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本期编辑/开鸿顺
中国古代建筑不仅仅是建筑实体，而且还是中国传统文化中重要一员。几千年来的沧桑变迁中至今留存下来的建筑，还是我国文明历史演变和沉淀的无声见证者。
Chinese ancient architecture is not only an architectural entity, but also an important member of Chinese traditional culture. The buildings that have survived thousands of years of vicissitudes are still silent witnesses to the evolution and precipitation of China's civilization history.
建筑学者梁思成曾这样评价中国建筑：中国古建筑不仅仅是一种工程技术，也是一个艺术系统。古建筑作为大宗遗产，文化、艺术内涵丰富。所以说，古建筑是老祖宗留给我们的物质财富和精神财富，囊括了社会文化，具有历史性、民族性、地方性等特性。
Liang Sicheng, an architect, once commented on Chinese architecture: Chinese ancient architecture is not only an engineering technology, but also an art system. As a major heritage, ancient buildings have rich cultural and artistic connotations. Therefore, ancient architecture is the material wealth and spiritual wealth left to us by our ancestors, including social culture, with historical, national, local and other characteristics.
建筑最初的功能主要聚焦在居住上。原始社会旧石器时代，从古人住的地方，就可以看出当时是“穴居文化”。由于受限于技术水平，古人还不具备建造居室的能力，人们只能穴居。大自然界的洞穴成为古人最宜居的“家”。The initial function of the building is mainly focused on residence. In the Paleolithic Age of the primitive society, it can be seen from the place where the ancient people lived that it was "cave dwelling culture". Due to limited technical level, the ancients did not have the ability to build houses, so people had to live in caves.
夏、商、周时期有了建筑的雏形。夏、商、周三代都把政治中心集中在黄河中下游地区。这片区域的黄土不但湿度高，还容易下陷。为了阻止地基湿陷，夯土技术应运而生，并传承发展，至今都还在延用。
In the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, architecture took shape. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties concentrated their political centers in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The loess in this area is not only high in humidity, but also easy to sink. In order to prevent the foundation from collapsing, the ramming technology has emerged as the times require, and is still being used today.
两汉时期，建筑发展达到了一个新高度。著名的长乐、未央、建章三宫就是西汉前期建造的。唐朝是我国古代建筑的第二个发展高峰，著名的大明宫、兴庆宫诞生于唐代。武则天在洛阳修建了明堂，当时仅用十个月就完工了。由此可见，唐朝已经具备了较为科学、合理的设计水平及施工组织能力。During the Han Dynasty, the development of architecture reached a new height. The famous Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace and Jianzhang Palace were built in the early Western Han Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was the second peak of the development of ancient architecture in China. The famous Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace were born in the Tang Dynasty...
明朝将中国古代建筑推向了一个新的发展高峰期。除了能看见一个个单体建筑建造宏伟外，还能看到院落式布局。The Ming Dynasty pushed Chinese ancient architecture to a new peak of development. In addition to the magnificent construction of individual buildings, you can also see the courtyard layout.
中国古建筑可以说是中华文明的活化石，凝聚了中国人文思想的精髓。古建筑中可以窥见当时的社会思想、文化精神。Chinese ancient architecture can be said to be the living fossil of Chinese civilization, which embodies the essence of Chinese humanistic thought. The social thought and cultural spirit of that time can be seen in the ancient buildings.
从甲骨文中，就能看出中国古建筑对中国文化产生了深远影响。中国汉字是象形文字，很多古汉字的构成，和建筑形态有着不小的渊源。比如，汉字中的“宝盖头” ，就是建筑形象的具体体现。From the oracle bone inscriptions, we can see that Chinese ancient architecture has had a profound impact on Chinese culture. Chinese characters are pictographs, and the composition of many ancient Chinese characters has no small origin with architectural forms. For example, the Chinese character "Baogaitou" is the concrete embodiment of the architectural image.
我国古建筑的屋顶形式主要以“大屋顶”为主。在五花八门的屋顶中，少不了最基本的形式，即“大屋顶”的人字形。这样的屋顶最明显的特征就是双面坡的造型，住宅、庙宇、宫殿等建筑都会看到人字形的外形。The roof form of ancient buildings in China is mainly "big roof". Among all kinds of roofs, the most basic form is the herringbone of "big roof". The most obvious feature of such a roof is the shape of the double-sided slope. The herringbone shape can be seen in houses, temples, palaces and other buildings.
这背后其实代表着当时的社会思想。古代君王有着大一统天下的壮志雄心，所以在建造建筑时，也把这种思想融入其中。大屋顶寓意一统天下的愿景。This actually represents the social thought at that time. The ancient kings had great ambitions to dominate the world, so they also incorporated this idea into their architecture. The big roof symbolizes the vision of dominating the world.
孔子对《诗经》中的“温柔敦厚，诗教也”表示了认同。儒家思想要求人追求平和、宁静、含蓄的心境，要求人讲求节俭。“礼，与其奢也，宁俭”这样语句就是很好的明证。Confucius agreed with the "gentle and honest, poetry teaching" in the Book of Songs. Confucianism requires people to pursue a peaceful, quiet and implicit state of mind, and requires people to be thrifty. The statement "etiquette is more frugal than extravagance" is a good proof.
中国的古建筑几千年来一直保持木结构体系，这与儒家思想有着不解之缘。一是体现着儒家思想中的节俭。西方建筑中有几十年甚至上百年才能完工的石头教堂，而中国的宫殿、城郭则在几年或十几年内就可以建成，这是因为中国选择了易于建造、而且容易出效果的木结构。Confucius agreed with the "gentle and honest, poetry teaching" in the Book of Songs. Confucianism requires people to pursue a peaceful, quiet and implicit state of mind, and requires people to be thrifty. The statement "etiquette is more frugal than extravagance" is a good proof.
古人认为在建筑上投入更多的力量是不明智的，甚至是有害的。这与儒家的讲求节俭思想不谋而合。中国文化并不提倡华堂美厦和奢侈浪费行为。The ancients believed that it was unwise, even harmful, to invest more power in architecture. This coincides with the Confucian thought of frugality. Chinese culture does not advocate beautiful buildings and extravagance.
二是体现着儒家思想中的平和。正是因为一以贯之地保持了木结构的建筑风格，才促进了中国木结构建筑能够达到了炉火纯青的水准。这与儒家追求平和、稳定的思想不谋而合。
Second, it reflects the peace in Confucianism. It is precisely because of the consistent maintenance of the architectural style of wood structures that Chinese wood structures can reach the level of perfection. This coincides with the pursuit of peace and stability of Confucianism.中国古典哲学有云，人的生产生活应遵循一定的规律，天道、地道、人道、时变四个维度要和谐共融，达到“四维”的境界。According to Chinese classical philosophy, people's production and life should follow certain laws, and the four dimensions of heaven, earth, humanity and time change should be harmonious and integrated to reach the "four-dimensional" realm.
古建筑在建造布局时，也映射出这种中国传统哲学理念。即便是地处偏远的“蛮夷”之地，建造者会结合地理特点、社会文化生活有序规划建造。The layout of ancient buildings also reflects this traditional Chinese philosophy. Even if it is located in a remote "barbarian" place, the builders will plan and build it in an orderly manner according to the geographical characteristics and social and cultural life.
在设计住宅建筑时，会因地制宜地根据气候环境，考虑降雨、风向、日照等因素，确定门窗的数量、尺寸、位置，以便让住宅的整体环境与地区的自然环境相符。In the design of residential buildings, the number, size and location of doors and windows will be determined according to local conditions, rainfall, wind direction, sunshine and other factors, so as to make the overall environment of the residence consistent with the natural environment of the region.
比如，云南地区的竹楼结构建筑，就是一个例证。设计者巧妙地利用了当地毛竹构建了小楼结构，这样可以有效避免云南潮湿气候对人生活的影响。
For example, the bamboo building structure in Yunnan is an example. The designer skillfully used local bamboo to build a small building structure, which can effectively avoid the impact of Yunnan's humid climate on people's lives.又比如，沈阳故宫中采用的木材都是就地取材、就近加工。木材为东北原始森林里的圆木，建造用的砖石是在当地烧制而成的，大部分建筑则是采用了火炕、砖楼结构。生活在这样的建筑中，即便外面是高寒天气，屋内人的体感也是舒适的。For another example, the wood used in Shenyang Imperial Palace is locally sourced and processed nearby. The wood is round wood from the primitive forests in Northeast China. The bricks and stones used for construction are fired locally. Most of the buildings are made of heated kang and brick buildings. Living in such a building, even if it is cold outside, people in the house feel comfortable.伦理关系是中国古代社会关系中的重中之重，主要囊括了政治伦理、社会伦理、家庭伦理三个方面。Ethical relationship is the most important social relationship in ancient China, mainly including political ethics, social ethics and family ethics.
政治伦理在古建筑中有着鲜明的体现。中国古代有着森严的等级观念，君臣之间、不同品级的官员之间、官与民之间存在着不可逾越的政治伦理关系。这种理念不仅仅对官场有着影响，在居住环境中也能看到人们被这种观念渗透着。Politicalethicsisclearlyreflectedinancientarchitecture.InancientChina,therewasastrictconceptofhierarchy.Therewasaninsurmountablepoliticalandethicalrelationshipbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,betweenofficialsofdifferentgrades,andbetweenofficialsandthepeople...
比如，清朝时期的建筑对于门钉的使用有着严格规定，皇宫是81颗的规制，王府则为63颗，公侯府为49颗，官员府为25颗，而普通百姓是没有权力使用门钉做装饰物的。For example, buildings in the Qing Dynasty had strict regulations on the use of door nails. The imperial palace had 81 nails, the palace had 63 nails, the duke's house had 49 nails, and the official's house had 25 nails. Ordinary people had no right to use door nails as decorations.
又比如，颜色采用也有讲究。黄色被古人看作是最尊贵的颜色，为天子的御用色。只有天子居住的地方或重要的寺庙建筑才可使用黄色屋面，其他人是没有权限在服饰和建筑上使用黄色的。
For another example, color is also used carefully. Yellow was regarded as the most noble color by the ancients, and was the imperial color of the emperor. Only the place where the Son of Heaven lives or important temple buildings can use yellow roofs. Other people have no right to use yellow roofs in clothing and buildings.
又比如，中国古代无论哪个朝代官员住宅的房屋数量、面积都是有严格规定的，要与其担任的官职级相对应。For another example, in ancient China, no matter which dynasty officials lived in, the number and area of houses were strictly regulated, which should correspond to the official rank they held.
社会伦理同样影响着建筑。中国古代的社会等级是按照士、农、工、商进行排列的，也就是今天所说的读书的、种田的、做工的、经商的四类人。在读书人的家庭，通常会用使用“耕读传家”牌匾进行装饰。
Social ethics also affects architecture. In ancient China, the social hierarchy was arranged according to scholar, farmer, worker and businessman, that is, today's four categories of people who read, farm, work and do business. In the families of scholars, the plaque of "Farming and Reading Heirs" is usually used for decoration.
到了宋、明清时期，随着商业的发展，经商之家积累丰厚，对住的要求也在向奢华靠拢，有些胆大的商人采用了隐秘的“逾制”行为，建造了本不得建造的房屋。现今仍保存下来的豪宅，如“徽派建筑”、“山西大院”，在当时其实是违规操作。In the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of commerce, there was a rich accumulation of business houses, and the requirements for living were also moving towards luxury. Some brave businessmen used the covert "overstepping" behavior to build houses that should not have been built. The luxury houses that still exist today, such as "Anhui architecture" and "Shanxi courtyard", were actually operated against the rules at that time.
家庭中的尊卑、辈分等关系也会在居住环境中有所体现。这种关系在古代院落布局中表现得尤为突出。中国人以北为尊。北京四合院通常是将北面作为正房，主要用于接待贵客；左边和右边的房子是用作长辈居住和书房；内院两侧的房间是后辈的房间；后院是女眷的用房。The relationship of family hierarchy will also be reflected in the living environment. This relationship is particularly prominent in the layout of ancient courtyards. The Chinese respect the north. Beijing quadrangles usually use the north side as the main room, mainly for receiving guests.
中国传统文化中重要的一脉思想就是要与大自然和谐共存，即“天人合一”。这种理念体现在建筑的方方面面。An important thought in Chinese traditional culture is to coexist harmoniously with nature, that is, "harmony between man and nature". This concept is reflected in all aspects of architecture.
一是选址方面：比如，古代的书院建筑往往建设在山野之间，这样的选址是相当有用意的，文人在这样的自然环境中可以陶冶情操。又比如，古代村落建设也很有深意，往往会融入风水学，以便测算出最佳的建设位置。First, site selection: For example, ancient academy buildings are often built between mountains and fields, which is quite meaningful. Scholars can cultivate their sentiments in such a natural environment. For another example, the construction of ancient villages is also very insightful, often integrated into geomantic omen, in order to measure and calculate the best construction location.
二是建造风格方面：比如，中国古代园林建造看似随性，其实在布局时挖空了心思，尽最大可能地将自然风光融入园林中。The second is the construction style: for example, the construction of ancient Chinese gardens seems to be casual, but in fact, the layout of the garden has emptied the mind to integrate the natural scenery into the garden as much as possible.
又比如，古代文人雅士追求居住的环境舒适，会巧妙地将自然山水融入建筑景观中，所以留下了“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的诗句。
For another example, the ancient literati and refined scholars pursued a comfortable living environment and would skillfully integrate the natural landscape into the architectural landscape, so they left a poem "picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, and leisurely seeing the southern mountain".
又比如，古代设计师偏爱“借景”建造，滕王阁就巧妙地借了赣江之景，让楼阁与江水不留痕迹般地融为一体，留下了 “落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”的美丽景观。For another example, ancient designers preferred to build by "borrowing scenery". Tengwang Pavilion skillfully borrowed the scenery of Ganjiang River, so that the pavilion and the river could be integrated without leaving traces, leaving a beautiful landscape of "sunset and lone ducks flying together, and the autumn water growing in the same color".
三是选材方面：木在中国古代代表着春天、东方，寓意万物复苏、春意盎然，体现着生命的力量。古人在选择居所时，有着与大自然环境“共生”的愿望。所以，自古以来人们就倾向于居住在木质的建筑空间之中。Third, in terms of material selection: wood represents spring and the east in ancient China, implying the revival of all things and the vitality of spring, which embodies the power of life. The ancients had the desire to "coexist" with the natural environment when choosing their residence. Therefore, people have tended to live in wooden architectural space since ancient times.
四是建筑类型方面：祭祀建筑大有玄机在。比如北京古建筑群中的天坛，是建造用于祭天的，这个建筑是圆形的；而用于祭地的地坛则被设计为方形，这是 “天圆地方”思想的体现。这本质上是对天地的顶礼膜拜，渴望得到天神、地神的眷顾和庇佑。
Fourthly, in terms of architectural types, there are many mysteries in sacrificial architecture. For example, the Temple of Heaven among the ancient buildings in Beijing was built to worship heaven, and this building is round; The altar for sacrificing land is designed as a square, which is the embodiment of the idea of "round sky and place". ...
舞蹈、音乐古就有之。早在夏商周时期，就有了祭祀中使用舞蹈与音乐的记载。在周礼形成后，舞蹈、音乐就成了贵族生活的重要组成部分。Dance and music have existed since ancient times. As early as the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were records of the use of dance and music in sacrifice. After the formation of Zhou Rites, dance and music became an important part of aristocratic life.
在古代建筑中，特意设置了“庭”作为舞乐表演的主要场所。刚开始“庭”为院子，慢慢发展为了厅堂。有些贵族的豪宅中，还私人定制了乐楼款或戏楼款，主要用于听曲、赏舞用。In ancient architecture, "court" was specially set as the main place for dance and music performance. At the beginning, "court" became a courtyard and gradually developed into a hall. In some noble mansions, there are also privately customized music houses or theater houses, which are mainly used for listening to music and dancing.
中国古建筑传递着中国文化、文明的内涵，在选址地、格局布置、建筑取材、纹饰等各个方面都与中国传统文化元素紧密结合。古建筑是可以阅读的，古人追求的“走进自然、怡情山水、致力学问、人情通达”等境界都能在建筑中觅得。古建筑中有太多的奥秘等待我们去发掘和欣赏。Chinese ancient architecture conveys the connotation of Chinese culture and civilization, and is closely integrated with Chinese traditional cultural elements in site selection, pattern layout, building materials, decorative patterns and other aspects. Ancient architecture can be read, and the realm of "walking into nature, enjoying landscape, devoting to knowledge, and understanding human feelings" pursued by the ancients can be found in architecture.
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