【原】高考英语语法专题讲与练之词性转换

高考英语语法专题讲与练◉专题十四  词性转换

一．真题再练

1. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it __________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

2. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __________ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

3. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat __________ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.

4. As __________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

5. The river was so polluted that it __________ (actual) caught fire and burned.

6. Just be __________ (patience).

7. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers __________ (sudden) became friendly to one another.

二．思路点拨

当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时，就需要词类转换。这类题，一般可根据以下5点顺利解决：

1. 作主语或宾语用名词形式。如：

But Jane knew from past experience that her __________ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

解析：在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词，或者说在形容词性物主代词her后还没有名词，一定是用名词形式，故填choice。

2. 在形容词性物主代词、冠词(+形容词)、不定代词(some, any, a lot of等)、介词后还没有名词时，就用名词形式。如[真题再练]第2题。

3. 作定语、表语或宾语补足语用形容词形式。如[真题再练]第4、6题，分别是作定语和表语。又如：

I consider it __________ (use) for us to use English-English dictionary.

解析：句中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式，所给词在句中作宾补，要用形容词，表示“有益的、有用的”，故填useful。

4. 作状语，修饰动词、形容词或另一副词或放在句首修饰全句，用副词。如[真题再练]第1、3、7题，都是修饰动词，用副词。又如：

(1) When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was __________ (surprise) helpful.

解析：句中已有作表语的形容词helpful，要用副词来修饰helpful；由语境句意可知，是指“意外地”有帮助，故填surprisingly。

(2) __________ (lucky), he had a cow which produced milk every day.

解析：空格位于句首，且有逗号隔开，可知是修饰全句，用副词作状语；“有一头每天都产牛奶的母牛”应当是“幸运地”，故填Luckily。

5. 当所给词的词性与与空格处所需词的词性相同时，无需改变词性，就可能是只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀或后缀了，也可能用其比较级或最高级。如：

In Alaska, the wolf almost __________ (appear) a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.

解析：主句缺谓语，应填动词，而appear本身就是动词，无需作词性变化，可考虑变词义；由because从句可知，主句意思应是“狼在几年前就差不多消失了”，要用disappear；再由a few years ago可知，要用一般过去时，故填disappeared。

注意：解题时，既要根据句子结构需要确定词类，又要考虑句意连贯或逻辑通顺。如：

He failed his math examination because of his __________ (care) work.

解析：在名词前作定语，要用形容词；由failed…可知，要填表示否定意义的“careless”(粗心大意的)，意义才通顺。

考点归纳

在高考全国卷中出现的考纲词的派生词是不算生词的，也不用汉语注明，因此，掌握基本的构词法知识非常重要。

从近年全国卷的语法填空来看，词类转换考查了以下几点：

(1) 形容词→副词。如[真题再练]的第1、3、5、7四个小题。

(2) 形容词→名词。如[真题再练]的第2题。

(3) 名词→形容词。如[真题再练]的第4、6题。

但从10年来的全国高考卷来看，除了上述考点外，词类转换还考了：(1)动词→名词：choose → choice；(2)动词→副词：surprise → surprisingly等等。现将主要考点归纳如下：

1. 形容词与副词的转换

	规律总结	请写出下列形容词的副词形式
1	一般直接加ly	quick→quickly; rude→rudely; wide→widely; real→really; careful→carefully
2	辅音字母+y→ily	easy→easily; angry→angrily; happy→happily; heavy→heavily; busy→busily
3	-ble→bly	possible→possibly; probable→probably; terrible→terribly; noble→nobly; comfortable →comfortably
4	(个别)去e加ly	true→truly; whole→wholly; gentle→gently; ample→amply; simple→simply
5	以-ic结尾加ally	basic→basically; classic→classically; magic→magically; optimistic→optimistically; scientific→scientifically; 但public→publicly

2. 名词与形容词的转换

	规律总结	请写出下列名词的形容词形式或形容词的名词形式
1	+al	music→musical; person→personal; nation→national; centre→central; practice→practical
2	-ture→tural	nature→natural; culture→cultural; agriculture→agricultural; architecture→architectural
3	-ics→ical	politics→political; physics→physical; mathematics→mathematical; statistics→statistical
4	+ern	east→eastern; west→western; south→southern; north→northern; southwest→ southwestern
5	+ible	access→accessible; horror→horrible; terror→terrible
6	+ful	success→successful; power→powerful; peace→peaceful; mercy→merciful; beauty→ beautiful
7	+ish	fool→foolish; self→selfish; child→childish
8	+ous	danger→dangerous; anxiety→anxious; ambition→ambitious; curiosity→curious; humor →humorous
9	-ance→ant	importance→important; significance→significant; distance→distant
10	-ence→ent	absence→absent; silence→silent; difference→different; convenience→convenient
11	-ency→ent	fluency→fluent; efficiency→efficient; emergency→emergent; urgency→urgent
12	+ly	friend→friendly; day→daily; time→timely; man→manly; mother→motherly
13	-ble→bility	able→ability; responsible→responsibility; possible→possibility; flexible→flexibility
14	+y; 去e, +y; 双写, +y	health→healthy; sleep→sleepy; difficult→difficulty; noise→noisy; sun→sunny
15	adj.+ness→n.	weak→weakness; kind→kindness; ill→illness; sad→sadness; happy→happiness
16	adj. +th→n.	strong→strength; long→length; wide→width; warm→warmth; true→truth
17	-ate→acy	accurate→accuracy; private→privacy; adequate→adequacy
18	其他各类	free→freedom; wise→wisdom; cruel→cruelty; safe→safety; tire→tiresome; trouble→ troublesome; history→historic(al); science→scientific; brave→bravery; short→shortage

3. 动词与名词的转换

	规律总结	请写出下列动词的名词形式
1	+ation	expect→expectation; present→presentation; 注意：explain→explanation
2	去e, +ation	invite→invitation; educate→education; examine→examination; prepare→preparation; pronounce→pronunciation
3	去e, +tion	produce→production; introduce→introduction; 注意：describe→description
4	去e, +ion	devote→devotion; pollute→pollution; contribute→contribution; revise→revision
5	+ion	act→action; attract→attraction; protect→protection; suggest→suggestion; 注意：intend→ intention
		discuss→discussion; express→expression; possess→possession; impress→impression
6	去t/d/de, +sion	admit→admission; permit→permission; extend→extension; conclude→conclusion; divide →division
7	+ance; 去e, +ance	appear→appearance; perform→performance; acquaint→acquaintance; guide→guidance
8	+ence	exist→existence; prefer→preference; refer→reference; differ→difference; depend→ dependence
9	+ment	achieve→achievement; agree→agreement; announce→announcement; develop→ development; encourage→encouragement
10	去e, +al	arrive→arrival; approve→approval; survive→survival; refuse→refusal
11	+ure	fail→failure; press→pressure; depart→departure; mix→mixture
12	+y	recover→recovery; discover→discovery
13	其他	choose→choice; vary→variety; tend→tendency; advise→advice; apologize→apology; classify→classification; grow→growth

4. 动词与形容词的转换

	规律总结	请写出下列动词的形容词形式，或形容词的动词形式
1	+able	suit→suitable; admire→admirable; rely→reliable; comfort→comfortable; reason→ reasonable
2	+ful	doubt→doubtful; harm→harmful; hope→hopeful; care→careful; use→useful
3	+ive	act→active; attract→attractive; impress→impressive; create→creative
4	+ary	imagine→imaginary
5	adj.+en→v.	deep→deepen; wide→widen; less→lessen; worse→worsen; long→lengthen; weak→ weaken
6	en+adj. →v.	large→enlarge; rich→enrich; able→enable; noble→ennoble

5. 表示否定的前缀与后缀

	规律总结	请写出与下列单词意义相反或相否定的词语
1	dis+	advantage→disadvantage; agree→disagree; appear→disappear; cover→discover
2	il/im/in	legal→illegal; polite→impolite; patient→impatient; convenient→inconvenient
3	mis+	understand→misunderstand; lead→mislead; direct→misdirect; trust→mistrust
4	un+	able→unable; fair→unfair; fit→unfit; fortunate→unfortunate; usual→unusual
5	+less	hope→hopeless; end→endless; stain→stainless; taste→tasteless; use→useless

6. 表示人的后缀

	规律总结	请写出下列表示人的名词
1	+er	sing→singer; teach→teacher; strange→stranger; village→villager; employ→employer
2	+or	act→actor; invent→inventor; educate→educator; visit→visitor; conduct→conductor
3	+ee	employ→employee; interview→interviewee; pay→payee; absent→absentee
4	+ess	act→actress; wait→waitress; host→hostess; steward→stewardess; god→goddess
5	+ese	China→Chinese; Japan→Japanese; Burma(缅甸)→Burmese; Vietnam→Vietnamese
6	+n	Asia→Asian; America→American; Australia→Australian; India→Indian; Korea→Korean
7	+ian	music→musician; history→historian; library→librarian; physics→physician; politics→ politician
8	+ist	art→artist; novel→novelist; tour→tourist; cycle→cyclist; science→scientist
9	+ant	assist→assistant; account→accountant; consult→consultant; apply→applicant; serve→ servant
10	+ar	lie→liar; beg→beggar

考点练透

一、单句填空 在下列各句空白处填入所给词的正确形式。

1. Actually, I __________ (agree) with you over this matter. I have my own view.

2. What I __________ (like) most about this movie is that there are too many rude gestures.

3. I will not make friends with a __________ (honest) person.

4. I am sorry I __________ (understand) what you said.

5. It is wrong to __________ (use) our natural resources.

6. Plans have been put forward to pull down and __________ (build) the area.

7. The village is far away from the county, and they find it __________ (convenient) if buses are not available.

8. You will be fined if you smoke in public in Hong Kong because it is __________ (legal) to do so.

9. He got __________ (patient) as the first hour passed and then another.

10. She failed to __________ (lock) the safe in spite of all her efforts, so she asked him to help her open it.

11. It was an __________ (believable) moment when Chris won the gold medal.

12. We must __________ (large) our views by reading.

13. Over 300 __________ (compete) from more than 80 countries competed in the Games.

14. She is a very great dramatic __________ (act) and __________ (direct).

15. It is important to know your own __________ (strong) and __________ (weak).

16. Just as the old saying goes, __________ (honest) is the best policy.

17. He was touched by the __________ (warm) of their welcome.

18. The French government called for an end to the __________ (violent).

19. Success is not final and __________ (fail) is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts.

20. In a good __________ (marry), both husband and wife work hard to solve any problems that arise.

21. The woman player will make her second public __________ (appear) this Saturday.

22. Can you tell me what the real reason for your __________ (absent) was?

23. He made an __________ (apologize) to us for his __________ (rude) to us.

24. It can be __________ (benefit) to share your __________ (feel) with someone you trust.

25. Noise has always been the most __________ (trouble) problem in prospecting earthquakes.

26. He has two big round Chinese __________ (wood) tables.

27. Officials reacted __________ (anger) to those charges.

28. They say travel __________ (broad) your minds and horizons.

29. Tell them your __________ (high) and __________ (weigh) to see whether they can help.

30. They have failed to __________ (modern) their factories.

二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Street art can be found on buildings, sidewalks, street signs and even trash cans from Tokyo to Paris to New York City. This special kind of art can take the form of paintings, sculptures, cloth or even stickers. Street art has become part of    1    global visual culture. Now, even art museums and galleries    2    (collect) the work of street artists.

   3    is not easy to provide an exact history of the street art movement. This kind of art has developed in many kinds of ways in places all over the world. Also,    4    it is illegal to paint public and private property    5    permission, street artists usually work    6    (secret). This secretive nature of street art and its countless forms make it hard to define (定义) exactly. And people have different opinions about the movement. Some think street art is a crime and destroys property. But    7    see this art as a rich form of non-traditional cultural expression.

Many experts say the movement    8    (begin) in New York City in the 1960s. Young adults would use paint in special cans to spray their “tag” on walls and train cars around the city. This tag was a name they created    9    (identify) themselves and their artwork. This colorful style of writing is also called graffiti (涂鸦). It is visually exciting and    10    (energy).

一、单句填空

1. disagree  2. dislike  3. dishonest  4. misunderstood  5. misuse  6. rebuild  7. inconvenient  8. illegal  9. impatient  10. unlock  11. unbelievable  12. enlarge  13. competitors  14. actress; director  15. strengths; weaknesses  16. honesty  17. warmth  18. violence  19. failure  20. marriage  21. appearance  22. absence  23. apology; rudeness  24. beneficial; feelings  25. troublesome  26. wooden  27. angrily  28. broadens  29. height; weight  30. modernize

二、语法填空

本文主要介绍街头艺术(street art)以及其历史，并同时告诉我们，人们对这种艺术持不同看法。

1. a  考查冠词。不定冠词的基本用法，此处a意为“一种(全球的视觉文化)”。

2. are collecting  考查谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，collect在此处作谓语动词，故考虑时态和语态。根据前面的Now可知用现在进行时。

3. It  考查代词。此处it作形式主语，代替真正的主语to provide an exact history of the street art movement。注意首字母要大写。

4. because  考查连词。分析句子成分可知，空后是两个分句，故填连接词。再根据两句间的逻辑和句意可知此处理应是表“原因”的状语从句，故填because。

5. without  考查介词。根据空后的permission以及上下逻辑可知，此处理应是指未经过允许。故填without。

6. secretly  考查词类转换。副词修饰动词。

7. others  考查代词。缺少主语填代词。根据前面的Some think可知此处填不定代词others。

8. began  考查谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，begin在此作谓语，故考虑时态和语态。根据空后的in the 1960s可知填一般过去式。

9. to identify  考查非谓语动词。此处表目的，故用动词不定式。

10. energetic  考查词类转换。作表语用形容词，与exciting构成并列表语。