法语chemise＞中古英语chemise＞现代英语chemise ，晚期拉丁语c[k]＞晚期古英语c[k]、古法语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语[ʃ] 。不论古法语的ch是读[kh]、或者是读[ʧ],现代英语chemise中ch所发的[ʃ]都是法语ch音转为[ʃ]后的读音，这一读音只能是在法语ch读为[ʃ]后传入英语中的。2、Chauliac/'ʃəʊlIæk,<法>ʃoljak/（读如'助理亚克’ ， 百度翻译译作'乔利亚克’读如'沙利亚克’）'Chauliac,Guy de(1300-68).肖利亚克，盖伊·德（约1300-1368，法国医生）’3、chevron/'ʃevIrən/词源：late Middle English（in heraldic use）：from Old French， based on Latin caper 'goat'; compare with Latin capreoli（diminutive of caper）used to mean 'pair of rafters'.《培根词汇》chevron(n.): late 14c., in heraldry, "a device in the shape of an inverted V," from Old French chevron "rafter;chevron" (13c.),so called because it looks like rafters of a shallow roof, from Vulgar Latin *caprione, from Latin caper "goat" (see cab); the hypothetical connection between goats and rafters being the animal's angular hind legs. Compare gambrel, also Latin capreolus "props, stays, short pieces of timber for support," literally "wild goat, chamoix." 不论古法语的ch是读[kh]、还是读[ʧ],现代英语单词chevron中ch所发的[ʃ]都是法语ch音转为[ʃ]后的读音，这一读音只能是在法语ch读为[ʃ]后传入英语中的。4、①、chevalier/ˌʃevə'lIə(r)/'<史>骑士’词源：late Middle English（denoting a horseman or mounted knight）： from Old French， from medieval Latin caballarius, from Latin caballus 'horse'. Compare with CABALLERO and CAVALIER. 《培根词汇》chevalier (n.):late 14c. (c. 1200 as a surname), "mounted knight, armed horseman of noble birth," from Anglo- French chivaler "mounted knight,"Old French chevalier "knight, horseman, knight in chess" (12c., Modern French chevaler), from Late Latin caballarius "horseman" (source of Provençal cavallier, Spanish caballero, Portuguese cavalleiro, Italian cavaliere; see cavalier (n.)).②、chivalry/'ʃIvəlrI/'<史>骑士团’词源：Middle English：from Old French chevalerie, from medieval Latin caballerius, for late Latin caballarius 'horseman'（see CHEVALIER）.《培根词汇》chivalry (n.): c. 1300, "body or host of knights; knighthood in the feudal social system; bravery in war, warfare as an art," from Old French chevalerie "knighthood, chivalry, nobility, cavalry, art of war," from chevaler "knight," from Medieval Latin caballarius "horseman," from Latin caballus "nag, pack-horse" (see cavalier).③、chivalrous/'ʃIvəlrəs/'骑士风度的’词源：late Middle English（in the sense 'characteristic of a medieval knight'）：from Old French chevalerous, from chevalier（see CHEVALIER）.《培根词汇》chivalrous (adj.): mid-14c., "pertaining to chivalry or knight-errantry,"from Old French chevaleros "knightly,noble, chivalrous," from chevalier (see chevalier; also compare chivalry). 5、chausses/ʃəʊs/（读如'朽似’， 百度翻译译作'乔西’读如'qio赛似’； “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʃəʊs]读如'朽似’ 、美音[ʃəʊs]读如'汤散似’）'<史>马裤，腿铠’词源：late 15th cent.:French,literally'clothing for the legs’.中古英语的ch尚未发生音转，全都是[kh]；英语ch[kh＞ʧ]音转是在早期现代英语时期开始产生的。6、chapeau/'ʃæpəʊ/词源：late 15th cent.： from French，from Latin cappellum, diminutive of cappa 'cap'.《培根词汇》chapeau(n.):"a hat," 1520s, from French chapeau (Old French capel,12c.) "hat," from Vulgar Latin *cappellus, from Late Latin capellum (also source of Italian cappello, Spanish capelo, Portuguese chapeo), diminutive of cappa (see cap (n.)). Especially a hat forming part of an official costume or uniform.古法语capel（12c.）＞法语chapeau＞现代英语chapeau（1520s），古法语c[k]（12c.）＞法语ch[ʃ]=现代英语ch[ʃ] （1520s）。法语ch[ʃ]进入英语的最早时间当在16世纪20年代。[machine /mə'ʃi:n/'机械装置，机器’《培根词汇》machine (n.)：1540s, "structure of any kind," from Middle French machine“device, contrivance," from Latin machina "machine, engine, military machine; device, trick; instrument" (source also of Spanish maquina, Italian macchina), from Greek makhana, Doric variant of Attic mēkhanē "device, tool, machine;" also "contrivance, cunning," traditionally (Watkins) from PIE *magh-ana- "that which enables," from root *magh-"to be able, have power." But Beekes, on formal grounds, objects to the connection to words in Germanic and Slavic. He finds the Greek word isolated and is convinced that it is Pre-Greek. 希腊语makhana＞拉丁语machina＞中古法语machine＞早期现代英语machine（1540s），希腊语-kh-=拉丁语-ch[kh]-=中古法语-ch[kh]-＞早期现代英语-ch[ʃ]-（1540s）；在英语借入该词时，该词中的ch在法语中已经音转为[ʃ]。 ]7、chamois（读如'夏瓦’，百度翻译英音 ['ʃæmwɑ:]读如'虾姆瓦’ 、美音['ʃæmwɑ:]读如'夏里’, “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʃæmwɑ:]读如'虾姆瓦’ 、美音['ʃæmI]读如'夏里’）'岩羚羊’:mid 16th cent.:from French,of unknown ultimate origin. 《培根词汇》chamois (n.):1550s, "Alpine antelope;" 1570s, "soft leather,"originally "skin of the chamois," from French chamois "Alpine antelope" (14c.), from Late Latin camox (genitive camocis), perhaps from a pre-Latin Alpine language that also produced Italian camoscio, Spanish camuza, Old High German gamiza, German Gemse (though some of these might be from Latin camox). [mustache '髭，长在嘴唇上面的胡子’＜法语moustache。mustache/məˈstɑːʃ/“<美>同MOUSTACHE.”moustache/məsˈtɑːʃ/ （< 美>亦作mustache）“小胡子, 八字须, 髭。”词源：late 16th cent.： from French， from Italian mostaccio, from Greek mustax, mustak-.《培根词汇》mustache（n.）: also moustache (chiefly British), "the hair that grows upon the upper lip of men," 1580s, from French moustache (15c.), from Italian mostaccio, from Medieval Greek moustakion, diminutive of Doric mystax (genitive mystakos) "upper lip, mustache," related to mastax "jaws, mouth," literally "that with which one chews," perhaps from PIE root *mendh- "to chew" (see mandible), but Beekes says this whole group of Greek words may be of Pre-Greek origin.中世纪希腊语moustakion＞意大利语mostaccio＞法语moustache (15c.)＞早期现代英语moustache (1580s)，中世纪希腊语ki＞意大利语cci[kki]＞法语che[khe] (15c.)＞早期现代英语che[ʃ] (1580s)；英语在16世纪80年代借入该词时，法语ch已经读[ʃ]了。retrench '缩减开支，节省’＜古法语retrenchier,现代法语retrancher'to cut,切，减少’。 retrench/rɪˈtrentʃ/“（公司、政府或个人）削减费用, 削减开支。”词源：late 16th cent. （in the now formal usage）： from obsolete French retrencher, variant of retrancher, from re-（expressing reversal） trancher 'to cut, slice'. 《培根词汇》retrench（v.1）: 1590s, "dig a new trench as a second line of defense," 1590s, probably a back- formation from retrenchment in the military sense. Related: Retrenched; retrenching. 《培根词汇》retrench（v.2）: "cut off, cut down, pare away" (expenses, etc.),1620s, from obsolete French retrencher "to cut off, lessen, shorten" (Modern French retrancher, Old French retrenchier), from re- "back" (see re-) Old French trenchier "to cut" (see trench). 在16世纪90年代，英语刚从法语借入retrench之时，-ch当按法语读作[ʃ]，以后随着本土ch[kh]音转为[ʧ]而本土化为[ʧ]。英语在当时ch的新鲜读音[ʧ]、 [ʃ]之间进行了选择，结果该词选择了[ʧ]读音。]8、chancre/'ʃæŋkə(r)/:late 16th cent.:from French,from Latin cancer'creeping ulcer’. 《培根词汇》chancre (n.):also chanker, "venereal ulcer, syphilitic sore," c. 1600, from French chancre (15c.), literally "cancer," from Latin cancer (see cancer).9、①、chanson/ʃɒŋ'sʊŋ/'法语歌’：French,from Latin cantio(n-)'singing’,from canere'sing’。《培根词汇》："a song, a short, simple poem intended to be sung," c. 1600, from French chanson, from Old French chançon "song, epic poem" (12c.), from Latin cantionem (nominative cantio) "song," from past participle stem of canere "to sing" (from PIE root *kan- "to sing").由于晚期中古英语中源自古法语的chanter/'ʧɑ:ntə(r)/'歌唱者；吟咏者’（late 14c，源自古法语chanteor）、chant/'ʧɑ:nt/“【乐】（配唱无韵词的）短小乐段; 圣歌; 颂歌。”（late 14c，源自古法语chanter）、chantry/'ʧɑ:ntrI/“（供牧师为创建人灵魂主持弥撒用的）捐赠。”（源自古法语 chanterie）之ch皆读[ʧ]，而早期现代英语（c. 1600）中借自法语的借词chanson/ʃɒŋ'sʊŋ/'法语歌’中的ch却读[ʃ]，这表明这些词中ch读音的变化发生在早期现代英语时期；在这一时期，英语发生了ch[kh]>ʧ音转，法语发生了ch[kh](>[sh])>ʃ音转。 ②、chantey/'ʃæntI/'<古>同shanty’。 shanty/'ʃæntI/'（水手的劳动号子）’词源：mid 19th cent.： probably from French chantez! 'sing!', imperative plural of chanter. 《培根词汇》shanty(n.1)："rough cabin," 1820, from Canadian French chantier "lumberjack's headquarters," in French, "timberyard, dock," from Old French chantier "gantry," from Latin cantherius "rafter, frame" (see gantry). Shanty Irish in reference to the Irish underclass in the U.S., is from 1928 (title of a book by Jim Tully).③、chanty/'ʃæntI/同shanty：mid 19th cent.:probably from French chantez!'sing!’，imperative plural of chanter. 《培根词汇》：1856, also shanty, chantey "song with a boisterous chorus,sung by sailors while heaving or hoisting anything heavy;" probably an alteration of French chanter "to sing," from Latin cantare "to sing" (from PIE root *kan- "to sing"). 10、charlatan '庸医，骗子’（＜法语charlatan＜意大利ciarlatano'a quack,一名庸医’＜cerretano'one who cries out in the market place，在市场上叫卖的人’＜cerretanus'seller of papal indulgences of Cerreto,town in Italy，在意大利城市Cerreto卖教皇赎罪券的人’）。 charlatan/ˈʃɑːlətən/“假专家; 冒牌内行”词源：early 17th cent. （denoting an itinerant seller of supposed remedies）： from French， from Italian ciarlatano, from ciarlare 'to babble'.《培根词汇》charlatan（n.）: "one who pretends to knowledge, skill, importance, etc.," 1610s, from French charlatan "mountebank, babbler" (16c.), from Italian ciarlatano "a quack," from ciarlare "to prate, babble," from ciarla "chat, prattle," perhaps imitative of ducks' quacking. Related: Charlatanical.1610s，法语ch已是[ʃ]，而英语ch正在向[ʧ]音转。拿来主义，照搬、照读，照法语的形式直接使用。英语ch向[ʧ]的音转在该词中并未发生。11、chute/ʃu:t/（亦作shoot）'斜道；滑运道’词源：early 19th cent.（originally a North American usage）：from French, 'fall'（of water or rocks）, from Old French cheoite,feminine past participle of cheoir 'to fall', from Latin cadere; influenced by SHOOT. 《培根词汇》chute(n.1): 1725, American English, "fall of water"（earlier shoot, 1610s),from French chute "fall," from Old French cheoite "a fall," fem. past participle of cheoir "to fall," from Latin cadere "to fall," from PIE root *kad- "to fall." Meaning "inclined tube, trough" is from 1804; that of”narrow passage for cattle, etc." first recorded 1871. In North America, absorbing some senses of similar-sounding shoot (n.1). 法语ch写作英语sh表明，此时（1610s）法语和英语的ch已经分道扬镳不再是[kh]，法语ch=英语sh、两者的音值都是[ʃ]；此时英语的ch已经有一部分变成[ʧ]了。12、chicanery/ʃI'keInərI/'（以政治、金融或法律为目的的）诡计；欺诈’词源：late 16th cent.： from French chicanerie, from chicaner'to quibble'（see CHICANE）.《培根词汇》chicanery (n.):c. 1610s, "legal quibbling, sophistry, mean or petty tricks,"from French chicanerie "trickery," from chicaner "to pettifog, quibble"(15c.), which is of unknown origin, perhaps from Middle Low German schikken "to arrange, bring about," or from the name of a golf-like game once played in Languedoc.13、chigoe/'ʧIgəʊ/（读如'吉狗’）'同chigger（义项1）’词源：mid 17th cent.： from French chique, from a West African language.14、chagrin/ˈʃægrɪn/“（因失败或被羞辱而）恼怒, 懊恼, 懊丧”词源：mid 17th cent.（in the sense 'melancholy'）： from French chagrin（noun）， literally 'rough skin， shagreen'，chagriner（verb），of unknown origin.《培根词汇》：1650s, "melancholy," from French chagrin "melancholy, anxiety, vexation" (14c.), from Old North French chagreiner or Angevin dialect chagraigner "sadden," which is of unknown origin15、Chablis/'ʃæbli:/'沙布利酒’ 《培根词汇》：light, white Burgundy wine, 1660s, named for town of Chablis southeast of Paris. Made only of Chardonnay grapes. The French word chablis (16c.) is literally "deadwood," fallen from a tree through age or brought down by wind, short for bois chablis, from Old French *chableiz.16、Champers/'ʃæmpəz/'<非正式，主英>同Champagane’ Champagane/ʃæm'peIn/（读如'香配n’ ， 百度翻译译作'香槟’英[ʃæm'peIn]读如'香配n’ 、美[ʃæm'peIn]读如'香品讷’； “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʃæm'peIn]读如'香配n’ 、美音[ʃæm'pen]读如'香品’）'香槟酒’ 《培根词汇》Champagane (n.):effervescent wine, 1660s, from French, short for vin de Champagne "wine made in Champagne," the former province in northeast France, literally "open country" (see campaign (n.)). 17、cheroot/ʃə'ru:t/词源：late 17th cent.： from French cheroute, from Tamil curuṭṭu 'roll of tobacco'. 《培根词汇》:"cigar," 1670s, probably from Portuguese charuto "cigar," from Tamil (Dravidian) curuttu "roll" (of tobacco), from curul "to roll." Originally a cigar from southern India or Manila in the Philippines; later a cigar of a certain shape.18、chicane/ʃI'keIn/词源：late 17th cent. （in the senses'chicanery’and 'use chicanery'）： from French chicane（noun）, chicaner（verb）'quibble'， of unknown origin.《培根词汇》chicane (n.):a word used in English in various senses,including "act of chicanery, art of gaining advantage by using evasions or cheating tricks" (1670s), also "obstacles on a roadway" (1955), also a term in bridge (1880s), apparently all ultimately from an archaic verb chicane "to trick" (1670s), from French chicane "trickery" (16c.), from chicaner "to pettifog, quibble" (15c., see chicanery).19、chaise/ʃeIz/：from French,variant of chaire(see chair)。《培根词汇》：1701, "pleasure carriage," from French chaise“chair”（15c.）, dialectal variant of chaire (see chair (n.)) chair/tʃeə(r)/“1.椅子。2.会议主持人; 会长; 主席（用作中性词, 替代 chairman 或 chairwoman）。3.教授职位。4.主英 （铁路）轨座。”词源：Middle English： from Old French chaiere（modern chaire 'bishop's throne， etc. '， chaise 'chair'）， from Latin cathedra 'seat'， from Greek kathedra. Compare with CATHEDRAL.《培根词汇》chair (n.):"a seat with a back, intended for one person," early 13c., chaere, from Old French chaiere "chair, seat, throne" (12c.; Modern French chaire "pulpit, throne;" the more modest sense having gone since 16c. with variant form chaise), from Latin cathedra "seat" (see cathedral).拉丁语cathedra>古法语 chaiere>中古英语chaere（early 13c.）>现代英语chair，拉丁语c[k]>古法语 ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]（early 13c.）>现代英语ch[tʃ]。20、chez/ʃeI/词源：mid 18th cent.:French,from Old French chiese,from Latin casa'cottage’.《培根词汇》chez(prep.)1740, from French chez "at the house of," from Old French chiese "house" (12c.), from Latin casa "house." Used with French personal names, meaning "house of _____."21、chiffon/'ʃIfɒn/'雪纺绸，薄绸；薄尼龙’词源：mid 18th cent. （originally plural， denoting trimmings or ornaments on a woman's dress）： from French， from chiffe 'rag'. 《培根词汇》chiffon (n.): 1765, "feminine finery, something used by women purely for adornment," from French chiffon (17c.), diminutive of chiffe "a rag, piece of cloth" (17c.), which is of unknown origin, perhaps a variant of English chip (n.1) or one of its Germanic cousins. 22、Cheyenne/ʃaI'æn/'夏延人；夏延语’词源：Canadian French， from Dakota šahíyena, from šaia 'speak incoherently'， from ša 'red' ya 'speak'. 《培根词汇》Cheyenne (n.):native American people of the Great Plains or their (Algonquian) language, 1778, from French Canadian, from Dakota Sahi'yena, a diminutive of Sahi'ya, a Dakotan name for the Cree people.23、chateau/'ʃætəʊ/“法国庄园; 城堡（常以其命名邻近地区出产的葡萄酒）”词源：mid 18th cent.： French， from Old French chastel（see CASTLE）.《培根词汇》chateau (n.):"large stately residence in the country, manor-house," c. 1739,from French château, from Old French chastel (12c.), from Latin castellum "castle" (see castle (n.)).拉丁语 castellum>古法语chastel (12c.)>法语château>现代英语chateau，拉丁语 c[k]>古法语ch[kh] (12c.)>法语ch[ʃ]=现代英语ch[ʃ]。castle/ˈkɑːsl/“城堡, 堡垒。”词源：late Old English：from Anglo-Norman French and Old Northern French castel, from Latincastellum, diminutive of castrum 'fort'.《培根词汇》castle (n.):late Old English castel "village" (this sense from a biblical usage in Vulgar Latin); later "large building or series of connected buildings fortified for defense, fortress, stronghold" (late Old English), in this sense from Old North French castel (Old French chastel, 12c.; Modern French château), from Latin castellum "a castle, fort, citadel, stronghold; fortified village," diminutive of castrum "fort," from Proto-Italic *kastro- "part, share;" cognate with Old Irish cather, Welsh caer "town" (probably related to castrare via notion of "cut off," from PIE root *kes-"to cut"). In early bibles, castle was used to translate Greek kome "village."24、Chenille/ʃə'ni:l/词源：mid 18th cent.： from French， literally 'hairy caterpillar'， from Latin canicula 'small dog'， diminutive of canis.25、chevrotain/'ʃevrəteIn/'鼷鹿’词源：late 18th cent.： from French， diminutive of Old French chevrot, diminutive of chèvre 'goat'.26、chiffonier/ˌʃIfə'nIə(r)/'<英>餐具柜，书柜’词源：mid 18th cent.： from French chiffonnier, chiffonnière, literally'ragpicker’， also denoting a chest of drawers for odds and ends.《培根词汇》chiffonier (n.): "small cabinet with drawers for women's needlework,cloth, etc.," 1806, from French chiffonnier, a transferred use, literally "rag gatherer," from chiffon, diminutive of chiffe "rag, piece of cloth, scrap, flimsy stuff" (see chiffon). 《培根词汇》chiffon (n.):1765, "feminine finery, something used bywomen purely for adornment," from French chiffon (17c.), diminutive of chiffe "a rag, piece of cloth" (17c.), which is of unknown origin, perhaps a variant of English chip (n.1) or one of its Germanic cousins. Klein suggests Arabic. 27、chignon/'ʃi:njɒŋ/'发髻’词源：late 18th cent.：from French， originally 'nape of the neck'，based on Latin catena'chain'. 《培根词汇》chignon (n.): late 18th cent.： from French，originally 'nape of the neck'， based on Latin catena 'chain'.28、charade/ʃə'rɑ:d/词源：late 18th cent.： from French，from modern Provençal charrado 'conversation'， from charra'chatter’， perhaps of imitative origin. 《培根词汇》charade (n.):1776, from French charade (18c.), probably from Provençal charrado "long talk, chatter," which is of obscure origin, perhaps from charrar "to chatter, gossip," of echoic origin. Compare Italian ciarlare, Spanish charlar "to talk, prattle." The thing itself was originally a verse word-play based on enigmatic descriptions of the words orsyllables according to particular rules. 29、chalet/'ʃæleI/：late 18th cent.:from Swiss French,diminutive of Old French chasel'farmstead’，based on Latin casa'hut,cottage’ 《培根词汇》：1782, from Swiss-French chalet"herdsman's hut,Alpine cottage," probably a diminutive of Old French chasel "farmhouse, house, abode, hut," perhaps from Vulgar Latin *casalis "belonging to a house," from Latin casa "house;" or from Old Provençal cala "small shelter for ships," from a pre-Latin language [Barnhart].30、chasseur/ʃæ'sɜ(r)/'<史>（尤指法军）猎兵；轻步兵’词源：mid 18th cent.:French,from chaser'to chase’. 《培根词汇》：mobile foot- soldier, 1796, French, literally "huntsman," from Old French chaceor "huntsman, hunter," from chacier "to chase" (see chase (v.)).31、chut/ʧʌt/（读如'掐特’，百度翻译chut'斜槽’读如'掐特’）'<主西印度>[表示不耐烦、吃惊]啧！咄！’词源：early 19th cent.：imitative; compare with French chut, used as a warning to be silent.32、chemisette/ˌʃemi:'zet/'女背心式内衣’词源：early 19th cent.： French， diminutive of chemise.33、chevet/ʃə'veI/词源：early 19th cent.： from French，literally'pillow'，from Latin capitium, from caput 'head'.  34、challis/ˈʃælɪs/“丝毛轻软织物。”词源：mid 19th cent.：origin uncertain; perhaps from the surname Challis.《培根词汇》challis(n.):type of fine fabric for ladies' dresses, 1840, of unknown origin, perhaps from the surname. Said to have been first manufactured at Norwich c. 1832.35、Chicago/ʃI'kɑ:gəʊ/（读如'席喀苟’）'芝加哥（伊利诺伊州城市，临密歇根湖）’ 《培根词汇》Chicago (n.):town founded in 1833, named from a Canadian French form of an Algonquian word, either Fox /sheka:ko:heki/ "place of the wild onion," or Ojibwa shika:konk "at the skunk place" (sometimes rendered "place of the bad smell"). The Ojibwa "skunk" word is distantly related to the New England Algonquian word that yielded Modern English skunk (n.). 36、chef/ʃef/（读如'xaif’， 百度翻译译作'厨师’ 英 [ʃef]读如'xaif’ 、美音[ʃef]读如'xaif’； “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʃef]读如'xaif’ 、美音[ʃɛf]读如'夏f’）'厨师；主厨’词源：early 19th cent.:French,literally'head’. 《培根词汇》："head cook," 1842, from French chef, short for chef de cuisine, literally "head of the kitchen," from Old French chief "leader, ruler, head" (see chief (n.)).拉丁语caput'head，头’>通俗拉丁语*capum>古法语chief（10c）>诺曼法语chef>现代英语chef（1842），拉丁语c[k]=通俗拉丁语c[k]>古法语ch[kh]（10c）>法语ch[ʃ]=现代英语ch[ʃ]（1842）chief/tʃiːf/“n.1.（民族, 部落）首领; 酋长。（机构）最高长官。2.【纹章】上段（盾徽顶部的宽横带）。adj.主要的, 首要的。”词源：Middle English： from Old French chief, chef, based on Latin caput 'head'.《培根词汇》chief(adj.):c. 1300, "highest in rank or power; most important or prominent; supreme, best, placed above the rest," from Old French chief "chief, principal, first" (10c., Modern French chef), from Vulgar Latin *capum (also source of Spanish and Portuguese cabo, Italian capo, Provençal cap), from Latin caput "head," also "leader, guide, chief person; summit; capital city" (from PIE root *kaput- "head").《培根词汇》chief(n.):c. 1300, "head, leader, captain; the principal or most important part of anything;" from Old French chief "leader, ruler, head" of something, "capital city" (10c., Modern French chef), from Vulgar Latin *capum, from Latin caput "head," also "leader, chief person; summit; capital city" (from PIE root *kaput- "head"). 拉丁语caput'head，头’>通俗拉丁语*capum>古法语chief（10c）>诺曼法语chef >中古英语chēf'chief，带头人’（c. 1300）>现代英语chief，拉丁语c[k]=通俗拉丁语c[k]>古法语ch[kh]（10c）=诺曼法语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]（c. 1300）>现代英语ch[tʃ]。37、chiffonade/ˌʃIfə'nɑ:d/'（撒于汤上作装饰的）菜末’词源：French， from chiffonner 'to crumple'.《培根词汇》chiffonade (n.):also chiffonnade, food preparation technique, 1847, from French chiffonade, from chiffon (see chiffon) -ade.38、chic/ʃi:k/'优雅时髦的，时髦漂亮的’词源：mid 19th cent.： from French， probably from German Schick 'skill'.《培根词汇》chic (n.): 1856, "style in fine art, artistic skill, faculty of producing excellence rapidly and easily," from French chic“stylishness(19c.), originally "subtlety" (16c.), which is of unknown origin. Perhaps [Klein] it is related to German Schick, Geschick "tact, skill, aptness," from Middle Low German schikken "arrange appropriately," or Middle High German schicken "to arrange, set in order." Or perhaps it is from French chicane, from chicanerie "trickery" (see chicanery).39、chasse/ʃɑ:s/“（喝完一种饮品后再喝的）换口味饮料（尤指喝咖啡后喝的甜酒）。”词源：French， abbreviation of chasse-café, literally 'chase-coffee'.《培根词汇》：French chassé "chase, chasing," past participle of chasser "to chase, hunt" (see chase (v.)), borrowed 19c. into English in a variety of senses and expressions, such as "chaser" (in the drinking sense), short for chasse-café, literally "coffee-chaser." Also as a dance step (1867).40、chassé/ʃɑ:'seI/“沙塞（芭蕾舞步）, 滑步。”词源：French， literally 'chased'.41、Chellean/'ʃelIən/词源：late 19th cent.：from French Chelléen, from Chelles, near Paris， where tools from this period were discovered.42、chypre/'ʃi:prə/'西普香水（由檀香木制得）’词源：late 19th cent.： from French, literally 'Cyprus', perhaps where it was first made.43、Chopin/'ʃəʊpæŋ/（读如'肖彭’）'Chopin,Frédéric（François)（1810-49).肖邦，费雷德里克（·弗朗索瓦）（波兰出生的法国作曲家、钢琴家；波兰语名，弗里德里克·弗朗齐歇克·索彭Fryderyk Franciszek Szopen）’44、Charcot/（读如'巧客茨’， 百度翻译译作'夏科特’读如'恰渴老特’。）'ʃɑ:kəʊ,<法>ʃaʀko/'Charcot,Jean-Martin(1825-93).夏尔科，让-马丁，法国神经病学家’45、Chanel/ʃɑ:'nel/：Chanel,Coco(1883-1971)，夏内尔，可可，法国女装设计师。当代译作'香奈儿’。46、 Chagall/ʃɑ:'gɑ:l/（读如'夏搞’）'夏加尔, 马克（1887-1985, 生于俄国的法国画家, 书刊装帧设计家, 作品以运用浓郁而感情强烈的色彩和梦幻意象为特点, 对超现实主义有重大影响）。47、Chevalier/ʃe'vælIeI/'谢瓦利埃，莫里斯（1888-1972，法国歌手、演员）’48、chassis/'ʃæsI/词源：early 20th cent.： from French chassis'frame’， based on Latin capsa 'box'（see CASE2）.《培根词汇》chassis (n.): "base frame of an automobile,"1903, American English; earlier "sliding frame or carriage- base for a large gun" (1869), "window frame" (1660s), from French châssis "frame," Old French chassiz (13c.) "frame, framework, setting," from chasse "case, box, eye socket, snail's shell, setting (of a jewel)," from Latin capsa "box, case" (see case (n.2)) French –is, collective suffix for a number of parts taken together. Compare sash (n.2).’49、chambré/'ʃɒmbreI/'（红葡萄酒）在室温下的’:1950s：French， past participle of chambrer 'bring to room temperature'， from chambre 'room'（see CHAMBER）.                50、chèvre/'ʃevrə/词源：1960s： French， literally 'goat，she-goat'， from Latin caper.51、chaîné/ʃeI'neI/读如'恰内’[chaine“听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 [ʧeIn]读如'qiai嗯’ 、美音[ʧeIn]读如'醒日’]'【芭蕾】希奈（作直线运动时一连串从一足到另一足的快速交替动作）。’52、choucroute/ʃu:'kru:t/'泡茶；酸泡茶’词源：French，from German dialect Surkrut 'sauerkraut'， influenced by French chou 'cabbage'.53、Chabrol/ʃæ'brɒl,<法>ʃabʀɔl/（读如'恰不’ ， 百度翻译译作'沙布洛尔’读如'夏布罗’）'夏布罗尔’ 54、Chambéry/'ʃɒnbrI，<法>ʃãbeʀi/（读如'抢贝瑞’）'尚贝里（法国东部城镇）’55、Chaumes/ʃəʊm/（读如'撬望梅似’）' 修曼奶酪（一种带有橘黄色脆皮, 有浓重奶油味的法国奶酪）。’。56、Chamonix/（读如'夏莫讷’ ， 百度翻译译作'夏蒙尼’美[ʧæmənIks]读如'谢莫讷ks’）'ʃæmɒni:，<法>ʃamɔni/'沙莫尼（勃朗峰脚下滑雪胜地，位于法国东部阿尔卑斯山）’。57、Charente/ʃæ'rɒnt,<法>ʃaʀãt/（读如'xiai软台’ ， 百度翻译译作'查伦特’读如'卡润特’）'夏朗德河’58、Chartres/ʃɑ:'trə,<法>ʃaʀtʀ/（读如'恰特儿似’ ， 百度翻译译作'沙特尔’美['ʧɑrtriz]读如'恰翠似’）'沙特尔’59、Cher/ʃeə(r)/（读如'起儿’，百度翻译译作'雪儿’ 英 [ʃɜ:]读如'泄儿’ 、美音[ʃer]读如'喜儿’）'谢尔河（位于法国中部，发源于中央高原）’60、Cherbourg/'ʃeəbʊəg/'瑟堡（法国北部诺曼底地区一海港，海军基地）’61、Chirac/'ʃIəræk,<法>ʃiʀak/'希拉克’。 英语中将ch读作[ʃ]的单词仅有个别出自非法语的其它语言：1、chaap/ʃɑːp/ （亦作chhaap）“<印度>（证明许可证等文件合法性的）官印; 戳记。”词源：from Hindi chāp 'stamp， brand'.2、Chaka/ˈʃækə/“同 SHAKA.”Shaka/ˈʃækə/（亦作Chaka） “恰卡（约1787-1828, 祖鲁人首领[1816-1828]; 他重组队伍, 向恩古尼部落发动战争, 将其征服, 并在非洲东南部建立了祖鲁帝国）。” 源自法语，读音却是[tʃ]之ch-有：1、chamber/ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/“1.（正式或公共活动使用的）大厅。2.封闭的空间; 空穴。3.【乐】小规模的, 室内的。”词源：Middle English（in the sense 'private room'）： from Old French chambre,from Latin camera 'vault， arched chamber'， from Greek kamara 'object with an arched cover'. 《培根词汇》chamber (n.):c. 1200, "a room in a house," usually a private one, from Old French chambre "room, chamber, apartment" (11c.), from Late Latin camera "a chamber, room" (see camera). 中古英语的ch读音为[kh], chamber的读音/ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/，是按英语语音演变而来的读音，即有：ch[kh]＞[tʃ],a[a]＞a[eɪ],er＞[ə(r)]。2、chimpanzee/ˌʧImpən'zi:/'黑猩猩’读如'清胖惹’词源：mid 18th cent.： from French chimpanzé from Kikongo.《培根词汇》chimpanzee (n.): large type of West African ape, 1738, from a Bantu language of Angola (compare Tshiluba kivili-chimpenze "ape").3、Chanute/ʧə'nu:t/（读如'恰尼尤特’， 百度翻译读如'提纽特’/'切讷特’）'夏尼特，奥科塔夫（1832-1910.法国出生的美国航空先驱’4、chibouk/ʧI'bu:/（亦作chibouque）（读如'奇布克’）'土耳其长烟管’词源：early 19th cent.： French chibouque, from Turkish çubuk, literally 'tube'.5、chocolatier/ˌʧɒkə'lætIə(r),<法>ʃɔkɔlatje/'巧克力制造商；巧克力销售商’词源：late 19th cent.:French.《培根词汇》"maker of chocolate confections," 1865, from French; see chocolate -ier. The native term was chocolate-dealer.对大众化的单词，大众按英语自己的发音来读。对小众的单词（如科学术语、行业用词、上层社会的专用品、奢侈品），精英们或专业人士为了保持与大众的区别有意选择按科学语言（拉丁语）或时髦语言（如法语）里的发音来读。6、 Chevy/'ʧevI/（亦作Chevvy）（读如'切为’ ， 百度翻译译作'香槟’英['ʧɛvi]读如'霞为’ 、美['ʧɛvi]读如'霞槟’； “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['ʧevI]读如'掐为’ 、美音['ʧevI]读如'霞槟’）'<非正式>雪佛兰牌小汽车’。百度翻译chevrolet'雪佛兰’美[ˌʃɛvrə'leI]读如'霞飞来n’路易斯·雪佛兰Louis Chevrolet。大众化了的读音抹去了2-6例中法语的特征（ch读[ʃ]）而代之以本土化的读音ch[ʧ]。                         来自德语、意第绪语之ch的读音高地德语音变大约发生在公元八世纪。音变从德国南部山区开始，向北延伸，直至北部低地边缘。在这次音变中，前期日耳曼语t＞高地德语ts（拼写为z；在元音后＞ss）；例如，英语tongue，高地德语Zunge，英语water，高地德语Wasser。前期日耳曼语k（在元音后）＞高地德语ch；例如，英语break，高地德语brechen。这一时期并未出现c＞高地德语ts。德语将c读作[ts]显然是受到传教士汉语拼音方案（利玛窦《西字奇迹》、金尼阁《西儒耳目资》）以ç表示精[ts]母的影响。“最接近中断现象的，是从东到西，有一大束同语线：线北的人有p、t、k音，如在hope、bite、make这些词里；线南的人把这些音发成f、s、kh，如标准德语里的hoffen、beiszen、machen。北方式的言语叫做低德语，南方式的叫做高德语 有各种证据说明，南部德语这样分化出来，是由于公元五至六世纪在南部产生了一些变化。”（《语言论》第63-64页）线南的人的发音kh即是高地德语ch的读音。“柏林周围，'作’和另外许多词构成的同语线向北转，因而人们说[ik]'我’带有未转变的[k]，可是说['maxen]'作’把[k]变成了[x]了；另一方面，到了西面'我’的同语线转向西北，因而迪塞尔多夫市周围人们说[ix]'我’改变了辅音，可是说['ma:ken]'作’保存了原来的[k]。”（《语言论》第427页）德语'我’写作ich，'作’写作machen；这两个单词中的k在低地德语中保持不变、并未音转为ch[kh]。“德语ich[iç]'我’，ach[ax]'噢’”（《语言论》 第118）ch[kh]音转为[k]、h[x]、[ç]。高地德语音变后产生的ch同中古英语的ch完全相同，两者的读音都是[kh]；高地德语音变后形成的ich=中古英语ich=[ikh]。“（ⅳ）古英语非重读音节中的词尾辅音-ċ[ʧ]在晚期中古英语里消失了，例如，古英语cӯmlīċ'comely，秀丽的’＞中古英语comly,cumli'comely’。古英语第一人称单数、主格代词iċ'I’＞中古英语ich＞晚期中古英语i或y。”（李赋宁《英语史》第127页）古英语没有ċ[ʧ]，古英语c的读音全部都是[k]。“第一人称单数代词，在中古英语里，重读形式为ich（十三世纪以前为ic＜古英语iċ），非重读形式为i（乔叟极少用ich形式，他用i既作为非重读形式，也作为重读形式）。”这个时期的ich和高地德语音变后的ich读音相同，都是[ikh]。古英语的第一人称主格单数ic[ik],在中古英语里作ich[ikh], ik,i（尾音c[k]脱落）；三个形式竞争的结果是最简单的I取得最后的胜利。高地德语音变后形成的ich[ikh]经ich[ikh] ＞ih[ix]＞[iç]而变成现代德语的ich[iç]。c[k] 音变为ch[kh]不仅存在于高地德语音变和古英语c[k] ＞中古英语ch[kh]中，而且亦存在拉丁语c[k]向法语ch[kh]的音转。古法语duc'duke，leader，公爵，大公，领袖’（＜拉丁dux'leader，领袖’）＞中古英语duk[dju:k]。《培根词汇》duke (n.)：early 12c., "a sovereign prince," from Old French duc (12c.)and directly from Latin dux (genitive ducis) "leader, commander," in Late Latin "governor of a province," from ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." It is thus related to the second element inGerman Herzog "duke," Old English heretoga.拉丁语dux＞古法语duc (12c.)＞中古英语duk（early 12c.）＞现代英语duke，拉丁语-x[ks]＞古法语-c[k] (12c.)=中古英语-[k]（early 12c.）=现代英语-[k]。duchess/ˈdʌtʃɪs/（读如'达齐是’，百度翻译 ['dʌʧəs]读如'达切是’）“公爵夫人”词源：late Middle English：via Old French from medieval Latin ducissa, from Latin dux, duc-（see DUKE）. 《培根词汇》duchess (n.)：female sovereign of a duchy; consort or widow of a duke," c. 1300, from Old French duchesse, from Late Latin or Medieval Latin ducissa, fem. of dux "duke" (see duke (n.)). Often spelled dutchess until early 19c. (as in Dutchess County, New York, U.S.).拉丁语dux＞晚期或中世纪拉丁语duciss＞古法语duchesse＞中古英语duchesse（c. 1300）＞现代英语duchess，拉丁语x[ks]＞晚期或中世纪拉丁语ciss[kis]＞古法语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh]（c. 1300）＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。duchy/ˈdʌtʃɪ/“公爵领地。”词源：Middle English： from OldFrench duche, from medieval Latin ducatus, from Latin dux, duc-（see DUKE）. 《培根词汇》duchy (n.)：mid-14c., "territory ruled by a duke or duchess," from Old Frenchduché (12c.), from Medieval Latin ducatus "territory of a duke," from Latin dux "leader" (see duke (n.)).拉丁语dux＞中世纪拉丁语ducatus＞古法语duché (12c.)＞中古英语duche＞现代英语duchy，拉丁语x[ks]＞中世纪拉丁语c [k]＞古法语ch[kh] (12c.)=中古英语ch[kh]＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。 古英语c[k]在前元音前音转为ch[kh]与前期日耳曼语k（在元音后）音转为高地德语ch[kh]是相同的音变，不同的仅仅是音变条件有所不同（英语发生在前元音之前，高地德语发生在元音之后）。李赋宁 称“日耳曼语辅音k，当后面紧跟着一个腭元音时，＞古英语腭音化辅音ċ[ʧ]（中古英语拼写为ch）；日耳曼语辅音k，在上述情况下，＞古诺斯语k（中古英语拼写为k），因此中古英语kirke'church,教会’来自古诺斯语kirkja，而中古英语chireche'church’则来自古英语ċiriċe。又例如，中古英语ketel'kettle，水壶’来自古诺斯语ketill，而中古英语chetel'kettle’来自古英语ċietel,ċetel。”（《英语史》第189页）古英语没有ċ[ʧ]，古英语之c全部读为[k]；中古英语ch亦不是[ʧ] 而是[kh]。古英语只有cirice[kirike]而无ċiriċe，只有cietel[kietel]、cetel[ketel]而无ċietel、ċetel。由于古英语中位于前元音前的c到了中古英语要么改写为k（中古英语时期，位于前元音的c已经音转为s）、要么音转为ch[kh]，因此，中古英语的chireche'church’、 kirke'church,教会’都可视为出自古英语cirice[kirike]；中古英语chetel'kettle’、 ketel'kettle，水壶’都可视为出自古英语cetel[ketel]。现代德语字母组合ch在元音a,o,u,au后面都读h[x]；在其它元音（e、i、ä、ö、ü）后面读[ç]（如frech,rechts,Echo;nicht,richtig,weich;lächeln,mächtig,Fläche;Löcher, köcheln,Köher;Bücher,tüchtig,süchtig）；在ch s（如Büchse,Lachs,Sachsen,sechs,wachsen,wechseln）和个别外来词（如chemie、chance、chaos、charakter）中读[k]。Chemnitz/'kemnIts/（读如'凯麦茨’， 百度翻译译作'切姆尼茨’读如'歇买茨’ ， “听力课堂·在线翻译”英音 ['kemnIts]读如'堪麦茨’ 、美音['kɛmnIts]读如'堪买茨’）'开姆尼茨（德国东部工业城市，临开姆尼斯河）’这个单词的ch读[k]。Bochum/ 'bəʊhəm/'波鸿（德国工业城市，位于北莱茵-威斯特伐利亚州鲁尔谷地）’读如'波静’ ，百度翻译译作'波鸿’读如'波庆’。 这个单词的ch读[h]。 意第绪语字母Ches、Chof的发音都是[x]，因此，英语中源自意第绪语的字母组合ch大多读为[h]。1、Chasid/'hæsId/同Hasid/'hæsId/'（犹太教）哈西德教徒’：from Hebrew ḥāsīd'pious’ 《培根词汇》Hasidim:also Chasidim, "adherents of a conservative Jewish religious movement founded 1750 by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer Baal Shem Tobh," 1812, from Hebrew hasidhim, literally "pious ones," plural of hasidh "kind, pious." Earlier the Hebrew word was used in reference to an anti-Hellenistic faction during the time of the Maccabean Wars.2、Chacham/'kɑ:kəm/（读如'恰静’）同Haham/'hɑ:həm/（读如'哈恒’） '西班牙系犹太人的精神领袖；精通犹太律法的人’词源：from Hebrew ḥāḳām'wise’    3、challah/'hɑ:lə/：1920s,from Hebrew hallah. 《培根词汇》:type of bread, usually braided, typically eaten on Jewish ceremonial occasions, 1887, from Yiddish khale, from Hebrew chala, which is possibly from hll "hollow, pierce," and perhaps is a reference to the original appearance of it.4、chometz/'hɔ:'mets/'同chametz’读如'巧麦茨’5、chametz/'hɑ:'mets/ '【犹太教】（逾越节期间禁食的）发酵剂（或发酵食品）’读如'蛤买茨’。词源：mid 19th cent.： from Hebrew hāmēs.6、Chassid/'hæsId/ '同Hasid’。 Hasid/'hæsId/（读如'哈瑟德’）'（犹太教）哈西德教徒’7、chuppah/'hʊpə/（读如'吼伯ə’） '（犹太教举行婚礼用的）天篷’词源：late 19th cent.： from Hebrew huppāh 'cover, canopy'.8、chutzpah/'hʊtspə/ （读如'吼茨把’）'<非正式>肆无忌惮；厚脸皮，厚颜无耻’词源：late 19th cent.： Yiddish, from Aramaicḥuṣpā. 源自意第绪语的ch亦可读[ʧ]，如：cholent/ˈtʃɒlənt/“蔬菜烤肉拼盘（犹太教徒安息日以文火烘焙的肉及蔬菜, 周五开始过夜烤制）。”词源：from Yiddish tsholnt. 源自希伯来语语的ch有些也读[ʧ]，如：cherub/ˈtʃerəb/“天使（圣经中侍奉上帝的生有翅膀的天使, 古代中东艺术中表现为人脸鹰翅的狮子或公牛, 传统基督教天使学中被奉为九级天使中的第二级）。”词源：Old Englishcherubin, ultimately（via Latin and Greek）from Hebrew kěrūḇ，plural kěrūḇīm. A rabbinic folk etymology， which explains the Hebrew singular form as representing Aramaic kē-raḇyā 'like a child'，led to the representation of the cherub as a child.《培根词汇》cherub(n.)：late 14c. as an order of angels, from Late Latin cherub, from Greek cheroub, from Hebrew kerubh (plural kerubhim) "winged angel," which according to Klein is perhaps related to Akkadian karubu "to bless," karibu "one who blesses," an epithet of the bull-colossus. Old English had cerubin, from the Greek plural. 希伯来语kerubh＞希腊语kheroub＞晚期拉丁语cherub＞中古英语cherub(late 14c)＞现代英语cherub，希伯来语k＞希腊语kh=晚期拉丁语ch[kh]=中古英语ch[kh](late 14c)＞现代英语ch[ʧ]。古英语无ch[kh]，故拉丁语ch=希腊语kh在古英语中变作c[k]。 源自希伯来语语的ch有些读[k]，如：1、chesed/'kesəd/（读如'瞎瑟特’）'【犹太教】仁爱，慈爱’词源：Hebrew ḥesed'grace,loveing-kindness’.2、Chesvan/'kesvən/（读如'qiai似芬’）'同Hesvan’ Hesvan/'hesvən/（亦作Chesvan,Heshvan）（读如'赫似芬’， 百度翻译译作'赫斯万’读如'赫似本’。）'赫舍汪月（犹太国历2月，犹太教历8月，通常在公历10月至11月间）’词源：from Hebrew hešwān.  来自意大利语之ch的读音1、Cherubini/ˌkerʊbi:ni:/“Cherubini，(Maria)Luigi(Carlo Zenobio Salvatore)(1760-1842)凯鲁比尼，（马里亚·）路易吉（·卡洛·泽诺比奥·萨尔瓦托雷），意大利作曲家。”2、Chianti/kI'æntI/'（产于托斯卡纳区的）意大利干红葡萄酒，意大利基昂蒂葡萄酒’词源：named after the Chianti Mountains， Italy.《培根词汇》Chianti(n.):also Chiante, kind of dry red wine, 1833, from Chianti Mountains of Tuscany, where the wine was made. "[L]oosely applied to various inferior Italian wines" [OED].3、Chirico/'ki:rIkəʊ/（读如'切瑞扣’， 百度翻译译作'基里柯’读如'克伟苟’）'Chirico,Giorgio de(1888-1978)希里科，乔吉奥·德（出生希腊的意大利画家）’4、Chianina/ˌkIə'ni:nə/（读如'乔安讷’， 百度翻译译作'契安尼娜’读如'qiai讷娜’）'大白牛’词源：from Italian.  5、chitarrone/ˌkItə'rəʊnI/'西塔隆琴’词源：Italian， literally 'large guitar'.来自意大利语的ch读为[k]，当是受到拉丁语ch[kh=kʻ>k]音变影响所致。 ch[k]的来源除了上面源自意大利语、德语、希伯来语的ch-可读[k]外，还有其它语源的ch-读作[k]。英语中源自现代拉丁语的ch-（绝大多数出自希腊语kh）皆读作[k]。一、chi的读音1、希腊字母表中第二十二个字母Χχ（译写为kh或ch）的读音。chi/kaI/（读如'凯’）'noun. 希腊字母表中第二十二个字母（译写为kh或ch）。’希腊字母Χχ[kaI]，拉丁字母转写为kh,ch，发音为[x,ç]。百度“24个希腊字母的正确发音'超清版’”标音xi、hee读音'喜’，“领读24个希腊字母读音”读为'凯’，“希腊字母读音”标音为chi读为'凯’， “希腊字母的读音教学”读为'c’， “二十四个希腊字母的读法与写法”读为'凯’， “希腊字母的正确发音”读为'c’ ， “现代希腊语-零基础轻松学-第一课24个希腊字母的读法”标音hee读为'喜’， “希腊字母发音详解”读为'嘿’。《培根词汇》chi(n.)：22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, representing a -kh- sound (see ch). The letter is shaped like an X,and so the Greek letter name was used figuratively to signify such a shape or arrangement (as in khiasma "two things placed crosswise;" khiastos "arranged diagonally; marked with an X;" khiazein "to mark with an 'X', to write the letter 'X'"). Some dialects used chi to represent the -ks- sound properly belonging to xi; Latin picked this up and the sound value of chi in Latin- derived alphabets is now that of English X. 《培根词汇》ch：digraph used in Old French for the "tsh" sound. In some French dialects, including that of Paris (but not that of Picardy), Latin ca- became French "tsha." This was introduced to English after the Norman Conquest, in words borrowed from Old French such as chaste, charity, chief (adj.). Under French influence, -ch- also was inserted into Anglo- Saxon words that had the same sound (such as bleach,chest, church) which in Old English still was written with a simple -c-, and into those that had formerly been spelled with a -c- and pronounced "k" such as chin and much. 利玛窦《西字奇迹》（1605年）、金尼阁《西儒耳目资》 （1626年）中的ch表示的是[tʂ] 。古法语之c的发音为[k]、[s]（在元音e、i前） ，并不具有梵语c的读音[ts] （c[k] ＞[ts]音转亦在前斯拉夫语中发生） ，古法语双字母组合ch具有kh=kʻ、sh=sʻ两个读音。希腊语第22个字母Χχ[kaI] 译写为kh或ch[kh]，kh=kʻ（k的送气音）这个发音是希腊语第22个字母Χχ的本来音值。kh=kʻ（k的送气音）在现代西方语言中均已发生音转而完全消失，ch[kh=kʻ]＞k（现代拉丁语、德语）、h（即希腊语、德语之[x]）＞[ʃ]（即法语之ch、德语、希腊语之[ç]、汉语之x[ɕ]）；ch[kh=kʻ]＞英语ch[ʧ]，相当于金尼阁之kͨi=çͨi=[tɕʻi]（实即[ʧi]）。Χχ chi/khi:/ c在古代拉丁语里的读音总是为/k/，/kh/为送气音。刘小枫编修《凯若斯 古希腊语文教程 上册》“古希腊文字母表”大写Χ 小写χ 拉丁字母写法ch（发'克’的声母音）。西部把X读作ks，东部则读作kh。B·A·伊斯特林著《文字的产生和发展》第333页“第95图 希腊字母表的起源和发展”x的音值为kc[ks]/kh。在伊特拉斯坎语和拉丁语中字母x的音值是kc[ks]。在基里尔和格拉戈尔字母中x的音值是x。罗念生、水建馥编《古希腊语汉语词典》（商务印书馆，2005年·北京）正楷Χ 小楷χ 国际音标[sai][zai] 发音（国际音标）ks、kh，拉丁字母ch。x[ks]分解为[k]、[s]导致x在西班牙语中的音值变成[s]，造成西班牙语sa se si so su=za ze zi zo zu=xa xe xi xo xu。chi/ki:/'noun 气（代表流动的生命力，中国哲学和中医理论的重要基础）。’词源：from Chinese qì，literally'air,breath’.路易·巴赞《突厥历法研究》第383页：用于指“气”的古典回鹘文词汇是kut 。第385页：中气kunči（出自čunki，字母换位） 节气tsirki或sirki。“气”被对译成突厥语ki。氣（溪微）khɯds（去既）、（晓微）qhɯds（许既），中古汉语kʻuis、huis，金尼阁kͨí，威妥玛chʻi4，越南语khí；龙果夫：古汉语kʻjḙi、古官话kʻi、八思巴字kʻi[ʧʻi]。刘迎胜《<回回馆杂字>与<回回馆译语>研究》39.hawā，天气，黑6洼1；无名氏在'氣’字左侧的标音为ki ；“四夷馆本”不以“气”字为译音字。中古汉语（宋代官话）气kʻuis[kʻui]（去声）、huis[hui]（去声）>元代官话kʻi[ʧʻi]>明代官话kͨí[ʧi]（去声）=威妥玛chʻi4=现代普通话qì。chi[khi]原本是对气kʻi=khi的准确对音，然而金尼阁kͨí、威妥玛chʻi 4的读音都是[ʧi]；现代英语chi却读作[ki:]、[kaI]，它的声母并未发生颚化。3、chichi的读音chichi1/ˈʃiːʃiː/（读如'西谢’,犹如外国人所说的'谢谢’； “百度翻译”译作'奇奇’英[ˈʃiːʃiː]读如'七奇’、美[ˈʃiːʃiː]读如'妻奇’，APP英[ˈʃiːʃiː]读如'希希’、美[ˈʃiːʃiː]读如'谢谢’；“听力课堂·在线翻译”英音[ˈʃiːʃiː]读如'希谢’）“故作时髦典雅的, 过分修饰的”词源：early 20th cent. （in the sense 'showiness or pretentiousobject'）： from French， of imitative origin.              chichi2/ˈtʃiːtʃɪ/（读如'西谢’,犹如外国人所说的'谢谢’；实际读音为/ˈʃiːʃiː/，将ch发作[ʃ]是法语的读音）“<美, 非正式>（女性的）乳房。”词源：late 20th cent.： military slang， of Japanese origin.chee-chee/'ʧi:ʧi:/（读如'西谢’,犹如外国人所说的'谢谢’）'同chi-chi’ chi-chi/ˈtʃiːtʃiː/ （亦作chee-chee）（读如'西谢’,犹如外国人所说的'谢谢’； “百度翻译”英[kaI kaI]读如'息起’、美[kaI kaI]读如'凯凯’）“<旧>（尤指年轻女性）英印混血的。”词源：perhaps from Hindi chī- chī! 'shame on you!'，said to be used by Anglo-Indians. 《培根词汇》chi-chi(adj.)：also chichi, "extremely chic, sophisticated," also, as a noun, "pretentious fussiness," 1908, from French chichi "airs, fuss." Perhaps, like frou-frou, imitative.二、源自拉丁语之ch-的读音1、①、chord/kɔ:d/'n.和弦，和音.v.以和弦演奏’读如'苦得’词源：Middle English cord, from ACCORD. The spelling change in the 18th cent. was due to confusion with CHORD2. The original sense was 'agreement， reconciliation'， later 'a musical concord or harmonious sound'; the current sense dates from the mid 18th cent. 《培根词汇》chord(n.1)："related notes in music," 1590s, ultimately a shortening of accord (or borrowed from a similar development in French) and influenced by corde "string of a musical instrument" (c. 1300), which is Latin chorda "catgut, a string" of a musical instrument (see cord (n.)). 《培根词汇》chord(n.2)："structure in animals resembling a string," 1540s, alteration of cord (n.), by influence of Greek khorde "gut-string, string of a lyre, tripe," from PIE root *ghere- "gut, entrail."chord/kɔ:d/（'苦得’）'n.弦’读如词源：mid 16th cent.（in the anatomical sense）： a later spelling（influenced by Latin chorda 'rope'）of CORD.“和弦”和“弦”在中世纪是小众的行业术语。cord/kɔ:d/（读如'苦特’）'n.绳子；绳索’词源：Middle English： from Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Greek khordē 'gut, string of a musical instrument'. 《培根词汇》cord(n.)：c. 1300, corde, "a string or small rope composed of several strands twisted or woven together; bowstring, hangman's rope," from Old French corde "rope, string, twist, cord," from Latin chorda "string of a musical instrument, cat- gut," from Greek khorde "string, catgut, chord, cord," from PIE root *ghere- "intestine."希腊语 khorde＞拉丁语 chorda＞古法语corde＞中古英语corde（c. 1300）＞早期现代英语chord（1590s），希腊语 kh=拉丁语 ch[kh]＞古法语c[k]=中古英语c[k]（c. 1300）=早期现代英语ch[k]（1590s）。这一演化表明，在16世纪90年代，中古英语的ch[kh=kʻ]在早期现代英语中已经不再送气而变成[k]，即ch[kh=kʻ]＞ch[k]；这个时期ch的读音以[k]为主。②、chorus/'kɔ:rəs/'（尤指与管弦乐队或歌剧团同台表演的）合唱队’读如'科儿ruai似’词源：mid 16th cent. （denoting a character speaking the prologue and epilogue in a play and serving to comment on events）： from Latin， from Greek khoros. 《培根词汇》：1560s, in drama, "person who speaks the prologue and explains or comments on events on stage," from Latin chorus "a dance in a circle, the persons singing and dancing, the chorus of a tragedy," from Greek khoros "round dance; dancing- place; band of dancers; company of persons in a play, under a leader, who take part in dialogue with the actors and sing their sentiments at intervals."希腊语 khoros＞拉丁语 chorus＞古法语cuer、quer＞中古英语queor （c. 1300）、quer, quere＞早期现代英语chorus（1560s）（直接借入拉丁语chorus），希腊语 kh=拉丁语 ch[kh]＞古法语c[k]、q[k]=中古英语q [k]（c. 1300）=早期现代英语ch[k]（1560s）。这一演化表明，在16世纪60年代，中古英语的ch[kh=kʻ]在早期现代英语中已经不再送气而变成[k]，即ch[kh=kʻ]＞ch[k]；这个时期ch的读音以[k]为主。[stomach['stʌmək]'胃’（＜中古英语stomak＜古法语stomaque，现代法语estomac, ＜拉丁stomachus＜希腊στόμαχος'gullet，食管，咽喉’）。中古英语-k写作早期现代英语-ch[k]，表明早期现代英语时期ch已由[kh=kʻ]音转为[k]（ch[kh=kʻ]失去送气）。在早期现代英语初期，英语ch的读音是[k]；到了1550s,China中的ch具有了读音[ʧ]，[ʧ]音由此拉开了在字母组合ch中传播的序曲。 stomach/ˈstʌmək/（读如'是打莫克’，百度翻译英式、美式['stʌmək] 读如'是打麦克’）“1.胃。2.食欲, 胃口。”词源：Middle English： from Old French estomac,stomaque, via Latin from Greek stomakhos 'gullet', from stoma 'mouth'. The early sense of the verb was 'be offended at, resent'（early 16th cent.）. 《培根词汇》stomach (n.)：late 14c. variant of earlier stomake (early 14c.), "internal pouch into which food is digested," from Old French stomaque, estomac "stomach," from Latin stomachus "throat, gullet; stomach," also "taste, inclination, liking; distaste, dislike;" also "pride, indignation," which were thought to have their origin in that organ (source also of Spanish estómago, Italian stomaco), from Greek stomachos "throat, gullet, esophagus," literally "mouth, opening," from stoma "mouth" (see stoma).]③、choir/'kwaIə(r)/（读如'块儿’）'合唱团；（教堂）唱诗班’词源：Middle English quer, quere, from Old French quer, from Latin chorus（see CHORUS）. The spelling change in the 17th cent.was due to association with Latin chorus and modern French choeur. 《培根词汇》：c. 1300, queor "part of the church where the choir sings," from Old French cuer, quer "(architectural) choir of a church; chorus of singers" (13c., Modern French choeur), from Latin chorus "choir" (see chorus). Meaning "band of singers" in English is from c. 1400, quyre. Re-spelled mid-17c. in an attempt to match classical forms, but the pronunciation has not changed.拉丁语 chorus＞古法语cuer、quer＞中古英语queor （c. 1300）、quer, quere＞早期现代英语choir，拉丁语 ch[kh]＞古法语c[k]、q[k]=中古英语q [k]（c. 1300）=早期现代英语ch[k]。④、choirster/'karIstə(r)/'唱诗班歌手’词源：late Middle English queristre, from an Anglo- Norman French variant of Old French cueriste, from quer（see CHOIR）. The change in the first syllable in the 16th cent. was due to association with obsolete chorist 'member of a choir or chorus'， but the older form quirister long survived.⑤、choral/'kɔ:rəl/（读如'颗如’）'合唱的；合唱队的’词源：late 16th cent.： from medieval Latin choralis, from Latin chorus（see CHORUS）.《培根词汇》choral(adj.)："pertaining to or characteristic of a chorus or choir," in music, "designed for vocal (as opposed to instrumental) performance," 1580s, from French choral or directly from Medieval Latin choralis "belonging to a chorus or choir," from Latin chorus (see chorus).如果choral出自法语choral，那么当时（1580s）法语之ch亦读[k]；因此英语choral当源自中世纪拉丁语 choralis。⑥、choric/'kɒrIk/（读如'考瑞克’）'（戏剧或朗诵中）合唱的；合唱似的’词源：mid 19th cent.： via late Latin from Greek khorikos, from khoros 'chorus'. 《培根词汇》："of or pertaining to a chorus," 1749, from Latin choricus, from Greek khorikos, from khoros "round dance; dancing- place; band of dancers; choir" (see chorus). Related: Chorical (1690s).⑦、choreography/ˌkɒrI'ɒgrəfI/'舞蹈动作编排；花样滑冰动作编排’词源：late 18th cent. （in the sense 'written notation of dancing'）： from Greek khoreia 'dancing in unison'（from khoros 'chorus'） -GRAPHY. 《培根词汇》：1789, from French choréographie, coined from Latinized form of Greek khoreia "dance" (see chorus) graphein "to write" (see -graphy).⑧、choriambus/ˌkɒrI'æmbəs/'扬抑抑扬格，长短短长格’词源：late 18th cent.： via late Latin from Greek khoriambos, from khoreios 'of the dance' iambos（see IAMBUS）.⑨、chorea/'kɒrə/'【医】舞蹈病’词源：late 17th cent.： via Latin from Greek khoreia 'dancing in unison'， from khoros 'chorus'.《培根词汇》chorea (n.)："nervous disease marked by irregular and involuntary motions," 1806, from Modern Latin chorea Sancti Viti "St. Vitus dance" (1620s) which originally was a mass hysteria prevalent in 15c. Europe characterized by uncontrolled dancing); from Latin chorea "a dance," from Greek khoreia "dance" (see chorus).⑩、chorale/kɒ'rɑ:l/'n.1.赞美诗曲；赞美诗曲章。2.<主美>唱诗班；合唱队’词源：mid 19th cent.： from German Choral（gesang）， translating medieval Latin cantus choralis. 《培根词汇》：1828, "sacred choral song; musical composition in harmony, suited for performance by a choir," from German Choral "metrical hymn in Reformed church," shortened from Choralgesang "choral song," translating Medieval Latin cantus choralis, from Latin choralis "belonging to a chorus or choir," from chorus (see chorus).⑪、chordotonal/ˌkɔ:dəʊ'təʊnəl/'【昆】（昆虫感官）对弦音有感觉的’词源：late 19th cent.： from CHORD2 TONAL.⑫、Chordata/kɔ:'deItə/'【动】脊索动物门’词源：modern Latin（plural）， from Latin chorda（see CHORD2），on the pattern of words such as Vertebrata.《培根词汇》Chordata："division of the animal kingdom including the true vertebrates," 1880, Modern Latin, from neuter plural of Latin chordatus "having a (spinal) cord," from chorda "cord, string" (from PIE root *ghere- "gut, entrail"). 《培根词汇》chordate(adj.)：1885, "pertaining to or characteristic of the Chordata," from Chordata. Also from 1885 as a noun, "a chordate animal."⑬、chorine/'kɔ:ri:n/'合唱团女团员’词源：1920s（originally US）： from CHORUS -INE3. 《培根词汇》："chorus girl," 1922, from chorus fem. ending -ine.⑭、choreograph/'kɒrIəgrɑ:f/'（为芭蕾等舞蹈）设计舞蹈动作’词源：1940s： back-formation from CHOREOGRAPHY. 《培根词汇》：1928, American English, back-formation from choreography, or else from French choréographier (1827). Figurative sense from c. 1965.⑮、choreology/ˌkɒrI'ɒləʤI/'舞步谱’词源：1960s： from Greek khoreia 'dancing in unison'（from khoros 'chorus'） -LOGY.《培根词汇》："the study of dancing," 1955, from Latinized form of Greek khoreia "dance" (see chorus) connective -o- -logy.⑯、choirboy/'kwaIəbɔI/'教堂唱诗班男童’⑰、choirgirl/'kwaIəgɜ:l/（读如'秋吉嚷’， 百度翻译译作'唱诗班’英 ['kwaIəgɜ:l]读如'乞瓦狗’ 、美['kwaIərgɜ:rl]读如'秋利割肉’）'教堂唱诗班女童’。⑱、choirman/'kwaIəmən/'<英>教堂唱诗班男歌手’⑲、choirmaster/'kwaIəˌmɑ:stə(r)/'唱诗班指挥；合唱团指挥’⑳、chordophone/'kɔ:dəʊfəʊn/'【乐】<技>弦乐器’