流感相关性侵袭性肺曲霉病和COVID-19相关性肺曲霉病的可能病理机制 4. 侵袭性曲霉病宿主因素
侵袭性曲霉病和毛霉病危险因素/宿主人群[10-15] 注:红色区域为侵袭性曲霉病危险因素;黄色区域为毛霉病危险因素,橙色区域为侵袭性曲霉病和侵袭性毛霉病混合危险因素。 危险因素的叠加增加了COVID-19患者罹患毛霉病风险。Seidel等[16]对德国6家教学医院2020年3月至2021年6月期间的COVID-19感染患者进行了回顾,在13例COVID-19并发毛霉病的患者中,5例为免疫抑制宿主(白血病或器官移植),3例患者伴有于毛霉病相关的高危因素(糖尿病),多数患者接受了糖皮质激素治疗(84.6%)。13例患者基础疾病状态和治疗过程如下图所示。 注:左图可见锐角分支曲霉菌丝,右图可见直角分支毛霉菌丝。 一项亚洲侵袭性霉菌感染流行病学研究中,155例罹患侵袭性霉菌感染中,最常见的致病霉菌病原菌为曲霉菌(81%,含8%混合感染中包含的曲霉菌)和毛霉菌(10%),多数患者侵袭性霉菌感染累及肺部(78.7%,122/155)[17]。在另外两项重症患者的曲霉菌和毛霉菌流行病学研究中,肺部同为主要累及器官[20,21]。 1. 侵袭性霉菌感染的临床表现和微生物证据 侵袭性霉菌病的诊断标准[10]: (1)确诊: (2)临床诊断: 2. 侵袭性肺曲霉病和肺毛霉病影像学表现[22]
3. 侵袭性肺曲霉病与肺毛霉病的影像学差异 4. 非血液恶性肿瘤/非粒细胞缺乏侵袭性肺曲霉病患者肺部影像学表现缺乏特异性 5. 培养和(荧光染色)直接镜检诊断侵袭性霉菌感染 国际指南对于培养和镜检在霉菌感染诊断中的推荐[14, 27] 6. BALF-GM试验诊断侵袭性霉菌感染 7. GM试验诊断侵袭性霉菌感染 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS曲霉病指南中推荐GM试验抗原检测用于侵袭性曲霉病的诊断,对应不同人群指南在标本选择上给予了区别推荐。由于受限于血清GM试验的敏感性,对于接受抗霉菌预防治疗患者,非粒细胞缺乏患者,ICU患者和实体器官移植患者指南更倾向于选择支气管肺泡灌洗液标本进行侵袭性肺曲霉病的诊断。 8. PCR诊断侵袭性霉菌感染 9. NGS诊断侵袭性霉菌感染 注:VITAL研究中曲霉合并毛霉菌属真菌感染患者接受艾沙康唑初始或挽救治疗42天时临床结局。 艾沙康唑安全性好,肝胆异常不良事件发生率显著低于伏立康唑。SECURE研究中对接受伏立康唑治疗(n=259)和艾沙康唑治疗(n=257)的药物相关不良反应进行了比较,艾沙康唑药物相关不良事件发生率显著低于伏立康唑(42% vs 60%,P<0.001)。其中艾沙康唑组肝胆异常发生率显著低于伏立康唑组(9% vs 16%,P=0.016)。该研究还发现,艾沙康唑组眼部不良事件发生率显著低于伏立康唑组(15% vs 27%,P=0.002)。 艾沙康唑较其他广谱三唑类药物QTc间期延长发生率显著降低。Van Matre等[35]开展的一项单中心回顾性队列研究比较了伏立康唑、泊沙康唑和艾沙康唑治疗侵袭性真菌病的疗效和安全性,共纳入100例患者,接受艾沙康唑治疗组相较于其他两组QTc延长的发生率显著降低(P=0.037)。 参考文献 [1] Montagna M T, Lovero G, Coretti C, et al. SIMIFF study: Italian fungal registry of mold infections in hematological and non-hematological patients[J]. Infection, 2014, 42(1):141-151. [2] Hammond E E, McDonald C S, Vestbo J, et al. 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