【原】电子书！Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(134).自主神经反射亢进7.

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麻醉学案例 Case 32 Autonomic Hyperreflexia 

Clinical Pearls

1. Autonomic hyperreflexia is common in individuals with spinal cord injuries above T6.

2. It is characterized by paroxysmal reflex autonomic activity in response to noxious stimuli below the level of the neurologic lesion, and can lead to pulmonary edema, myocardial ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage, and health.

3. Headache, diaphoresis, flushing, bradycardia, and paroxysmal hypertension are most commonly observed.

4. Bladder and bowel distention, and surgical manipulations are the most common intraoperative precipitating factors.

5. Removal of the offending stimulus is key to restore the baseline autonomic activity.

6. Regional anesthesia and deep general anesthesia both treat and prevent hyperreflexia.

01. humidifier [hjuːˈmɪdɪˌfaɪə(r)] n.加湿器 : a device for supplying or maintaining humidity

02. fluid warming devices 液体加温设备 Since the adverse consequences of accidental peri-operative hypothermia ([ˌhaɪpəʊˈθɜː(r)miə] n.低温)  have been recognised, there has been a rapid expansion in the development of new warming equipment designed to prevent it. 

03. hot air blankets

 ↑ fluid warming devices 

 ↑ hot air blankets

04. urological [ˌjʊərə'lɒdʒɪkl] adj.泌尿学的 of or relating to the urinary tract (un.泌尿道) or to urology ([juˈrɒlədʒi]n.泌尿外科学).

05. spastic paresis un.痉挛性不全麻痹 Spastic paresis is a complex condition associated with damage to the upper motor neurons, typically caused by cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke or trauma.

spastic ['spæstɪk]  adj.痉挛性的；痉挛性麻痹的（此词现常被认为有冒犯意）having or caused by cerebral palsy, an illness which makes it difficult for sb to control their muscles and movements. Using this word is now often considered offensive // The first type is called cerebral palsy, which accounts for about 70% of cases, and this is characterized by having really tight or stiff muscles, which can make patients' movements seem jerky ([ˈdʒɜː(r)ki] adj.忽动忽停的；颠簸的). 第一种叫痉挛性脑瘫，占临床病例的70%， 它的特点是肌肉紧绷僵硬，使患者运动时看起来不稳。

paresis ['pærɪsɪs] n.局部麻痹；轻瘫 plural. pareses. slight or partial paralysis

06. flaccid ['flæksɪd] adj.软弱的；松弛的 soft and weak; not firm and hard // The level of consciousness may also decrease and give rise to flaccid paralysis, where there’s reduced muscle tone. 意识水平也可能下降，而且随着肌肉张力的降低，也可能发生驰缓性麻痹。

07. elicit [ɪ'lɪsɪt] v.引出；诱出 to call forth or draw out (something, such as information or a response) // Can you lock out the signals that elicit depression? 能都封锁导致抑郁症的神经信号呢？// her remarks elicited cheers  

08. ethyl chloride spray 氯乙烷喷雾 is a vapocoolant (skin refrigerant), meaning, it acts as a topical skin anesthetic. Simply put, ethyl chloride is a numbing or desensitizing spray that freezes the superficial skin temporarily. 

ethyl ['eθɪl] n.【化】乙基

chloride [ˈklɔːraɪd] n.氯化物

09. kyphoscoliosis ['kaɪfəʊskɒlɪ'əʊsɪs] n.【医】脊柱后侧凸 is an abnormal curve of the spine on two planes: the coronal plane, or side to side, and the sagittal plane, or back to front. It’s a combined spinal abnormality of two other conditions: kyphosis ([kaɪ'fəʊsɪs] n.【医】脊柱后凸) and scoliosis ([ˌskəʊli'əʊsɪs] n.脊柱侧凸). Scoliosis causes the spine to curve abnormally on the coronal plane, meaning it twists sideways.

coronal [kə'rəʊnəl] n.冠状物；【解】冠状合缝 adj.冠的；

coronal plane 冠状面；冠状切面 also known as the frontal plane, is any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral (['ventrəl] adj.腹的；腹部的) and dorsal ( [ˈdɔː(r)s(ə)l] adj.背部的belly and back) sections.

sagittal ['sædʒətəl] adj.箭的；【解】(颅顶骨)矢状缝合的；纵分的

sagittal plane 矢狀切面 This is a vertical plane that passes through the body from the anterior to the posterior side 

deformity of fracture 

angulated 成角的

rotated 旋转的

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10. bony deformity 骨畸形 is a deviation or distortion of the bone from its normal shape or size. It may also be positioned incorrectly which causes poor alignment ([ə'laɪnmənt] n.排成直线).

bony [ˈbəʊni] adj. consisting of bone; resembling bone

11. baseline 基线 a line serving as a basis

12. hyperbaric [ˌhaɪpə(r)ˈbærɪk] adj.高气压的；高压的 of, relating to, or utilizing greater than normal pressure especially of oxygen

13. sacral ['seɪkrəl] adj.【解】骶骨的 of, relating to, or lying near the sacrum

sacrum ['seɪkrəm] n.骶骨a bone in the lower back, between the two hip bones of the pelvis (['pelvɪs] n.骨盆)

14. distortion [dɪˈstɔː(r)ʃ(ə)n] n.扭曲；歪曲 the act of twisting or altering something out of its true, natural, or original state // He says a white lie is just a distortion of the truth. 他说善意的谎言只是对真相的扭曲。

15. nitrate [ˈnaɪtreɪt] n.硝酸盐

16. fecal impaction un.粪便嵌塞

17. footwear [ˈfʊtˌweə(r)] n.鞋类（如鞋和靴）

电子书！Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(133).自主神经反射亢进6. / 电子书！Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(132).自主神经反射亢进5. / 电子书！Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(131).自主神经反射亢进4. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(130).自主神经反射亢进3. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(129).自主神经反射亢进2. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(128).自主神经反射亢进1. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(127).重症肌无力/多发硬化症4. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(126).重症肌无力/多发硬化症3. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(125).重症肌无力/多发硬化症2. / Case Files: Anesthesiology 学习笔记(124).重症肌无力/多发硬化症1.